bio 102 final part 3

A patient with a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat will have a cardiac output of ______.

4,900 mL/minute

Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries?

Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.

select the correct statement about capillary beds.

Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues

Which statement about lipoproteins is correct?

High-density lipoproteins are cholesterol transporters in the blood.

which of the following statements about the oxygen-hemoglobin interaction is true?

The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules

Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?

The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure.

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

The tracheal system of an insect

Humans infected with some types of parasitic worms develop a condition called elephantiasis, which is characterized by swelling of the limbs. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of elephantiasis?

The worms are blocking the lymph vessels

While jogging, a person has a stroke volume of 130 ml/beat and a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. If their resting stroke volume was 70 ml/beat and resting heart rate was 60 beats per minute, how did this person's cardiac output change?

Their cardiac output increased from 4,200 ml/minute to 15,600 ml/minute after jogging.

stroke occurs when ______.

a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of a brain tissue

Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface between air and blood?

alveolus

____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes ____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up.

an increase... a drop

An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it _____.

blocks the openings into the tracheal system

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the ____.

blood pressure being greater then 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic

The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____.

bronchiole

compared to mammals that are not adapted for diving, diving mammals

can store more oxygen in their muscles

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of _____.

carbon dioxide

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates?

changing the force of heart contraction, constricting and relaxing smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles, opening or closing pre capillary sphincters

In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _______.

combined with hemoglobin

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _______.

converted to bicarbonate ions

If the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds is lower than the hydrostatic pressure, then ______.

fluid will tend to accumulate in tissues

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need ____.

four-chambered heart

Under identical atmospheric conditions, freshwater _____.

has more dissolved oxygen than seawater

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a

higher P(O2)

How are gases transported in insect bodies?

in tracheal systems

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with _____.

increased activity of the immune system

Which of the following represents the correct flow of air into the lung of a mammal?

larynx---trachea---bronchi---bronchioles---alveoli

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

left atrium

In an open circulatory system, blood is

not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

Atrial systole

occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole

cellular respiration

produces CO2 and ATP

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct?

pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart

hyperventilation can result in respiratory alkalosis. Why?

rapid breathing depletes the blood of carbon dioxide, thus the blood pH increases.

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

systole of the left ventricle

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enable the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____.

the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

the number of circuits for circulation

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava

An electrocardiogram provides information about _____.

the rhythm of heart contractions

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____.

two capillary beds

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

vena cava---right atrium---right ventricle--- pulmonary artery

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of _______>

water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills

When the air in a testing chamber is special mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mmHg, then PO2 is _____.

40 mmHg

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of _____.

5000 mL

Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is about one third the pressure at sea level, which is 760 mm Hg. If oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) on Mount Everest is approximately ________.

53 mm Hg

which of the following best describes an artery?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

How is most carbon dioxide transported from tissues to the lungs?

As bicarbonate ions

how has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?

Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation

Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct?

In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs

you cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem?

Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective.

which of the following would you expect of a species that has a high resting cardiac output?

The animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain

which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct?

The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.

A rabbit taken from a meadow ear sea level and mixed to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why?

The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevation is lower than at sea level.

Although having evolved independently, the tracheal tubes of mammals and insects are both supported by rigid tissues. The trachea of a mammal is supported by cartilage, and the tracheae of an insect are supported by chitin. What selective pressure most likely led to the convergent evolution of these respiratory structures?

When air is the respiratory medium, there is a greater risk that the tracheal tubes will collapse.

Organisms with a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____.

a closed circulatory system

By picking up hydrogen ions/ hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too ______.

acidic

which of these is not part of insect immunity?

activation of natural killer cells

A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the ______.

activation of prothrombin to thrombin

An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, was well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the _____.

animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate

most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs ______.

as bicarbonate ions

Cyanide posions mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to _______.

be unaffected

In order for blood to always flow unidirectionally through a closed circulatory system, the ______.

blood vessels farthest from the heart must have valves

Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?

bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

During aerobic exercise, the partial pressure of oxygen in muscle cells will _____, this the rate of diffusion o oxygen into the muscle tissue from the blood will ______.

decrease;increase

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____.

development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize ______.

diffusion

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans would _____.

disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions

Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures?

earthworms

What barriers must O2 and CO2 cross to pass between air and blood inside lungs?

epithelial cells, capillary wall, extracellular fluid

______ is a hormone that is releases from the ______ to stimulate the production of red blood cells.

erythropoietin;kidney

The pressure inside the human chest cavity is always positive, so the lungs stay relatively inflated even upon exhalation

false

the driving force for the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin into tissues is the difference in Pco2 levels between the blood and body tissues.

false

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the _______.

fishes

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in mammals, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross _____.

five membranes and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell to bind with hemoglobin

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

frogs

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

giraffe

a decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to

give up more of its oxygen molecules

In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the body fluid?

grasshoppers

Pulse is a direct measure of

heart rate

the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _______.

increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen

Blood cells that function to fight infection are called _____.

leukocytes

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffers serious respiratory failure because of ______.

lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant

As a property of enzymes, cooperativity refers to

one enzyme subunit altering the behavior of others

which of the following events would you predict as carbon dioxide is released from your muscle into the surrounding capillary bed?

oxygen delivery to muscle is increased when more carbon dioxide is produced by the muscle

What would be the consequence if we were to reverse the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, then out the mouth? This reversal of water flow would ________.

reduce efficiency of gas exchange

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

rising CO2

The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water, causing some water to evaporate. Because the water has become warmer and saltier, _______.

the oxygen content will decrease

The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks are most similar to ___.

the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

the pulmonary vein

Circulatory systems compensate for _____.

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____.

the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

the lungs of humans form from the embryonic foregut

true

An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____.

water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized