Bio 1050 unit 1
(Select all that are correct.) Which of the following is a component of a cellular membrane? - phospholipids - hydrophobic heads of phospholipids - hydrophobic tails of - phospholipids proteins
- phospholipids - hydrophobic tails of - phospholipids proteins
By the end of cellular respiration one molecule of glucose produces about __________molecules of ATP in an animal or plant cell.
32
From module 9.12, blood type is determined by what antigens are present on red blood cells. People with type-A blood have carbohydrate _______ on their red blood cells.
A
In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, - ATP is broken down to ADP and phosphate. - carbon dioxide is converted to glucose. - ATP and NADPH are made. - glucose is converted to carbon dioxide. - pyruvate is formed.
ATP and NADPH are made.
Products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are - carbon dioxide and oxygen. - ATP and NADPH. - glucose and ATP. - carbon dioxide and ADP. - light and glucose.
ATP and NADPH.
The carbon bonds in glucose are broken during cellular respiration. At the end of the citric acid cycle the energy is in - ATP, NADH and FADH2. - NAD+ and ADP. - FAD and NADH. - carbon dioxide and NAD+. - pyruvate.
ATP, NADH and FADH2.
The products of glycolysis are - pyruvate, ADP and NAD+. - ATP, NADH and pyruvate. - glucose, ATP and pyruvate. - glycol and ATP. - glucose, ADP and NAD+.
ATP, NADH and pyruvate.
Which of the following is a product of the citric acid cycle? - pyruvate - glucose - FADH2 - NAD+ - ADP
FADH2
c. insulin
(LO 1.15) Which of the following is NOT a type of membrane protein? a. enzymes b. channels c. insulin d. receptors e. carriers
Which of the following is correctly matched with its level of biological organization? - liver - organ system - mitochondria - cells - insulin - organelle - musculoskeletal system - organism - glucose - molecule
glucose - molecule
Module 6.3 shows the chemical equation for cellular respiration. The two reactants of cellular respiration are glucose and ________. The products of cellular respiration include ATP, water and _________.
oxygen, carbon dioxide
The alveoli of the lungs are surrounded by capillaries. In the lumen of the alveoli the concentration of the gas_____is higher than in the capillaries, whereas the concentration of the gas______is higher in the blood in the capillaries than in the lumen of the alveoli.
oxygen, carbon dioxide
In a muscle, the concentration of the gas______and glucose is lower in the muscle contractile cells than in the capillaries of the muscle tissue. The concentration of these molecules is lower in the contractile cells because they are______for the reaction that describes their conversion to the products carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
oxygen, reactants
When two amino acids make a ______ covalent bond by a dehydration reaction a dipeptide is made. The same process can combine a dipeptide with another amino acid, and another and another to make a protein.
peptide
From module 5.12, when ADP and Pi are combined to make ATP it is called a_________reaction, because a phosphate is added to another molecule.
phosphorylation
Photosynthesis is important for - animal cells to convert glucose to carbon dioxide and ATP. - plant cells to convert glucose to carbon dioxide and ATP. - plant cells to convert the gas carbon dioxide to glucose. - human cells to convert the gas carbon dioxide to glucose. - making proteins from DNA.
plant cells to convert the gas carbon dioxide to glucose.
(Module 2.8) Water is a ________ molecule because oxygen has much higher electronegativity than hydrogen. The partially-positive _________ atom of one water molecule forms a hydrogen bond with the partially-negative _______ atom of another molecule of water.
polar, hydrogen,oxygen
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or protein is called the _______ sequence. The backbone that makes local patterns with hydrogen bonds is the secondary structure. The overall shape is the tertiary structure. When multiple proteins form a functional unit it is the quaternary structure.
primary
From module 6.14, the macromolecules _______ and ________ can be used in addition to glucose to make ATP using some of the enzymes of cellular respiration.
proteins, fats
Glucose goes through glycolysis during cellular respiration. At the end of glycolysis the carbon atoms from the glucose are in two molecules of ________.
pyruvate
Which of the following is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle? - ATP - NADH - FADH2 - pyruvate
pyruvate
Which of the following makes NADH, but not ATP? - glycolysis - oxidative phosphorylation - the citric acid cycle - pyruvate oxidation
pyruvate oxidation
The products of glycolysis are - glucose and FADH2. - glucose, NADH and FADH2. - pyruvate, ATP and NADH. - carbon dioxide, pyruvate and acetyl CoA. - NADH, FADH2 and ATP.
pyruvate, ATP and NADH.
The products of glycolysis are - glucose and FADH2. - glucose, NADH and FADH2. - pyruvate, ATP and NADH. - carbon dioxide, pyruvate and acetyl CoA. - NADH, FADH2 and ATP.
pyruvate, ATP and NADH.
From module 6.1, glucose and oxygen are the ________of cellular respiration and also the _______of photosynthesis, which is why together cellular respiration and photosynthesis make a cycle, which is called the carbon cycle.
reactants, products
From module 6.1, glucose and oxygen are the _______of cellular respiration and also the _______of photosynthesis, which is why together cellular respiration and photosynthesis make a cycle, which is called the carbon cycle.
reactants, products
From module 5.1,______proteins bind to signaling molecules, change shape and send information into the cell by signal transduction.
receptor
Module 5.1 shows many types of membrane proteins. They are all embedded in membranes so they must all have hydrophobic regions. Even though they have similarities, their specific functions vary. Membrane proteins that bind to signaling molecules that are too big and too hydrophilic to cross the membrane are called _______ proteins.
receptor
The endocrine system - moves the skeleton. - carries glucose through the body. - absorbs nutrients in the small intestine. - exchanges gasses with the atmosphere - regulates the processes of the body with hormones.
regulates the processes of the body with hormones
The body maintains blood [glucose] in homeostasis. How would you predict the endocrine system would respond to an increase in blood [glucose]? - It would increase the release of insulin, which would increase the blood [glucose]. - It would increase the release of insulin, which would decrease the blood [glucose]. - It would increase the release of glucagon, which would increase the blood [glucose]. - It would not respond, because blood [glucose] is in homeostasis. - It would increase the release of glucagon, which would decrease the blood [glucose].
It would increase the release of insulin, which would decrease the blood [glucose].
The body maintains blood [glucose] in homeostasis. How would you predict the endocrine system would respond to an increase in blood [glucose]? - It would not respond, because blood [glucose] is in homeostasis. - It would increase the release of glucagon, which would increase the blood [glucose]. - It would increase the release of insulin, which would increase the blood [glucose]. - It would increase the release of glucagon, which would decrease the blood [glucose]. - It would increase the release of insulin, which would decrease the blood [glucose].
It would increase the release of insulin, which would decrease the blood [glucose].
During the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration three types of high-energy molecules are made. These high-energy molecules are ATP, _______and _______.
NADH, FADH2
Imagine a graph of negative feedback controlling blood pressure, with time on the x axis (horizontal axis) and blood pressure on the y axis (vertical axis). High blood pressures are at the top of the y axis and low blood pressures are at the bottom of the y axis. Which of the following best describes how the graph would look if it showed negative feedback control of blood pressure? - a line that went from the bottom left to upper right corner - a line that went straight across the graph left to right - a line that was horizontal, then went down, then returned to where it started and was horizontal again - a line that went from the top left to the bottom right corner - a line that was horizontal at the top left, went down in the middle of the graph and then was horizontal at the bottom of the graph on the right
a line that was horizontal, then went down, then returned to where it started and was horizontal again
When the energy released from carbon bonds in glucose is used to make ATP, then it is - a complete biological cycle. - the carbon cycle. - the Calvin cycle. - a pair or coupled reactions. - the activation energy.
a pair or coupled reactions.
When the energy released from carbon bonds in glucose is used to make ATP, then it is -a complete biological cycle. - the carbon cycle. - the Calvin cycle. - a pair or coupled reactions. - the activation energy.
a pair or coupled reactions.
(LO 1.20) Which type of high energy carriers are produced by glycolysis? a. NADH and ATP b. ATP and NADPH c. ATP and FADH2 d. NADH, ATP and FADH2 e. NADH and FADH2
a. NADH and ATP
(LO 1.12) If a solute has a higher concentration inside a cell than outside the cell. In this case the net (total overall) movement of the solute will a. be to move out, if the membrane is permeable to the solute. b. be to move in, if the membrane is permeable to the solute. c. have no net movement. d. be to move in, if the membrane is impermeable to the solute. e. be to move out, if the membrane is impermeable to the solute.
a. be to move out, if the membrane is permeable to the solute.
(LO 1.9) Which of the following is the stage of digestion that comes next after ingestion? a. digestion b. elimination c. respiration d. absorption e. circulation
a. digestion
(LO 1.13) Of the following, where would the oxygen concentration be the highest? a. in the veins of the lungs b. in the veins leaving a muscle c. in the artery of the lungs d. in the right heart
a. in the veins of the lungs
(LO 1.11) When ATP is used to change the shape of the musculoskeletal system, ATP causes a. the filaments to slide past each and shorten the muscle. b. the bones of the skeleton push the ends of the muscle together. c. the ends of the muscle cell push on the bone though the tendons. d. hormones signal the muscle fibers to shorten.
a. the filaments to slide past each and shorten the muscle.
(LO 1.2) In type 1 diabetes a. the pancreas stops making insulin. b. the body stops making glucose channels. c. the [glucose] in the blood is dangerously low. d. the endocrine system stops making all hormones. e. the body does not respond to insulin as well as normal.
a. the pancreas stops making insulin.
(LO 1.6) There is a hormone called parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium concentrations. Blood calcium concentration is maintained under homeostatic control. When would you expect the endocrine system to release parathyroid hormone? a. when the blood calcium concentration is below the homeostatic range b. when the blood calcium concentration is above the homeostatic range, but decreasing c. when the blood calcium concentration is in homeostasis d. when the blood calcium concentration is very high above the homeostatic range and still increasing
a. when the blood calcium concentration is below the homeostatic range
Which of the following occurs mostly in the small intestine of the digestive system? - ingestion - digestion - absorption - elimination - respiration
absorption
Which of the following phases of processing food by the digestive system correctly matches the organ with the process? - ingestion - large intestine - digestion - large intestine - elimination - stomach - absorption - small intestine
absorption - small intestine
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs - in the matrix of the mitochondria. - in the cytosol. - across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. - across the outer membrane of the mitochondria. - across the plasma membrane of the cell.
across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Before a chemical reaction can take place energy is required. For a reaction that is breaking bonds the energy weakens the bonds, sometimes by bending them. This energy that is required for a reaction to take place is called the________.
activation energy
The substrates of a reaction bind to the ________ on the enzyme.
active site
From module 24.3, _______ immunity, which is sometimes called acquired immunity, is how vertebrates respond to specific pathogens (destructive foreign invaders).
adaptive
You are in a lab and you are measuring the rate of a reaction. The reactants are ADP and phosphate and the product is ATP. Which of the following would cause this reaction to make ATP faster? - cooling the solution down - adding glucose - adding an enzyme for the reaction - adding insulin - adding glucagon
adding an enzyme for the reaction
If you are in a lab and have a solution of sucrose (sucrose dissolved in water) in a beaker, which of the following would make the sucrose break down to glucose and fructose faster? - cooling the solution down - adding glucose - adding sucrase - adding insulin - adding glucagon
adding sucrase
The Calvin Cycle makes ________, Pi and NADP+, which are used by the light reactions to make ATP, and NADPH.
adp
Imagine a system in homeostasis. The heart rate slows down, which decreases the blood pressure. Part of the homeostatic response is for the endocrine system to release adrenaline. Adrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure back to the normal range. Which part of this system is the hormone? - glucagon - insulin - heart rate - blood pressure - adrenaline
adrenaline
Which of the following takes place in plants? - glycolysis - oxidative phosphorylation - the citric acid cycle - pyruvate oxidation - all of cellular respiration (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation) - none of cellular respiration
all of cellular respiration (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation)
From module 3.13 all amino acids have a central carbon. The central carbon makes four bonds. One is to a hydrogen atom. Another is an R group that is different depending on which amino acid you are looking at. In addition, the central carbon bind to an ______ group with nitrogen, and a ______ group that is acidic and gives amino acids the "acid" part of their name.
amino, carboxyl
Membranes are made of hydrophilic phospholipids and hydrophobic proteins. - amphipathic phospholipids and amphipathic proteins. - hydrophobic phospholipids and hydrophilic proteins. - hormones and hormone receptors. - hormones and enzymes.
amphipathic phospholipids and amphipathic proteins.
For a glucose channel to be in the right place and function well it must be - amphipathic. - hydrophobic. - hydrophilic. - a phospholipid. - an enzyme.
amphipathic.
Which of the following would be most likely to release chemicals that could bind to a receptor on a cell anywhere in the body? - a diabetic cell - a neuron - an endocrine cell
an endocrine cell
From module 24.3, a non-self molecule that stimulates a response of the adaptive immune system is called an ________. These molecules are bound by _______ made by the immune system and found in the plasma of the blood.
antigen, antibodies
Glucose channels in the plasma membranes of cells - are always present at the same concentration. - are added when insulin receptors are activated. - are added when glucagon receptors are activated. - let glucose out of cells, but glucose can enter cells by passing directly though the phospholipid bilayer. - are hormones.
are added when insulin receptors are activated.
Phospholipids - are amphipathic. - are usually enzymes. - are usually hormones. - are usually hormone receptors. - are usually suspended in the cytosol
are amphipathic.
From module 4.4 where is the plasma membrane in a plant or animal cell? - around the nucleus - around the organelles - around the whole cell - around the outside of the cell wall
around the whole cell
Many______carry blood away from the heart to capillary beds. Many_______carry blood from the capillary beds back to the heart.
arteries, venules
From module 5.12,_______is the high-energy molecule that drives almost all cellular work by releasing energy. After this high-energy molecule releases its energy and becomes ADP and Pi, energy from cellular respiration can be used to make more of the high-energy molecule again.
atp
The molecule________drives cellular work, such as muscle contractions, chemical reactions, and transport of molecules.
atp
The molecule______drives cellular work, such as muscle contractions, chemical reactions, and transport of molecules.
atp
________ and NADPH are made by the light reactions and used by the Calvin Cycle.
atp
Most of the ATP made by cellular respiration is made by the enzyme _______ during _______.
atp synthase, oxidative phosphorylation
As described in module 30.11, there is a very small amount of _________in the muscles at any time, but more can be made from _______and oxygen supplied via the bloodstream.
atp, glucose
As described in module 30.11, there is a very small amount of _______in the muscles at any time, but more can be made from _______and oxygen supplied via the bloodstream.
atp, glucose
(LO 1.20) Why does the grooming of pyruvate have to happen between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle? a. The grooming of pyruvate makes the concentration gradient that is necessary for making ATP by chemiosmosis. b. Two carbon atoms, not three as in pyruvate, need to be brought to the citric acid cycle by coenzyme A. c. The ATP generated by glycolysis is needed to break each molecule of pyruvate into three molecules of carbon dioxide. d. All of the carbon needs to be released as carbon dioxide during the grooming of pyruvate before energy can be converted by the citric acid cycle.
b. Two carbon atoms, not three as in pyruvate, need to be brought to the citric acid cycle by coenzyme A.
(LO 1.5 and 1.17) The graph on the back of the cover page best represents a. a reaction that requires energy. b. an exergonic reaction. c. a reaction that is not catalyzed by an enzyme. d. the Calvin cycle (carbon fixation reactions) of photosynthesis. e. a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme.
b. an exergonic reaction.
(LO 1.18) The release of chemical energy from one reaction a. is the activation energy. b. can be used to drive another reaction in the cell. c. becomes the reactants for the coupled endergonic reaction. d. is the enzymatic energy. e. is all released as heat from cells.
b. can be used to drive another reaction in the cell.
(LO 1.22) There are many chemical reactions in process of cellular respiration. These reactions of cellular respiration a. each start with glucose and generate carbon dioxide. b. can use energy from fats and proteins for parts of the process. c. only take place in the fed state when there is a lot of insulin in the blood. d. convert fats and proteins into glucose then process the glucose through all of cellular respiration. e. can only process energy that starts in the form of glucose.
b. can use energy from fats and proteins for parts of the process.
(LO 1.12) By diffusion, a. glucose moves out of most metabolically active cells. b. carbon dioxide moves out of most metabolically active cells. c. hydrogen ions move into the intermembrane space of active mitochondria. d. oxygen moves out of most metabolically active cells.
b. carbon dioxide moves out of most metabolically active cells.
(LO 1.13) The [oxygen] is _______in the lumen of the alveoli than in the capillaries, and the [carbon dioxide] is _____ in the lumen of the alveoli than in the capillaries. a. lower, higher b. higher, lower c. higher, higher d. lower, lower e. the same, the same
b. higher, lower
From module 30.7, when you bend your elbow to move your hand towards your shoulder, you are contracting your ________ and relaxing your______.
biceps, triceps
From module 30.7, when you bend your elbow to move your hand towards your shoulder, you are contracting your _______and relaxing your________.
biceps, triceps
Insulin - is found mostly in the plasma membrane. - is a channel that allows glucose to cross the plasma membrane. - binds to insulin receptors in the plasma membrane. - is a hydrophobic protein. - is often broken down in cells to make ATP via glycolysis.
binds to insulin receptors in the plasma membrane.
Imagine a system in homeostasis. The blood pressure drops. Part of the homeostatic response is for the endocrine system to release adrenaline. Adrenaline increases heart rate, which increases blood pressure back to the normal range. Which part of this system is the parameter under homeostatic control? - blood pressure - insulin - adrenaline - the heart - the endocrine system
blood pressure
Imagine a system in homeostasis. The blood pressure drops. Part of the homeostatic response is for the endocrine system to release adrenaline. Adrenaline increases heart rate, which increases blood pressure back to the normal range. Which part of this system is the parameter under homeostatic control? - the heart - blood pressure - adrenaline - insulin - the endocrine system
blood pressure
The concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the_______of the muscle tissue than in the contractile cells. The concentration of carbon dioxide is high in the contractile cells because carbon dioxide is a_______of the reaction that describes the conversion of the reactants glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
blood, product
From modules 22.9 and 28.15, carbon dioxide is maintained in homeostasis by your body automatically. The control center for this homeostasis is the medulla of the______of the brain. The medulla compares the concentration of carbon dioxide to the set point for carbon dioxide concentration using pH.
brainstem
As described in module 22.1, gas exchange is required to get oxygen to cells of the body and to remove carbon dioxide. Oxygen is necessary to make ATP from glucose efficiently. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of making ATP from glucose. There are three stages in gas exchange. The first is_______. The second stage is_______of gasses by the circulatory system. The third and final stage is_______of gasses with body cells.
breathing, transport, exchange
(LO 1.1) Which of the following does NOT accurately demonstrate the unity of life? a. All organisms use the same code for converting the information in DNA to RNA and to proteins. b. All organisms are made of one or more cells. c. All organisms have the same number of molecules of glucose in each cell. d. All organisms follow the same laws of evolution. e. All organisms have the same four major macromolecules.
c. All organisms have the same number of molecules of glucose in each cell.
(LO 1.13) In the fed state, what moves into the capillaries in the small intestines? a. glucose and oxygen b. glucose, carbon dioxide, and oxygen c. carbon dioxide and glucose d. carbon dioxide and oxygen e. carbon dioxide
c. carbon dioxide and glucose
(LO 1.8) Which two organ systems are most involved in increasing the concentration of a hormone in a muscle? a. musculoskeletal and pulmonary b. nervous and pulmonary c. cardiovascular and endocrine d. musculoskeletal and cardiovascular e. nervous and digestive
c. cardiovascular and endocrine
(LO 1.20) Which stages of cellular respiration release carbon dioxide? a. glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation b. the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis c. grooming of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle d. glycolysis and the citric acid cycle e. the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
c. grooming of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle
(LO 1.13) Compared to blood in the right heart, the blood in the left heart would have a. higher [oxygen] and carbon dioxide]. b. lower [oxygen] and higher [carbon dioxide]. c. higher [oxygen] and lower [carbon dioxide]. d. the same [oxygen] and [carbon dioxide]. e. lower [oxygen] and [carbon dioxide].
c. higher [oxygen] and lower [carbon dioxide].
(LO 1.21) The Calvin cycle of photosynthesis can also be called the carbon fixation reactions. Not in the Calvin cycle, but in the light reactions of photosynthesis a. light is converted to glucose. b. carbon dioxide is converted into organic molecules, like glucose. c. light energy is used to make ATP and NADPH. d. energy in ATP and NADPH are used to make green light. e. green light is made by the chloroplasts from the energy in glucose.
c. light energy is used to make ATP and NADPH.
(LO 1.3) Which of the following is a level of biological organization that is correctly matched with an example of that level? a. organism - glucose b. organ system - neuron c. organelle - mitochondria d. molecule - pulmonary system e. cell - tree
c. organelle - mitochondria
(LO 1.3) Which of the following is correctly matched with its level of biological organization? - musculoskeletal system - organism - insulin - organelle - mitochondria - cells - liver - organ system - glucose - molecule
glucose - molecule
(LO 1.15 and LO 1.16) Glucose can cross a plasma membrane a. in the large aqueous gaps between the phospholipids. b. when the tails of the phospholipids move across the membrane with the glucose. c. through proteins that are glucose channels. d. when the heads of the phospholipids move across the membrane with the glucose. e. when it is carried across the membrane by insulin.
c. through proteins that are glucose channels.
(LO 1.15) Where are the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids of a cellular membrane? a. touching the watery fluid outside of cells. b. touching the hydrophilic heads of other phospholipids. c. touching the hydrophobic regions of phospholipids and proteins. d. touching the hydrophilic regions of proteins. e. touching the cytosol.
c. touching the hydrophobic regions of phospholipids and proteins.
During the ________Cycle, which is also called the carbon fixation reactions, _______is made into carbohydrates.
calvin, carbon dioxide
The blood vessels called_______have thin walls that allow exchange of gasses and other molecules between the blood and the fluid around cells, then to the cells themselves.
capillaries
Glucose is an example of the major macromolecule called______.
carbohydrate
Glucose is an example of the major macromolecule called________.
carbohydrate
Assume someone drank glucose 20 minutes ago. What diffuses into the blood in the capillaries of the muscles? - oxygen - oxygen and glucose - carbon dioxide and glucose - carbon dioxide and oxygen - carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
During the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration the carbon atoms that enter the cycle as the acetyl group on acetyl-CoA are released as the gas ________.
carbon dioxide
In the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, which sometimes are also known as the Calvin cycle, or dark reactions, - ADP and phosphate are combined to make ATP. - carbon dioxide is converted to glucose. - ATP and NADPH are made. - glucose is converted to carbon dioxide. - pyruvate is formed.
carbon dioxide is converted to glucose.
The carbon bonds in glucose are broken during cellular respiration. At the end of the citric acid cycle the carbon is in - ATP, NADH and FADH2. - acetyl-coA. - coenzyme A (CoA). - carbon dioxide. - pyruvate.
carbon dioxide.
The cardiovascular system does NOT - carry the carbon dioxide generated by the muscles. - carry the oxygen inhaled via the pulmonary system. - carry the ATP generated by cellular respiration. - carry the hormones released by the endocrine system. - carry the nutrients absorbed by the digestive system.
carry the ATP generated by cellular respiration.
When an enzyme lowers the activation energy of a reaction, we say that the enzyme_______that reaction.
catalyzes
From modules 6.2 and 6.3, the process of______is when the energy from glucose is converted to energy in ATP. This requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.
cellular respiration
Which of the following is the phase of cellular respiration that happens last? - oxidative phosphorylation - grooming of pyruvate - glycolysis - the citric acid cycle - chemiosmosis
chemiosmosis
Photosynthesis occurs in the ________, which are organelles of cells mostly in the leaves of green plants. They are also found in algae, some protists and in photosynthetic photoautotrophs like cyanobacteria.
chloroplasts
The cardiovascular system does NOT - carry the oxygen used by the muscles. - carry the carbon dioxide exhaled by the pulmonary system. - carry the hormones released by the endocrine system. - control when muscles contract. - carry the nutrients absorbed by the digestive system.
control when muscles contract.
Photosynthesis - converts glucose to carbon dioxide in animal cells. - converts glucose to carbon dioxide in plant cells. - converts the gas carbon dioxide to glucose in human cells. - converts the gas carbon dioxide to glucose in plant cells. - uses light to drive the endergonic reaction of making proteins.
converts the gas carbon dioxide to glucose in plant cells.
From modules 5.11 and 5.12, when the energy released by one reaction is used in another reaction, the two reactions are said to be________.
coupled
Actin microfilaments and myosin slide past each other to cause the contraction of the muscles. From module 4.16 microfilaments and myosin are parts of the__________.
cytoskeleton
Actin microfilaments and myosin slide past each other to cause the contraction of the muscles. From module 4.16 microfilaments and myosin are parts of the______.
cytoskeleton,
(LO 1.17) Which of the following is most likely to be exergonic? a. a reaction being catalyzed by an enzyme b. a reaction with more energy in the products than in the reactants c. converting ADP and Pi to ATP d. breaking a bond between to carbon atoms e. converting carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen
d. breaking a bond between to carbon atoms
(LO 1.13 and 1.20) Without the digestive system a. the electron transport chain would stop due to the lack of oxygen to convert into water. b. the carbon dioxide made by the citric acid cycle would not be removed from the body. c. there would be no carbon dioxide to move from the matrix to the intermembrane space to make ATP during chemiosmosis. d. cellular respiration would eventually stop because there would be nothing to convert into ATP, NADH or FADH2. e. glucose could not get into the cells.
d. cellular respiration would eventually stop because there would be nothing to convert into ATP, NADH or FADH2.
(LO 1.7) Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy? a. a chemical bond between two carbon atoms b. a chemical bond between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom in water c. being at the top of a hill d. coasting up Gullen Mall on a bicycle
d. coasting up Gullen Mall on a bicycle
Which of the following is correctly matched with its level of biological organization? - insulin - organelle - glucose - molecule - liver - organ system - musculoskeletal system - organism - mitochondria - cells
glucose - molecule
(LO 1.6) Homeostasis in animals is important because it a. converts the energy in glucose to energy in ATP. b. causes the heart rate to decrease with exercise. c. makes glucose from carbon dioxide and water. d. maintains many parameters in ranges that are compatible with life. e. increases blood glucose concentrations when they start to get too high.
d. maintains many parameters in ranges that are compatible with life.
(LO 1.14) Unlike the brainstem, the cortex of the brain controls a. respiration depth. b. strength of the heart contractions. c. respiration rates. d. movements of the arms and legs. e. heart rate.
d. movements of the arms and legs.
Enzymes - increase the activation energy of the reaction. - increase the amount of energy released by a reaction. - decrease the activation energy of the reaction. - decrease the amount of energy released by a reaction. - change endergonic reactions to exergonic reactions.
decrease the activation energy of the reaction.
From module 5.3, when a molecule moves from a high to a lower concentration it is called_______, which is a type of passive transport.
diffusion
From module 5.3, when a molecule moves from a high to a lower concentration it is called____________, which is a type of passive transport.
diffusion
(LO 1.20) Why does oxidative phosphorylation require the mitochondria? a. The enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation are hydrophilic. b. The mitochondria keep the oxygen in the intermembrane space separate from the glucose in the matrix so that they do not react too quickly. c. The mitochondria store the carbon dioxide made by cellular respiration until you exhale. d. The mitochondria store the glucose until there is enough oxygen to run cellular respiration. e. Proteins in the inner membranes of the mitochondria create a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions that is used to make ATP.
e. Proteins in the inner membranes of the mitochondria create a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions that is used to make ATP.
(LO 1.5 and 1.6) Imagine you are looking at a graph of a system that starts in homeostasis, goes out of homeostasis, and then returns to homeostasis. How would you describe a region of a chart depicting a parameter that is in homeostasis? a. The slope is negative and the line is linear. b. There is a curve downward. c. The slope is positive and the line is linear. d. There is a curve upward. e. The slope is nearly zero.
e. The slope is nearly zero.
(LO 1.4) The control systems of animals include the nervous and endocrine systems. Both of these control systems always use a. insulin. b. the pancreas. c. neurons. d. chemical signals sent through the bloodstream. e. input, processing and output.
e. input, processing and output.
(LO 1.19) An enzyme a. increases the activation energy. b. is used up by the reaction that it catalyzes. c. changes a reaction from endergonic to exergonic. d. changes a reaction from exergonic to endergonic. e. makes the reaction it catalyzes more likely to occur.
e. makes the reaction it catalyzes more likely to occur.
(LO 1.8) After the blood is in the left heart it would next be in a. the systemic (non-pulmonary) capillaries. b. the right heart. c. the pulmonary veins. d. left side of the body, but not the right side of the body. e. the systemic (non-pulmonary) arteries.
e. the systemic (non-pulmonary) arteries.
(LO 1.10) Glucose is important to life because it a. creates the compartments of cells and within cells. b. is a good way to store energy long term in the liver. c. tastes good. d. is the main type of chemical energy directly coupled to cellular reactions, like muscle contraction. e. transports chemical energy through the bloodstream to cells.
e. transports chemical energy through the bloodstream to cells.
From module 2.6, when one atom of a molecule has a much different _______ than the atom it shares a covalent bond with, the bond is a ______ covalent bond, because the electrons are drawn more to the more electronegative atom.
electronegativity, polar
From module 5.11, in an _______reaction there is less energy in the reactants than in the products.
endergonic
The _________system is a group of glands and tissues that work together to regulate many body functions. This system releases hormones, which are small molecules that travel through the circulatory system to signal target cells distant from where the hormones were released. In contrast, the _______system helps maintain homeostasis by sending electrical signals through neurons, which release neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap and signal to the next neuron or other target cell.
endocrine, nervous
After the blood in is the right heart you would next find it - entering the lungs. - entering the tissues, like muscles. - entering the right heart. - leaving the lungs. - leaving the tissues, like the muscles.
entering the lungs.
A molecule, which is usually a protein, that lowers the activation energy of a reaction is called an________.
enzyme
From module 5.1, membrane _______carry out reactions. This type of protein can be found and function both in membranes or in the cytosol of the cells.
enzymes
From module 5.11, in an _______reaction there is more energy in the reactants than in the products.
exergonic
The blood glucose concentration is maintained in homeostasis by two negative __________systems, which are controlled by the hormones insulin and glucagon.
feedback
As described in module 23.1, in______(type of animal) there is a closed circulatory system and the blood flows from the heart through arteries to the capillary bed in the gills through more arteries to the capillary beds of other tissues, like muscles, then back to the heart in a single loop.
fish
From Fig. 28.16 in module 28.16, which lobe of the brain includes the motor cortex? The motor cortex is the part of the brain that processes the decision to move into commands going to the muscles. - occipital lobe - temporal lobe - brainstem - frontal lobe - parietal lobe
frontal lobe
Which of the following do you have less of at the end of cellular respiration than at the beginning? - glucose - NADH - Co-enzyme A - insulin - FADH2 - ATP synthase
glucose
Consider all of the stages of cellular respiration from the beginning to the end. In cellular respiration - carbon dioxide and energy are converted to glucose. - glucose, oxygen, ADP and P are converted to carbon dioxide, water and ATP. ATP is converted to ADP and P. - glucose and oxygen are converted to insulin and ATP. - glucagon is converted to insulin.
glucose, oxygen, ADP and P are converted to carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
Consider all of the stages of cellular respiration from the beginning to the end. In cellular respiration - carbon dioxide and energy are converted to glucose. - glucose, oxygen, ADP and P are converted to carbon dioxide, water and ATP. - ATP is converted to ADP and P. - carbon dioxide, water and ATP are converted to glucose, oxygen, ADP and P. - insulin is converted to glucagon.
glucose, oxygen, ADP and P are converted to carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
Consider all of the stages of cellular respiration from the beginning to the end. In cellular respiration - carbon dioxide and energy are converted to glucose. - glucose, oxygen, ADP and P are converted to carbon dioxide, water and ATP. - ATP is converted to ADP and P. - glucose and oxygen are converted to insulin and ATP. - glucagon is converted to insulin.
glucose, oxygen, ADP and P are converted to carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
Which of the following happens in the cytosol, not in the mitochondria? - glycolysis - oxidative phosphorylation - the citric acid cycle - pyruvate oxidation
glycolysis
Which of the following is the phase of cellular respiration that happens first? - oxidative phosphorylation - grooming of pyruvate - glycolysis - the citric acid cycle - chemiosmosis
glycolysis
Which of the following phases of cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol? - oxidative phosphorylation - the election transport chain - glycolysis - the citric acid cycle - chemiosmosis
glycolysis
If you ran a blood test and found no insulin and higher than normal concentrations of glucose in a patient an hour after they drank a glucose solution, you would predict that the person - was exercising more than usual after drinking the glucose solution. - had high concentrations of glucagon in the blood. - was exercising heavily. - had a damaged liver. - had type I diabetes.
had type I diabetes.
If you ran a blood test and found normal or high concentrations of insulin and higher than normal concentrations of glucose in a patient an hour after they drank a glucose solution, you would predict that the person - had type II diabetes. - had a damaged pancreas. - had low concentrations of glucagon in the blood. - had a damaged liver. - was exercising more than usual after drinking the glucose solution.
had type II diabetes.
Molecules move by diffusion from_____to______concentrations.
higher, lower
Maintaining a biological parameter, such as blood glucose concentrations, in a normal range is called - negative feedback. - hormones. - homeostasis. - diabetes. - glucagon.
homeostasis.
From module 5.12, when ATP is split into ADP and Pi it is called a_________reaction because water "cuts" the ATP into two molecules. Lyse means to cut.
hydrolysis
The outside of a cell is called the extracellular fluid, and is abbreviated ECF. In a phospholipid bilayer - hydrophilic head groups of phospholipids face the hydrophobic tails of other phospholipids. - the two layers have the hydrophobic tails facing the cytoplasm and the hydrophilic heads facing ECF. - the two layers have the hydrophilic heads facing the cytoplasm and the hydrophobic tails facing the ECF. - hydrophobic tails of phospholipids face the cytoplasm and the ECF. - hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids face the cytoplasm and the ECF.
hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids face the cytoplasm and the ECF.
From module 4.2, the regions of membrane proteins that are in the center of the membrane touching the phospholipid tails are _________ , or water fearing.
hydrophobic
From modules 3.8 and 3.10, a molecule that is "water fearing" is_______and avoids interactions with water. On the other hand, a molecule that is_______interacts well with water.
hydrophobic, hydrophilic
You are in a lab and you are measuring the rate of a reaction. When you heat the container that holds the reactants, you expect the rate of the reaction to - stay the same. - increase. - decrease, but only if the enzyme for the reaction is present. - first decrease, then increase as the reactants are used up. - decrease, but only if the enzyme for the reaction is absent.
increase.
Food processing in mammals occurs in four stages. The first is ______or eating. The second is ______or breaking down the food. The third is _________, which is when the energy molecules cross from inside the gut into the bloodstream. And finally, the fourth stage of food processing is_______, which is defecation of waste products.
ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
As the blood glucose concentration is maintained in homeostasis, the hormone ______causes the blood glucose concentration to decrease, whereas the hormone glucagon causes the blood glucose concentration to ________.
insulin, increase
Insulin - is usually broken down during glycolysis. - is a hormone released when blood [glucose] is high. - is released when you are fasting (not eating). - is a channel for glucose found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. - is hydrophobic.
is a hormone released when blood [glucose] is high.
The products of a reaction have more energy than the reactants. This reaction - is exergonic. - is endergonic. - is amphipathic. - is hydrophilic. - is likely to be a hydrolysis reaction.
is endergonic.
You are in a lab studying a new reaction. The reaction makes two new bonds between carbon atoms. You would predict that your new reaction - is exergonic. - releases energy. - is endergonic. - can be coupled to the reaction that makes ATP from ADP and P. - generates a lot of heat.
is endergonic.
Glucose - is hydrophobic and can cross phospholipid bilayers easily without proteins. - is mostly found in plasma membranes. - is hydrophilic and crosses membranes through channel proteins. - can be converted to ATP outside of cells, as long as a person is exercising. - is an essential part of biological membranes.
is hydrophilic and crosses membranes through channel proteins.
Unlike ATP, glucose - is found inside cells. - is stable enough to circulate through the blood. - provides the energy for many reactions in cells. - is a hormone. - can be broken down to release energy.
is stable enough to circulate through the blood.
Cellular respiration is important because - it releases insulin. - it helps the body digest food. - it moves oxygen into the body from the atmosphere. - it uses carbon dioxide. - it converts the energy in the carbon bonds in glucose to the energy in ATP.
it converts the energy in the carbon bonds in glucose to the energy in ATP.
The motion of an atom is - endergonic energy. - exergonic energy. - kinetic energy. - potential energy. - chemical energy.
kinetic energy.
_______energy is the energy of motion. The second main form of energy is ______ energy, which is the energy of location or structure. Chemical energy, which is the energy in chemical bonds, is a type of ______energy.
kinetic, potential, potential
During the _________of photosynthesis then energy from light is used to make ATP and NADPH.
light reactions
You run a blood test on a person who was not exercising, who does not have any diabetes, and who drank a large amount of glucose about a half hour before the blood test. Compared to the results of a blood test on the same person before they drank the glucose, you would expect the blood from the test one-half hour after the glucose drink to have - lower [glucagon], lower [insulin] and lower [glucose]. - higher [glucagon], lower [insulin] and higher [glucose]. - lower [glucagon], higher [insulin] and higher [glucose]. - lower [glucagon], higher [insulin] and lower [glucose]. - higher [glucagon], lower [insulin] and lower [glucose].
lower [glucagon], higher [insulin] and higher [glucose].
Enzymes - lower the activation energy of specific reactions. - increase the activation energy of specific reactions. - convert endergonic to exergonic reactions. - convert exergonic to endergonic reactions. - are usually phospholipids.
lower the activation energy of specific reactions.
In _____ (type of animal) there is a double circulation with a four chambered heart. The blood flows from the left heart, to the tissues, to the right heart, to the lungs, then back to the left heart.
mammals
In an exergonic reaction there is - the same amount of energy in the products and reactants. - more energy in the reactants than in the products. - more energy in the products than in the reactants. - a higher activation energy than in endergonic reactions. - a lower activation energy than in endergonic reactions.
more energy in the reactants than in the products.
Assume a person just drank a glucose solution and is sitting quietly. Injecting insulin would cause ______, compared to when there was no insulin injected. - an increase the blood [glucose] - the pancreas to release more glucose - less glucagon to be released by the pancreas - more glucose to move into cells in muscles
more glucose to move into cells in muscles
In a nerve, the axon of a __________connects the spinal cord to the muscle. Electrical and chemical signals travel from the brain to the spinal cord and through these axons to signal a muscle to contract.
motor neuron
In a nerve, the axon of a _________connects the spinal cord to the muscle. Electrical and chemical signals travel from the brain to the spinal cord and through these axons to signal a muscle to contract.
motor neuron
The phospholipids of a cellular membrane - stay in constant positions relative to each other. - have their hydrophobic tails touching water. - have their hydrophilic tails arranged as channels. - move sideways in the membrane.
move sideways in the membrane.
During oxidative phosphorylation the energy carriers _______and _____transfer electrons to the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain uses the energy to move hydrogen ions H+ from the matrix into the _______of the mitochondrion.
nadh, fadh2, intermembrane space
In a biological system being maintained in homeostasis, ___________________ brings the parameter back into the homeostatic range. - temperature - diabetes - negative feedback - glucagon - insulin
negative feedback
Diabetes - is most often a defect in the enzymes of cellular respiration. - occurs when the pancreas makes glucagon instead of insulin. - occurs when the pancreas cannot make glucagon. - occurs when there is not enough oxygen in cells for normal cellular respiration. - occurs when the body does not respond normally to insulin.
occurs when the body does not respond normally to insulin.
Diabetes - is when blood [glucose] is often too low. - occurs when the pancreas cannot make insulin. - occurs when glycolysis continues even when there is no glucose. - occurs whenever someone is fasting. - is rare and getting more rare in the United States.
occurs when the pancreas cannot make insulin.
From module 4.13, the layers of a mitochondrion from outside to center are - intermembrane space, inner membranes outer membranes, matrix - matrix, inner membranes, intermembrane space, outer membranes - intermembrane space, outer membranes, matrix, inner membranes - inner membranes, matrix, outer membranes, intermembrane space - outer membranes, intermembrane space, inner membranes, matrix
outer membranes, intermembrane space, inner membranes, matrix
Which of the following makes ATP by chemiosmosis? - glycolysis - oxidative phosphorylation - the citric acid cycle - pyruvate oxidation
oxidative phosphorylation
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is particularly important for - getting glucose into cells. - having the receptors for insulin. - having glucose channels. - glycolysis. - oxidative phosphorylation.
oxidative phosphorylation.
Assume someone drank glucose 20 minutes ago. What diffuses into the blood in the capillaries of the alveoli? - oxygen - oxygen and glucose - carbon dioxide and glucose - carbon dioxide and oxygen - carbon dioxide
oxygen
Which of the following do you have less of at the end of cellular respiration than at the beginning? - oxygen - NADH - ATP synthase - Co-enzyme A - insulin - FADH2
oxygen
The endocrine system - carries glucose through the body. - moves the skeleton. - absorbs nutrients in the small intestine. - regulates the processes of the body with hormones. - exchanges gasses with the atmosphere.
regulates the processes of the body with hormones.
The endocrine system - regulates the processes of the body with hormones. - carries glucose through the body. - absorbs nutrients in the small intestine. - moves the skeleton. - exchanges gasses with the atmosphere.
regulates the processes of the body with hormones.
Which of the following reactions is most likely the one shown in a graph that shows less energy in the products than in the reactants? - removing carbon dioxide from pyruvate - glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water - ADP and P to ATP - converting NAD+ to NADH - a phosphorylation reaction
removing carbon dioxide from pyruvate
Overall, making glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water - requires energy. - is called cellular respiration. - releases energy. - is exergonic. - is a hydrophilic reaction.
requires energy.
The major site of absorption in food processing in mammals occurs in the __________.
small intestine
An organelle is - smaller than a molecule. - bigger than an organism. - smaller than a molecule - smaller than a cell. - smaller than a hormone.
smaller than a cell.
The molecules that are the reactants of the reactions to be catalyzed by an enzyme are called the __________.
substrate
From modules 4.2 (Fig. 4.2B), the introduction to Chapter 5, and module 5.1, the hydrophobic regions of a protein in a membrane interact with the hydrophobic______of the phospholipids. The hydrophilic regions of membrane proteins interact with water and the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids.
tails
Which of the following is an example of potential energy? - the movement of glucose into a cell - the bonds between carbon atoms in glucose - a woman riding a bike down a hill - water moving around in a cell - cellular respiration
the bonds between carbon atoms in glucose
Which type of energy is correctly matched with an example of that type of energy? - the pancreas - kinetic energy - the bonds in a molecule - potential energy - the movement of a cell - potential energy - the movement of a molecule chemical energy - glucose and ATP - kinetic energy
the bonds in a molecule - potential energy
Which part of the nervous system controls heart rate? - the brainstem - the motor cortex - the somatosensory cortex - the thalamus
the brainstem
Which organ system can best be described as the one that moves gasses, nutrients and hormones through the body? - the musculoskeltal system - the cardiovascular system - the endocrine system - the pulmonary system - the digestive system
the cardiovascular system
Which of the following phases of cellular respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria? - oxidative phosphorylation - the election transport chain - glycolysis - the citric acid cycle - chemiosmosis
the citric acid cycle
Which of the following phases of cellular respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria? - oxidative phosphorylation - the election transport chain - glycolysis - the citric acid cycle - chemiosmosis
the citric acid cycle
Which organ systems work together to bring hormones to target cells? - the pulmonary and the cardiovascular systems - the endocrine and the cardiovascular systems - the cardiovascular and the musculoskeletal systems - the digestive and the cardiovascular systems - the pulmonary and endocrine systems
the endocrine and the cardiovascular systems
During oxidative phosphorylation - glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules. - the energy in NADH and FADH2 creates a proton (H+) gradient that is used to make ATP. - ATP is broken down to ADP and P to make NADH and FAD+. - oxygen moves through the ATP synthase molecules by chemiosmosis. - electrons are transported from glucose to pyruvate, and then to ATP.
the energy in NADH and FADH2 creates a proton (H+) gradient that is used to make ATP.
During oxidative phosphorylation - the energy in a proton (H+) gradient makes ATP by chemiosmosis. - glucose is oxidized to pyruvate. - ATP is broken down into ADP and P by hydrolysis. - oxygen carries electrons through ATP synthase molecules to make NADH. - ATP is used to make high energy molecules, such as NADH and FADH2.
the energy in a proton (H+) gradient makes ATP by chemiosmosis.
During chemiosmosis -the energy in the proton (H+) gradient is used to make ATP. - ATP moves down its energy gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. - NADH moves into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. - ATP synthase moves from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membrane. - water moves through ATP synthase into the matrix.
the energy in the proton (H+) gradient is used to make ATP.
The activation energy is - the energy needed for a molecule to go through a channel in a membrane. - what activates membrane receptors, like the insulin receptor. - where a substrate binds to an enzyme. - the energy needed for a reaction to occur.
the energy needed for a reaction to occur.
We focused on the processing of glucose by cellular respiration, but fats can also be used as an ATP source. When fats are used to make ATP - the light reactions are used instead of cellular respiration. - the fat is broken down into acetyl groups for acetyl-CoA. - the fats generate ATP by glycolysis, but not the citric acid cycle or oxidative phosphorylation. - the Calvin Cycle is used instead of cellular respiration.
the fat is broken down into acetyl groups for acetyl-CoA.
Which type of energy is correctly matched with an example of that type of energy? - the movement of a cell - potential energy - glucose and ATP - kinetic energy - the movement of a molecule - kinetic energy - the bonds in a molecule - kinetic energy - the movement of a molecule - chemical energy
the movement of a molecule - kinetic energy
How does carbon dioxide get to the atmosphere from the tissues of the body? - the musculoskeletal system - the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems - cellular respiration - the endocrine system - the digestive system
the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems
Which organ systems work together to bring oxygen to cells? - the cardiovascular and the musculoskeletal systems - the pulmonary and endocrine systems - the pulmonary and the cardiovascular systems - the digestive and the cardiovascular systems - the endocrine and the musculoskeletal systems
the pulmonary and the cardiovascular systems
Which organ systems work together to bring oxygen to cells? - the pulmonary and the cardiovascular systems - the cardiovascular and the musculoskeletal systems - the endocrine and the musculoskeletal systems - the digestive and the cardiovascular systems - the pulmonary and endocrine systems
the pulmonary and the cardiovascular systems
Which organ system supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the body? - musculoskeletal system - the endocrine system - the cardiovascular system - the pulmonary system - the digestive system
the pulmonary system
You are a scientist at a biotech company. You discover a new reaction that breaks bonds between specific carbon atoms in a molecule. Given this information only, you would know that - the reaction is endergonic. - the reaction will never occur without an enzyme. - the reaction is exergonic. - has a very high activation energy. - has a very low activation energy.
the reaction is exergonic.
You are studying a reaction and know that it is exergonic. You would predict that - the enzyme ATP synthase is required for the reaction to take place. - the reaction releases energy. - the reaction has more energy in the products than in the reactants. - the reaction only occurs in cells. - the reaction is a reaction that breaks down hormones.
the reaction releases energy.
When the activation energy of a reaction is larger, then - the reaction is more endergonic. - the reaction is more exergonic. - the reaction will happen slower. - the reaction will happen faster. - the reaction will be more hydrophobic.
the reaction will happen slower.
Membranes are important because they - make some reactions more likely to occur than others. - are the main way the energy is stored in cells to drive endergonic reactions. - they create compartments with different concentrations of molecules, like enzymes and glucose. - cause type I diabetes when they break down. - transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
they create compartments with different concentrations of molecules, like enzymes and glucose.
From module 30.8, when the proteins slide past each other to cause a muscle to contract, the actin microfilaments are often called________filaments, while the myosin molecules are called the_________filaments.
thin, thick
From module 30.8, when the proteins slide past each other to cause a muscle to contract, the actin microfilaments are often called_______filaments, while the myosin molecules are called the ______filaments.
thin, thick
Where would you find the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids of a bilayer? - touching the cytoplasm - touching each other - touching the hydrophobic heads of the other half of the bilayer - touching hydrophilic proteins - touching the hydrophilic heads of the other half of the bilayer
touching each other
From module 5.1,______proteins allow specific molecules to cross the phospholipid bilayer into or out of a cell.
transport