BIO 100 first exam post-lecs
For each of the studies described below, indicate if it is hypothesis driven and whether the scientist is employing observational or manipulative methods. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Words can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
1. A physiologist incubates eggs in the lab at a range of temperatures to see what temperatures produce males and what temperatures produce females. This experiment is not hypothesis driven and is manipulative . 2. A biologist predicts that shade might influence ground temperature, and therefore turtle sex ratios. He records the sex ratio of turtle hatchlings in shaded and unshaded regions. This experiment is hypothesis driven and is observational . 3. An ecologist predicts turtles grow larger when no predators are around. She places turtles in an experimental pond system where half the ponds have predators and half the ponds have had the predators removed. This experiment is hypothesis driven and is manipulative . 4. A climatologist predicts that concentration of CO2 in a city will be negatively correlated with the amount of wind in that city. He collects data and looks at the amount of CO2 in a city as a function of the wind speed in the city. This experiment is hypothesis driven and is observational . 5. A sociologist conducts a survey in Hawaii to describe people s attitude about global climate change. This experiment is not hypothesis driven and is observational . 6. A scientist determines the average wind speed, and variation in the amount of wind, in a number of locations to see which locations would be most suitable for wind turbines. This experiment is not hypothesis driven and is observational .
Use the data table to answer these questions about the experimental results and conclusions. Not all terms will be used.
1. As the CO2 level increases up to 600 µmol mol-1 , how does ragweed pollen production change? increases 2. As the CO2 level increases up to 600 µmol mol-1 , how does the ragweed allergen concentration change? increases 3. If the CO2 level increases above 600 µmol mol-1 , how would ragweed pollen production and the allergen concentration change? cannot tell from the data 4. Do the data support Hypothesis 1 and its prediction--that plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen? (yes or no) yes 5. Do the data support Hypothesis 2 and its prediction--that plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce higher concentrations of allergens? (yes or no) yes
While Rachel Carson was writing Silent Spring, a picture of how DDT influences bird populations was emerging. Scientists hypothesized that DDT was causing the observed decline in fish-eating bird populations. The assumptions and connections underlying this hypothesis were complex. In this activity, you will reconstruct those connections.
1. Farmers use DDT on their crops to kill insect pests. 2. DDT enters nearby waterways via runoff. 3. Small aquatic invertebrates absorb the DDT. 4. Fish eat the DDTcontaminated invertebrates. 5. Birds eat the DDTcontaminated fish. 6. Birds with DDT in their bodies lay eggs with DDT and weak shells. 7. Few baby birds hatch, and the population declines.
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.
1. In both graphs, time is the independent variable and is shown on the x axis . Fish population size is the dependent variable and is shown on the y axis . 2. In Graph 1, the larval populations of American shad are measured in millions . In Graph 2, the juvenile populations of tessellated darters are measured in thousands . 3. The line in each graph shows the trend exhibited by the data before zebra mussels invaded the Hudson River . 4. After zebra mussels invaded, American shad populations decreased , and tesselated darter populations increased . 5. These data support the hypothesis that zebra mussels negatively affect fish in the open water and positively affect fish in the littoral zone.
Using the graph, drag the terms on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
1. The x axis shows nest temperature . The y axis shows percentage of hatchlings that are male . 2. At low temperatures, only males are produced. 3. At high temperatures, only females are produced. 4. Between 21 and 25°C, as nest temperature goes up, percentage of hatchlings that are male goes down. 5. At the average nest temperature of 23°C, approximately 50% of hatchlings are male. 6. If the global temperature rises 4°C, approximately 0% of hatchlings will be male.
An ecological footprint is an estimated amount of land and water required to sustain one person. It is measured in global hectares. What is the ecological footprint for an average U.S. citizen?
8.2 global hectares per person
Which coral in that community has the highest relative abundance ?
A
A buffer consists of undissociated acid (HA) and the ion made by dissociating the acid (A-). How does this system buffer a solution against decreases in pH?
A - reacts with H+ to become HA.
Ocean acidification has been shown to hinder shark development. This could lead to fewer sharks on reefs. Using the food chains, predict what would happen to algae if there are fewer sharks.
Algae would increase
Which answer helps to explain why all living cells need pH buffers?
Amino acid side chains have many carboxyl and amino groups.
What region of the Southern Hemisphere experienced the most warming?
Antarctic Peninsula
The only cooling trend on land was recorded in parts of _______.
Antarctica
The following graphs represent the future projections from Part B. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the graphs.
Atmospheric CO2 (ppm): Optimistic Middle ground Pessimistic Oceanic pH: Year
The following graph shows the average pH of the ocean over the last 20 million years of Earth's history.
Average ocean pH has fluctuated over the millennia from just over 8.0 to about 8.3. In the last 20 million years of Earth's history, the average pH has never gone below 8.0.
A mass bleaching event can drastically reduce species richness. This is because only certain species are hearty enough to survive the bleaching. In the diagram below, which letter (A or B) represents a hypothetical coral community after a bleaching event ?
B
Although "dry tombing" or capping a landfill after it is full is necessary, what problem can it create
Biodegradable waste can remain for decades in a landfill.
You are reading a media article about ocean acidification in a well-respected news outlet. The point of the article is to inform the reader about ocean acidification and to describe a new study published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. The article shows the following graph from the study. Note that calcification is the process by which animals secrete calcium carbonate to make new shell. What does this graph illustrate?
Calcification rates of coral, oysters, and snails decrease with elevated CO2
Temperatures during the decade 2000-2009 have been higher than during any decade in the previous century
Cannot be determined from this map
___________ would help prevent the creation of leachate.
Capping the landfill when it is filled to capacity
If a scientist is studying the interactions between coral and their predatory sea stars, what level of ecology is being studied?
Community
The following graphs are possible results from the experiment. Drag the labels to targets of Group 1 to match each description with the appropriate graph. Then, drag the labels to targets of Group 2 to indicate how well each graph supports the hypothesis that corridors promote plant species richness by increasing connectivity between patches. Labels can be used more than once.
Connected patches had lower species richness than unconnected patches. The hypothesis is not supported. Connected patches had slightly higher species richness than unconnected patches. The hypothesis is weakly supported. Connected patches had significantly higher species richness than unconnected patches. The hypothesis is strongly supported. Connected and unconnected patches had similar species richness. The hypothesis is not supported.
If algae on reefs increase, how would this affect coral?
Coral would decrease
If a scientist is studying a coral reef, including both the biotic and abiotic components, what level of ecology is being studied?
Ecosystem
There was a huge crown-of-thorns outbreak on the Great barrier reef in 2015. The data below represents a population of sea stars that swarmed 2.5 km2 of reef over the course of 9 months. What type of population growth does this graph represent?
Exponential
As atmospheric CO2 concentrations reach 840 ppm, or three times the preindustrial level, the calcification rate will be reduced to 30 mmol/m2 /day
F
Declining coral calcification rates suggests a decrease in the level of bicarbonates and an increase in the level of carbonates in seawater.
F
The data in this graph could also be plotted as a pie chart.
F
Ice gained in East Anarctica makes up for the ice lost in the rest of Antarctica.
False
As you can see, there are many threats to coral reefs. We have only touched on threats caused by or exacerbated by climate change. Coral reefs are also threatened by overfishing, destructive fishing practices (using dynamite or cyanide), pollution from sewage or agriculture, invasive species and sedimentation from poor land-use. Given the high probability that coral reefs will go extinct, which types of biodiversity will be affected?
Genetic Biodiversity Species Biodiversity Ecosystem Biodiversity
4. An acid is a compound that donates -- to a solution.
H +
Which of the following factors led to coral death during the 2016 bleaching event? Choose all that apply.
Heat stress Starvation
Suppose that you were a researcher trying to understand how rising levels of atmospheric CO2 might affect ragweed plants, and thus seasonal ragweed allergies. What questions, hypotheses, and predictions might you want to study? The first step is to pose a scientific question that can be answered through research. Which of the following is the most appropriate question to address the observation that seasonal ragweed allergies are increasing in severity and duration with rising levels of CO2?
How do rising CO2 levels affect ragweed?
Scientists then design an experiment that will allow them to test the hypotheses. In this case, researchers designed an experiment to grow ragweed under differnt amounts of CO2 . Fill in the blanks below to predict the results of the experiment based on the hypotheses proposed.
Hypothesis 1: Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more pollen. Hypothesis 2: Plants grown at higher CO2 levels will produce more allergens
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Antarctic ice sheet?
If it melted entirely, it would cause sea levels to rise 15 centimeters
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate boxes. Note that you will need to apply what you learned in previous lessons to complete the question.
In this mutualism, the algae provide the coral with food , and the coral provides the algae with shelter . The coral itself can be though of as a mini-ecosystem with its own flow of energy. The algae convert sunlight to sugar and are thus producers , while the coral consumes this sugar and is thus a consumer . This mini-ecosystem also has chemical cycling. The CO2 released by the coral's cellular respiration is used by the algae in photosynthesis .
How does the way a buffer stabilizes pH during addition of acid differ from the way the same buffer stabilizes pH during addition of base?
It's the same reaction running backward or forward.
Suppose you found the following sources for Janzen to use as references for the predicted rise in global temperature. Indicate if each source is an example of primary literature, and then decide if each source is reliable. If you are uncertain about a source, look it up online.
Journal... PL Y R Y National Geo PL X R Y CLimate dyn PL Y R Y The NYT PL X R Y www.globalclimatescam.com PL X R X
Sharks have a disproportionate effect on coral species diversity by keeping weedy algae in check. Sharks are therefore this type of species, which when removed, can lead to dramatic decreases in species diversity.
Keystone species
The graphs are repeated below. Rank the species according to how much a global temperature increase of 1°C could bias their population sex ratio. A bias can be toward a greater number of males or a greater number of females. The direction of the bias does not matter but rather the magnitude of the bias. Note that two species exhibit the same amount of bias and should be ranked as equivalent (overlapped).
Least bias in sex ratio: Snake Middle: Painted turtle Alligator Most bias in sex ratio: Tuatara
Rank the chemicals according to how much they influence egg shell thickness.
Least influence on egg shell thickness DDT dieldrin mercury PCBs DDE Greatest influence on egg shell thickness
Why was there confusion regarding ice accumulation in East Antarctica?
Less data is collected there and thus the measurments are less precise
How would you classify the interaction between coral and the algae that live in their tissues?
Mutualism
Compared to average temperatures recorded from 1951-1980, the greatest temperature increases for 2000-2009 were seen near the equator
Not supported
The higher the pH number, the higher the concentration of -- in a solution.
OH-
Besides melting ice, what else contributes to sea level rise?
Oceans expanding as they warm
If a scientist is studying how a particular species of coral can adapt to warming ocean temperatures, what level of ecology is being studied?
Organismal
Scientists have found that after coral bleaching, there can be unexpected and unfortunate consequences. For instance, corals that live through the bleaching event are often more likely to get diseases because they are stressed (like when you get sick during finals week). Disease represents what type of interaction between two organisms?
Parasitism/pathogens
Warmer ocean temperatures can also indirectly affect corals. The species of sea star called crown-of-thorns eats coral (see photos below). The sea stars mate in the summer, and when the waters are warmer than average, baby sea stars grow faster. Because they grow faster, they are less likely to be eaten by predators. This results in many more sea stars than usual, and these sea stars swarm the reefs, eating everything in their path. What type of interaction is represented by the coral and the crown-of-thorns sea star?
Predation
Compared to average temperatures from 1951-1980, the greatest temperature increases for 2000-2009 were recorded north of 60° latitude.
Supported
Warming was greater over land than over the oceans.
Supported
Although not reflected in the graph, based on how ocean acidification works, the relationship between oceanic pH and coral reef calcification rates can be predicted to be positively (or directly) correlated.
T
As atmospheric CO2 concentrations reach 560 ppm, or double the preindustrial level, the coral calcification rate is projected to be reduced by more than two-thirds from what it was at the preindustrial level.
T
Coral reef calcification rates are projected to steadily decline as atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase.
T
How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming?
The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees.
Select the most complete explanation of what the pH scale actually measures.
The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
Based on your observation and your experimental design, what do you predict will happen? Recall that you are counting the algae that are left in the coral, not the algae that is expelled.
The coral in the 32 °C tank will have less algae left in its tissues after two weeks
What is an ecological footprint?
The estimate of land and water required to sustain one person
How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program
The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.
Which statement is true of pH buffers?
They consist of weak acids and weak bases.
What are the ecological consequences of acidification of rain and oceans?
They damage the health of ecosystems.
Ocean acidification is often called 'global climate change's evil twin.' Both global global warming and ocean acidification are especially bad for corals. Fill in the blanks below by dragging the boxes to describe ocean acidification. You will use some terms more than once. Use the video for assistance.
Thirty percent of the CO2 released into the atmosphere is aborbed by the oceans. When CO2 reacts with seawater, hydrogen ions are released, making the oceans more acidic . Animals like shelfish, corals and plankton, build their shells out of calcium carbonate . They do this by taking up carbonate ions out of the seawater. Unfortunately, the hydrogens ions compete with shells for carbonate. This means there are fewer carbonate ions in the ocean, making it more difficult for animals to build their shells. If we keep pumping CO2 into the atmosphere, and thus into the oceans, the oceans will become so acidic that shells (and coral skeletons) will start to dissolve .
Below are 4 examples of ways Damschen and her colleagues could have designed their experiment. Identify what is wrong with each design.
This design does not control for distance from the central patch. This design does not control for area of the patch. In this design, there is no difference between the treatments. This design does not control for edge effects.
In an ecological pyramid, there are far fewer tertiary consumers than secondary consumers.
True
What color represents areas in which temperatures from 2000-2009 were the same as temperatures from 1951-1980?
White
What colors represent areas where a warming trend was recorded during 2000-2009 relative to average temperatures in 1951-1980?
Yellow, orange, and red
Which of the following would be considered household hazardous waste?
a can of spray paint
Can you complete the concept map about the major components of the water cycle?
a. condensation b. evaporation c. transpiration d. precipitation e. surface and groundwater
Energy enters most ecosystems as sunlight. Within an ecosystem, energy is transformed, used, and exits the ecosystem as heat. Drag the terms to complete this concept map about energy and trophic levels.
a. solar energy b. trophic levels c. heat d. tertiary consumers e. secondary consumers f. primary consumers g. primary producers h. decomposers
Buffers work best when ...
about half of the buffer molecules are dissociated.
The term for a solution with a low pH number, such as lemon juice or vinegar, is
acidic
The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used __________.
as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Imagine that it is 1960, and the scientists have asked you to help them select the species of bird for use in their research. They have narrowed their options down to 6 species. Drag a check mark to species that would be good to use in the study; there may be more than one. Drag an X to species that would not be good for the study.
bALD eAGLE x Ameri can Goldfinch X Brown Pelican Y Osprey Y Secretary Bird X Emperor Penguin X
The term for a solution with a high pH number, such as ammonia or bleach, is
basic
A substance that accepts H+ when they are in excess and donates H+ when their concentration drops is called a(n)
buffer
LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________.
conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality
The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________.
conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation
Drag the labels to illustrate these steps of the scientific process. Labels may be used more than once.
decreased increased open water littoral zone open water littoral zone
The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.
decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
Assume that a new parasite that infests blue crabs is introduced into the Hudson River, decimating blue crab populations. Look at the structure of this simplified open-water food web, then drag the labels to predict how the population of each organism would be affected.
decreases increases decreases decreases decreases
One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume __________.
foods that are grown locally
Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for
fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium
To make a buffer, you need to ...
have a weak acid or a weak base half ionized in water.
What hazardous material do electronics contain, making them important to recycle properly?
lead
What hazardous material do fluorescent light bulbs contain, making it important to dispose of them properly?
mercury
The term for a solution that has an equal concentration of H+ and OH- is
neutral
When our oil supply is depleted, a new material will need to be used to produce _________.
plastic
Vegetarians belong in this trophic level.
primary consumers
The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____.
promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon
What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University?
the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots
The ultimate source of energy that drives wind power is __________.
the sun
The oceans play an important role in regulating the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by absorbing atmospheric CO2 . Atmospheric CO2 reacts with seawater to produce carbonic acid, resulting in increased oceanic acidity (measured by lower pH values). In 2016, Earth's atmosphere broke a record that had stood for approximately 16 million years: atmospheric CO2 levels measured at or above 400 ppm for the entire year. This increase in CO2 from a pre-industrial level of 280 ppm has already had an impact on oceanic pH, which has declined from pH 8.2 to pH 8.1 over the same time period -- a 30% increase in acidity.
use line graph
Coral bleaching, or the ejection of the algae from the coral tissues, can be caused by a number of stressors. What abiotic factor was the cause of the 2016 bleaching event on the GBR?
warm ocean temperatures
Deforestation can significantly reduce the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.
yes
