Bio 102 exam 2 study
The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for plants shown in the figure. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure, which number represents an embryo?
11
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus?
16
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus after fertilization?
16
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus?
24
The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for plants shown in the figure. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. Which number represents a megaspore mother cell in the figure?
3
The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for plants shown in the figure. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure, meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number(s)?
4
Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.
475
The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for plants shown in the figure. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure, which number represents the mature gametophyte?
7
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus?
8
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus?
8
Which of these structures is a separate generation from the plant sporophyte?
A male gametophyte within a pollen grain
Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit. Which of the following proposed controls would be most appropriate for the experiment when, late in the season, scientists painted some of the red flowers white?
A necessary control would be to put red paint on some of the red flowers in order to control for the effects of paint.
In which of the following pairs do the structures play comparable roles in the plant and animal life cycles?
A plant sporophyte and an adult animal
According to the hypothesis of serial endosymbiosis, which of the following was a key initial step in the origin of mitochondria?
A prokaryotic host cell engulfed an aerobic, heterotrophic bacterium.
Consider the seed shown in this figure. Select the correct description of this seed.
A seed includes contributions from three separate generations of plants.
Which of the following statements is true of secondary endosymbiosis?
An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont.
Which of the following could occur after plants moved from the oceans to land?
Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources.
Select the correct statement about plant life cycles.
At some point in the life cycle of all plants, the sporophyte is dependent on its gametophyte parent.
Açai berries come from trees that are native to the Amazon River Basin and now are the basis of many popular fruit drinks. Farmers with small areas harvest the berries in their family farms. Sometimes, they plant additional açai trees, weed out underbrush, and remove other trees in an effort to increase açai production. A recent study compared the forest characteristics of unmanipulated plots versus those where the farmers modified the plants in the plots. This study produced the following results: CharacteristicsUnmanipulated PlotsManipulated PlotsAçai density (mean # clumps/plot)6251,000Number of vines800/plot4,100/plotStem density of all plants4,680/plot77.35/plotDensity of non-palm stems1,400/plot4,000/plot Which of the following conclusions are most consistent with the data?
Açai production changes the character of the forest when farmers manipulate their plots.
Ovules are found within structure _____.
B
Which of the following is a correct statement about slime molds?
Cellular slime molds form masses when food is scarce, but their cells remain separated.
Select the correct statement about charophytes, a taxon of green algae.
Charophytes and land plants share three distinctive traits.
Plasmodium exhibits consumption in its interactions with mosquitoes and humans. Which process is not an example of consumption?
Commensalism.
Which of the following statements about the pine life cycle is correct?
Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.
This figure shows the life cycle of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum. In this figure, what does the green arrow represent?
Conjugation
Theobroma cacao (cacao) is the tree that produces seeds that are turned into chocolate. These trees provide many poor people in the tropics with some cash income. However, these farmers face many obstacles to production of their crop, including temperature and rainfall changes caused by atmospheric CO2 increases, and many diseases and pests. Analysis of the cacao genome showed that there is some (but not a lot) of genetic variation in the 10 major varieties. Which of the following strategies would be most useful in the long term in reducing pressures faced by cacao farmers?
Crossbreed cacao strains that produce high-quality cacao beans and ones resistant to a disease.
How do humans combat infection by the Plasmodium parasite?
Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected liver cells by recognizing a Plasmodium protein bound to an HLA protein on the surface of those cells.
Which of these structures is diploid?
D
Coral bleaching, which causes high coral mortality, has been occurring widely in coral reefs. Coral bleaching actually refers to the death of symbiotic dinoflagellates living within the corals. Why does coral bleaching cause the corals to die?
Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exchange for a safe place to live.
Select the correct statement describing the life cycle of angiosperms.
Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus.
Which of these structures contains a male gametophyte?
E
A diploid (2n) cell divides by meiosis, producing four daughter cells. Next, each daughter cell divides by mitosis, producing a total of eight granddaughter cells. Which of the following statements about the granddaughter cells is true?
Each granddaughter cell is haploid (n). Submit
Which of the following statements supports the hypothesis of an endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria?
Each mitochondrion has its own DNA molecule.
Which of the following types of protists causes the potentially fatal disease dysentery?
Entamoeba histolytica
True or false? Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce sexually in the diploid stage.
False
Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?
Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.
Which of the following features of fertilization in plants are the same as in some of their algal ancestors?
Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop.
How does the haploid form of Ulva "switch" to its diploid form?
Gametophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote.
Which of the following statements about Ulva's haploid stage is true?
Haploid cells are produced by meiosis of diploid cells.
Which structure mediates the attachment of spores to a surface on which to grow?
Holdfast
Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any organelles that provide for locomotion. They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in explaining the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms?
How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters?
Imagine that you wanted to know if speciation is more rapid in plant groups pollinated by bees or hummingbirds. To do this, you identified 20 genera of angiosperms that contained species pollinated by both types of animals. There were substantially more species in the groups that were pollinated by bees. Which of the following conclusions are most consistent with your data?
Hummingbirds promoted speciation less than did bees.
Consider the characteristics of moss and fern life cycles. Which of the following sets of statements is true?
In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle; in ferns, the sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. In both mosses and ferns, moisture is required for sperm to reach the egg.
Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would be accurate?
Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.
An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following statements best explains this organism's continued survival?
It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.
Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?
It functions as a haploid food reserve.
You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. Which of the following characteristics would best support your identification of the organism as a plant and not an alga?
It is surrounded by a cuticle.
Which of the following characteristics would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?
It lacks gametangia.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the colonization of terrestrial habitats by plants?
It occurred in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil.
The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America and produces large nuts. The large white part of a Brazil nut that people eat serves which of the following functions in nature?
It provides energy and nutrition to a germinating seedling.
Which of the following statements are correct with regard to what physicians and pharmacists need to know about plants?
Land plants produce poisons and medicines.
What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant?
Megaspores or microspores
Which of the following statements about the Plasmodium parasite is true?
Merozoites live off the hemoglobin and nutrients in red blood cells and divide to produce more merozoites, destroying red blood cells in the process.
Which form of Plasmodium is the immediate cause of anemia in humans?
Merozoites.
Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____.
Mesozoic
You are given four test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the following description and match these four protists to the correct test tube. Use the information in the table to answer the question. Based on these data, what type of organism is present in tube 4?
Paramecium
You are given four test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the following description and match these four protists to the correct test tube. Use the information in the table to answer the question. Based on these data, what type of organism is present in tube 1?
Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate)
Select the correct statement about photosynthesis by primary producers.
Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities.
Select the correct statement about the life cycle of a fern.
Plant gametophytes are haploid multicellular bodies
Which taxon includes organisms referred to as "embryophytes"?
Plantae
You are given four test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the following description and match these four protists to the correct test tube. Use the information in the table to answer the question. Based on these data, what type of organism is present in tube 3?
Plasmodium
Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins?
Plasmodium and Trypanosoma
Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, for example) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Which of the following statements best explains this observation?
Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.
Which of the following statements about the zygotes of plants is most likely to be accurate?
Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important.
Use the information to answer the following question. Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. In late summer, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The table below describes the pollination process in these plants. PollinatorTime of Day of Pollination ActivityColor of Flowers Producing FruitHummingbirdsDaytimeMostly redHawk mothsSunset and laterWhite Late in the season, when only hawk moths were present, researchers painted the red flowers white. Which of the following results is most likely in this situation?
Red flowers painted white would produce more fruits than red flowers would.
Why is seed dormancy adaptive for many plant species?
Seed dormancy allows seeds to germinate when conditions are favorable for seedling growth.
Which of the following statements correctly explains why the kingdom Protista has been abandoned?
Some protists are multicellular. Some protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists. The second and third answers are correct.
Which of the following describes a difference between the structures of spores and seeds?
Spores are unicellular while seeds are not.
Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes.
Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid.
Which term below is the proposed kingdom that would include embryophytes and charophytes?
Streptophyta
Which of the following assumptions led to the hypothesis that the first plants exhibited low, sprawling growth?
The ancestors of plants, green algae, lacked the structural support to stand erect in air.
Which of these facts provides the best support for the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algae?
The chloroplasts of plants and green algae all have both chlorophyll a and b.
The genome of modern chloroplasts is roughly 50% the size of the genome of the cyanobacterium from which it is thought to have been derived. In comparison, the genome of the chromatophore of P. chromatophora is only slightly reduced relative to the size of the genome of the cyanobacterium from which it is thought to have been derived. What is a valid hypothesis that can be drawn from this comparison?
The chromatophore of P. chromatophora is the result of an evolutionarily recent endosymbiosis.
The observation that both charophytes and green plants contain chlorophylls a and b is more consistent with which of the following claims?
The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b.
Living diatoms contain brownish plastids. If global climate change continues to warm surface waters of Earth's oceans, which of the following is the most likely effect on the animals that build coral reefs?
The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms.
One day, you go outside and see that the cars on the street are covered in a yellow "dust." Which of the following statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"?
The dust is pine pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated.
Part complete The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Which of the following statements best explains the failure to cultivate Brazil nut trees in these other locations?
The flowers were not pollinated due to the absence of female orchid bees.
Mistletoe is a plant that lives on trees and gains nutrition from them (that is, it is a parasite). The fruit of the mistletoe is a one-seeded berry and is consumed by birds. In members of the mistletoe genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is sticky, which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the stickiness of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues?
The fruit is nutritious to the dispersing organisms.
Why was there more carbon-14 in the germinated seed?
The germinated seed incorporated a small amount of modern carbon.
Based on the phylogenetic tree in the figure, which of the following statements is correct?
The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannot be determined.
A researcher has developed two stains to use for visualizing different tissues of seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what will he/she/they most likely observe?
The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors.
Which statement is true for all sexually reproducing plants and animals?
The process of meiosis produces haploid cells.
Which of the following is the most beneficial adaptation of the seed coats in angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by fruit-eating animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?
The seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes.
Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be accurate?
The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions.
What advantage do organisms that reproduce sexually have over organisms that reproduce asexually?
Their offspring may be more adaptable to changes in the environment.
Many parasitic members of the excavates lack plastids and have highly reduced mitochondria. Which of the following statements explains these observations?
These parasites typically live in low-oxygen conditions and therefore loss of genes for plastids and mitochondria did not result in lower fitness.
Which of the following is a characteristic commonly found in ciliates?
They are often multinucleate.
Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms?
They are pollinated by animals.
Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about how they are pollinated?
They are probably wind pollinated.
Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms?
They are wind pollinated.
Which of the following statements correctly compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?
They have different structures.
Which of the following characteristics do dinoflagellates exhibit?
They possess two flagella.
Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of bryophytes (nonvascular plants)?
They share a more recent common ancestor with vascular plants than they do with green algae.
Consider the following data: -Most ancient eukaryotes are unicellular. -All eukaryotes alive today have a nucleus and cytoskeleton. -Most ancient eukaryotes lack a cell wall. Which of the following conclusions about the first eukaryotes is most consistent with the data presented?
They were capable of phagocytosis.
Researchers have shown that "income levels in countries hard hit by malaria are 33% lower than in countries with similar income that are free of the disease." Which of the following statements is correct regarding this observation?
This observation is an example of a correlation and therefore causality cannot be inferred as confidently as if we have results from a manipulated experiment.
You are given four test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the following description and match these four protists to the correct test tube. Use the information in the table to answer the question. Based on these data, what type of organism is present in tube 2?
Triceratium (diatom)
The video describes a coevolutionary arms race between the Plasmodium parasite and its human hosts. True or false? One example of a coevolutionary arms race is when faster deer evolve and favor wolves and cougars that have stronger eyesight and senses of smell.
True
Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would be true?
Unless its body parts were strengthened, such a "tree" would probably flop over.
Use the following information to answer the question.Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two specialized structures called "chromatophores." The chromatophores are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants.The closest living relative to P. chromatophora is the heterotroph P. ovalis. P. ovalis uses threadlike pseudopods to capture its prey, which it digests internally. Which of the following characteristics, if observed, would be the best reason for reclassifying P. chromatophora as a mixotroph instead of an autotroph?
a vacuole with food inside
Use the following information to answer the question. Healthy individuals of some Paramecium species contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. The Chlorella provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and Paramecium provides its Chlorella with protection and motility.A Paramecium cell has lost its Chlorella. It might be able to replenish the Chlorella by ingesting them without subsequently digesting them. Which of the following situations would be most favorable to the reestablishment of resident Chlorella, assuming compatible Chlorella are present in the Paramecium's habitat?
abundant light, abundant bacterial prey
Many types of foraminiferans form a symbiotic relationship with _______.
algae
Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because
all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.
Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?
alternation of multicellular generations
Human survival depends on the produce of __________.
angiosperms
A stamen consists of _____.
anther and filament
Which of the following pairs of protists and their ecological roles are correctly matched?
apicomplexans-parasites of animals
In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.
archegonia ... egg
All seed plants _____.
are heterosporous
Part complete According to the phylogeny, which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as plants?
both green algae and red algae
A sample of mosses and ferns is comprised of which of the following?
both sporophyte and gametophyte generations
A seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga?
brown
Which of the following groups is matched with a correct anatomical feature?
brown algae-blade
The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____.
bryophytes
Seedless plants include __________.
bryophytes, lycophytes, and monilophytes
Which of the following arranges the structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm?
carpel, ovary, ovule, embryo sac, egg
This is an image of a(n) _____.
charophycean
The closest algal relatives of land plants are __________.
charophytes
Which of the following protists have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts) thought to be derived from ancestral green algae?
chlorarachniophytes
Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?
chloroplasts
You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9 + 2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and two nuclei, one large and one small. To which of the following groups does this organism likely belong?
ciliate
Which group of organisms (ciliates, animals, or plants) has the most complex cells?
ciliates
Ciliates like Paramecium typically reproduce asexually. Which process in Paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in population size?
conjugation
Which of the following functions is an advantage of seeds compared to spores?
containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?
cyanobacteria →→ green algae →→ land plants
Archaeplastids, which include land plants and red and green algae, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) __________.
cyanobacterium
A failure in which of the following processes can result in the formation of a supercell that is characteristic of plasmodial slime molds?
cytokinesis
In spruces and pines, which of the following is an advantage of having needlelike leaves?
decreased surface area, reducing water loss
Which adaptations of land plants are likely to cause human health problems?
defenses against being eaten and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen
What is the process by which a trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor?
descent with modification
You have discovered a new species aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own. It appears to be resistant to physical damage from wave action due to the presence of a glass-like wall. Which of the following organisms would this organism be most like?
diatom
Which of the following organisms is a producer?
diatoms
A sign on the beach states,"Beach Closed, Red Tide". The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably __________.
dinoflagellates
Part complete Which of the following protist groups includes phytoplankton species that are autotrophs or mixotrophs?
dinoflagellates
The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____.
diploid sporophyte
When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a __________.
diploid sporophyte
Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA?
diplomonads and parabasalids
Which group is correctly paired with its description?
diplomonads−−protists with modified mitochondria
Which of these is unique to flowering plants?
double fertilization
Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?
double internal fertilization
Part complete Use the information to answer the following question. Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The yolk of an animal egg is similar to which of the following structures in angiosperms?
endosperm
Use the following information to answer the question. Giardia intestinalis is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals that causes intestinal ailments in most people who ingest the cysts. The cysts are dormant forms of this protist that are expelled in the feces of organisms that ingest them. Which of the following structures to the cysts of Giardia function most like?
endospores of bacteria
Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the cells of human skin, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Which of the following types of plant cells is most likely to produce this pigment?
epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls
Which of the following characteristics is common among all protists?
eukaryotic
In pine, the embryo develops within the __________.
female gametophyte
In gymnosperms, megaspores develop into __________.
female gametophytes
Which of the following generations in the conifer life cycle directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules?
female sporophyte
Which of the following generations in the conifer life cycle most directly produces the integument of a pine seed?
female sporophyte
Which of the following structures directly produces the fruit of angiosperms?
female sporophyte
The internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to which of the following structures in seedless plants?
fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. Investigation of its anatomy and life cycle shows the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte, sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. To which of the following groups does this plant most likely belong?
ferns
_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants.
ferns
During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of __________ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal.
ferns and other seedless plants
Which term describes the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote?
fertilization
Use the following information to answer the question. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts?
flagellated sperm
Use the following information to answer the question. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. Which of the following characteristics is (are) possessed in common by true mosses, ferns, and spike mosses, and therefore becomes useless at helping to determine to which of these groups "flower of stone" belongs?
flagellated sperm and alternation of generations
Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____.
flowers
An ancient date palm seed germinated and grew into a healthy plant. What was the source of nutrients for the young sporophyte embryo during germination of the date palm seed?
food stored within the seed
Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which of the following groups or organisms?
foramifera
A porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate, through which pseudopodia protrude, is characteristic of which of the following groups of organisms?
foraminiferans
Which of the following factors most likely helped early plants colonize land?
formation of mutualistic associations with fungi
Which term describes the multicellular haploid form of a protist that shows alternation of generations?
gameotophyte
Which answer arranges the characteristics of plants in the order in which they evolved, from most ancient to most recent?
gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence
In plants, the ________ produces haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) by mitosis, whereas the ________ produces haploid spores by meiosis.
gametophyte; sporophyte
Which of the following organisms are the closest relatives of pine and spruce trees?
gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos
Which of the following organisms were most likely the direct ancestors of plants?
green algae
Which of the following statements correctly describes one difference between green algae and land plants?
green algae are often unicellular, while land plants are not
Use the information to answer the following question. Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The internal fertilization that occurs in egg-laying animals prior to shell deposition is similar to what process in angiosperms?
growth of pollen tube and delivery of sperm nuclei
Angiosperms are most closely related to _____.
gymnosperms
Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?
gymnosperms
In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.
haploid ... meiosis
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?
haploid spores
After studying a particular species of protist, you suspect that it has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. Which of the following information would confirm your hypothesis?
have three or four membranes
Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "chromatophores." The chromatophores are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Which of the following results would be most important in determining whether the chromatophore of P. chromatophora is still an endosymbiont, or is an organelle, as the term chromatophore implies?
if there has been movement of genes from the chromatophore genome to the nuclear genome, such that these genes are no longer present in the chromatophore genome
In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____.
immature sporophyte
In which of the following structures of a plant are apical meristems found?
in both roots and shoots
The evolution of a vascular system in plants allowed which of the following characteristics and process to occur?
increased height, improved competition for light, and increased spore dispersal distances
In plants, which of the following is a benefit of retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte?
it allows it to be nourished by the parent plant
Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.
lack true leaves and roots
What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall?
lignified vascular tissue
Use the following information to answer the question. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. Upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone," one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Consequently, "flower of stone" should be expected to possess which other characteristics?
lignified vascular tissues and microphylls Submit
You have discovered that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists have evolved to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists?
loss of chloroplasts
Use the following description to answer the question. A biology student hiking in a forest discovers an erect, 15-centimeter-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobili at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. Observing a sample with a magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. What type of plant has this student most likely discovered?
lycophyte sporophyte
Microphylls are found in which plant group?
lycophytes
Which of the following plant structures most directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?
male gametophyte
Which of the following structures provides motility in species of paramecium?
many cilia
Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, which of the following develops before the others after fertilization occurs?
megaspore
In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.
micropyle
In angiosperms, which of the following is correctly paired with its chromosome count?
microspore−n
Which of the features below are found in all protist lineages?
mitochondria
Which of the following characteristics is functionally important in gametophyte cells of both angiosperms and gymnosperms?
mitochondria
What type of cell division does the generative of a male angiosperm gametophyte cell undergo to produce sperm cells?
mitosis
In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.
mitosis ... mitosis
The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for plants shown in the figure. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure, the process labeled "6" involves ________.
mitsos
Use the following information to answer the question. Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. In addition, P. bursaria also ingests bacteria. Which term most accurately describes the nutritional mode of healthy P. bursaria?
mixotroph
Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are types of which of the following structures?
modified leaves
In a life cycle with alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with
multicellular diploid forms.
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. The Chlorella provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its Chlorella with protection and motility. Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship of well-fed P. bursaria to Chlorella?
mutualistic
About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would most likely have had which of the following features?
nonvascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
Where do fern antheridia develop?
on the underside of the gametophyte
Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).
one
Which of the following are present in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms?
ovaries
Which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?
ovules
Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower?
petals
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to seed-producing plants?
pollen
The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____.
pollen
Which of the following is a key feature of seed plants facilitating life on land?
pollen
The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____.
pollen grains
The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. If a female orchid bee has just left a Brazil nut tree with nectar in her stomach, and if she visits another flower on a different Brazil nut tree, what is the sequence in which the following events should occur?
pollen transfer, pollen tube emerges from pollen grain, pollen tube enters micropyle, double fertilization
Which of the following could best be investigated by measuring fruit production in plants?
pollination success
Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do some of the white blood cells of animals. If one were to construct a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudopods, what type of evolutionary pattern would the tree show?
polyphyletic
The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the __________.
presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule
Which of the following describes a difference between wind-pollinated angiosperms compared with animal pollinated plants? Wind pollenated plants ________.
produce much more pollen because winds disperse pollen randomly
Trypanosome infections evade attacks by host immune systems through which of the following mechanisms?
production of new cell-surface proteins with a different molecular structure by each new generation
Which of the following statements best describes an advantage of the reduced gametophytes in seed plants?
protection from drying out
Many types of plants increase the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline. Which of the following is an analogous response in humans?
putting more red blood cells into circulation when oxygen availability declines at high elevations
Paulinella chromatophora is a cercozoan that secretes a test, or case around itself consisting of plates made of silica. Which of the following is a rhizarian that would be in competition with P. chromatophora for the silica needed to make these plates, assuming limited quantities of silica in the environment?
radiolarians
A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. Based on this information, to which of the following groups of algae would this organism be classified?
red algae
Which of the following results would be most likely if a layer of warm, light water caused by ocean surface warming blocks nutrient upwelling?
reduced populations of producers because they have access to fewer nutrients
Which of the following problems will likely increase if the human population continues to increase?
reduction in plant and animal diversity
If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes (stoneworts), which of the following shared derived characteristics would be included in the revised kingdom?
rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
Based on the plant fossil record, which of these events likely occurred most recently?
rise and diversification of angiosperms
Amoebas are polyphyletic. Based on this fact, which of the following statements regarding their evolution is correct?
scientists need to continue to investigate the origins and evolutionary history of protists
Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of
secondary endosymbiosis.
In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____.
seed coat
Which of the following statements describes a difference between seed plants and ferns?
seed plants produce two kinds of spores
Green algae and plants are placed in the same phylogenetic group. Which of the following statements presents evidence to support this classification?
similarities in chloroplast structure and pigment composition
In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the __________.
sporophyte
The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit into which moisture can then enter and allow the remaining seeds to germinate. The agouti is most directly involved in dispersal of which of the following structures?
sporophyte embryos
Which of the following answers arranges the structures found on male pine trees from the largest structure to the smallest?
sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei
In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?
sporopollenin
Which of the following biological molecules contributes to the structural integrity of plant spores?
sporopollenin
A biology student hiking in a forest discovers a 15-centimeter-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobili at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. Which of the following chemicals are most likely to be detected in substantial amounts upon chemical analysis of these small spheres?
sporopollenins
In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species.
stigma
A carpel is composed of _____.
stigma, style, and ovary
A student encounters a pondweed that appears to be a charophyte. Which of the following features would best help the student determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?
structure of sperm cells
A logarithm is the power to which a base is raised to produce a given number x. For example, if the base is 10 and x = 100, the logarithm of 100 equals 2 (because 102 = 100). A natural logarithm (ln) is the logarithm of a number x to the base e, where e is about 2.718. Natural logarithms are useful in calculating rates of some natural processes, such as radioactive decay. The equationF=e-ktdescribes the fractionFof an original isotope remaining after a period oftyears; the exponent is negative because it refers to adecreaseover time. The constantkprovides a measure of how rapidly the original isotope decays. For the decay of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14,k= 0.00012097. You can rearrange this equation to solve fortby following these steps: Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation: ln(F) = ln(e -kt ). Rewrite the right side of this equation by applying the following rule: ln(ex ) = x ln(e). Since ln(e) = 1, simplify the equation. Now solve for t in the form "t = ____."
t=ln(F)/−k
What do the multiple branching points at the root of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree indicate about the evolution of eukaryotes?
that eukaryotes are all descended from a common ancestor
Use the following information to answer the question. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly desert, where rainfall averages about 25 centimeters per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this extremely arid zone to encounter mosses and ferns. Which of the following features is most important for true mosses and ferns to reproduce in the desert?
that their gametophytes grow closely together
The evolution of vascular tissue in plants facilitated which of the following changes?
the ability to grow taller
Compared to nonvascular plants, the ancient relatives of vascular plants ________.
the ancient relatives produced sporophyte generations independent of, not dependent on, gametophyte generations
When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, what is the first process carried out by the Plasmodium?
the cells infect the human liver cells
Many chlorophytes are unicellular, but others are larger and more complex. What does this indicate regarding the evolutionary history of chlorophytes?
the chlorophyte group contained extensive genetic variability
Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land?
the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes
According to the endosymbiotic theory, it was adaptive for the larger host cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food because ________.
the engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants. Select the exception.
the presence of chloroplasts
Which of the following outcomes is most likely if animals had alternation of generations?
the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular
Slime molds and fungi were once included in the same taxonomic group due to some specific similarities in morphology and lifestyle. These two groups are now classified in different taxonomic groups. How would you describe these similarities now that the two groups are classified separately?
the similarities are examples of convergent evolution
Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution over the past 200 million years?
the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
se the information to answer the following question. Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. In late summer, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The table below describes the pollination process in these plants. PollinatorTime of Day of Pollination ActivityColor of Flowers Producing FruitHummingbirdsDaytimeMostly redHawk mothsSunset and laterWhite Some plants continued to produce only dark (red) flowers whereas others produced lighter colored flowers later in the season. Which plants do you expect produced more fruit over the entire season?
those that changed their color to a lighter shade
Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to secretions of plants like poison oak. These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that function in which of the following ways?
to inhibit herbivory
Which of the following characteristics is found in heterosporous plants?
two types of sporophylls
Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "chromatophores." The chromatophores are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Including the membrane of the surrounding vesicle, which answer identifies the maximum number of phospholipid bilayers present in the chromatophores of P. chromatophora and the bilayer in which the photosystem is most likely located?
two; innermost
What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?
waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a monilophyte sporophyte. Which of the following characteristics would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant?
whether it has microphylls or megaphylls
Which of the following mitigation strategies would be most likely to cause evolution of a drug-resistant strain of Plasmodium?
widespread, frequent use of a single drug in patients suffering from malaria
Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower