Bio 102 exam 1

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart

2, 3, 4, 1, 5

Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through alveolar capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin)

Hb + 4 O2 → Hb(O2)4

How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?

It made additional food sources available.

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?

Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction.

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have

a closed circulatory system.

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

a mineralized, bony skeleton

Vertebrates and tunicates share _____.

a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having

a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.

Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?

a well-developed notochord

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as

absorption.

Suppose, while out camping in a forest, you found a chordate with a long, slender, limbless body slithering across the ground near your tent. This critter could be _____.

an amphibian

An example of effectors' roles in homeostatic responses is observable when

an increase in body temperature results from involuntary shivering.

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

birds

An example of a connective tissue is the

blood

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the

blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic.

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

chondrichthyans

A matrix of connective tissue is apparent in

chondroitin sulfate of cartilage.

The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is

circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles.

Use the following information to answer the questions below. Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene codes for a satiety factor, the hormone leptin. The db gene product, the leptin receptor, is required to respond to the satiety factor. Many obese humans produce normal or increased levels of leptin without satiety, so the search for healthy regulation of food intake should focus on

eliminating carbohydrates from the diet.

In marine sponges, intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by

endocytosis.

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

endothermy

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?

endothermy

Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased

epinephrine

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with

epithelial tissue.

PKU (phenylketonuria) is a hereditary condition in which infants and young children who ingest the amino acid phenylalanine risk serious neurological damage. However, the risk of damage can be substantially reduced by the severe restriction of phenylalanine in the diet. Which of the following is the nutritional concept that forms the basis for this preventive treatment?

essential nutrients

Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by

evaporation.

Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as

fats

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross

five membranesin and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cellto bind with hemoglobin.

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)

four-chambered heart.

A hiatal hernia that disrupts the functional relationship between the smooth muscle in the esophagus and that in the stomach would be most likely to increase the frequency of

gastric reflux.

An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the

green frog

The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at

grinding.

Pulse is a direct measure of

heart rate

Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to

hemoglobin

For a nondiabetic person, the glucose concentration in this part of the vasculature varies more than in any other part.

hepatic portal vessel

A group of animals among which a relatively long cecum is likely to be found is the

herbivores

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed

homeostasis

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the

hypothalamus

The cells that secrete acidic fluid in the stomach are

in the lumen of the stomach.

Fossils of the earliest tetrapods should _____.

indicate limited adaptation to life on land

Use the following table showing the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (DV) to answer the following questions. Dietary Supplement % DV Vitamin A 70 Vitamin C 100 Vitamin D 100 Vitamin E 150 Vitamin K 13 Vitamin B1 100 Vitamin B2 100 Folic acid 100 Vitamin B12 417 Calcium 20 Phosphorus 5 Iodine 100 Magnesium 25 Zinc 100 Copper 100 Chromium 125 Molybdenum 100 Iron 0 The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is

it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K.

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because

its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix.

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?

large intestinebile production

Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism?

lion-substrate feeder

An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the

lungs

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the

most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?

muscle and liver glycogen

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

no jaws

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (see the figure above). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistous version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder. The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still _____.

not sink

Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?

nutrient absorption

An enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment is

pepsin

Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is

platelets and erythrocytes.

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

post-anal tail

Which characteristic is common to all the modern representatives of all major reptilian lineages (turtles, lepidosaurs, crocodilians, and birds)?

presence of a notochord

Use the following description to answer the question(s) below. While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a collecting permit). The 1-meter-long organism has smooth skin, which appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow). The class decided to humanely euthanize the organism and subsequently dissect it. Having decided that it was probably not a reptile, two of their original hypotheses regarding its identity remained. Which of the following, if observed, should help them arrive at a conclusive answer?

presence of lungs

The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart

prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

Glandular secretions that are released initially as inactive precursors of digestive enzymes are the

protein-digesting enzymes.

The specialized function shared by the cells that line the lungs and those that line the lumen of the gut is that both types of cells

provide abundant exchange surface.

An enlarged cecum is typical of

rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears.

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is

simple squamous epithelium.

Breathing is accomplished via the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of

skeletal muscle.

In the digestive system, peristalsis is

smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by

smooth muscle.

Because adult lampreys attach onto the surface of large fish for long periods of time to feed on body fluids, they can accomplish nutritional balance without need for a

stomach

Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the

stomach

When the digestion and absorption of organic molecules results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal, the excess is

stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

Cardiac muscle cells are both

striated and interconnected by intercalated disks.

All skeletal muscle fibers are both

striated and under voluntary control.

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

systole of the left ventricle

Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?

the allantois

The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is

the capillaries.

Historically inaccurate diagnosis of acid reflux disorders and gastric ulcers has been improved by

the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection.

Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by

the endocrine system.

Among mammals, it is generally true that

the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea.

The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is

the interstitial fluid.

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when

the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise.

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that

the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.

Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content?

the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein

Interstitial fluid is

the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

the shelled, amniotic egg

The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is

the veins

Which of these are amniotes?

turtles

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through

two capillary beds.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?

vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans

would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.