Bio 106L Practical 1
Why might a biologist refer to 'Algae' as a group?
'Algae' is a paraphyletic group
Bacteria of various sorts may acquire energy from various sources. An organism that feeds on inorganic chemicals (not other organisms) to run its metabolism is said to be
Chemoautotrophic
We viewed a slide of crossed threads to understand what function of the microscope?
Comprehending depth of focus
Match each letter with its correct structure: C
Contractile vacuole
What is the ecosystem function of the tiny organisms living within these roots?
Converting atmospheric nitrogen into useable oxygen
What features are characteristics of angiosperms? Include any synapomorphies of angiosperms and any features that are synapomorphies of more inclusive clades
- Seeds - Flowers - Fruit - Vascular tissue
What is this organism and what does it cause? Lineage?
- Sleeping sickness Organism: Lineage: Excavata
What is true about angiosperms?
- They have "true fruits" that are derived from the carpel - Two major groups of angiosperms are monocots and dicots
What characteristics describe conifers?
- Wind pollination - "Naked seeds" enclosed in a cone - Vascular tissue
What are some features biologists use to classify bacteria?
- stain reaction - size - colony morphology - shape
What are the ordinary sizes for bacteria?
0.5-10 micrometers
There is substantial evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are remnants of once free-living bacteria that came to live in intimate contact with archaea; this is part of a theory termed the ___ theory
Endosymbiotic
What are produced inside the cup-shaped structures?
Gemmae
This is the upper surface of a thallose liverwort. The cup shaped structures are ___
Gemmae cups, containing multicellular gamma inside produced by mitosis (for asexual reproduction)
Name the phylum
Ginkgophyta
Which phylum has the lowest species richness?
Ginkgophyta
immediate disturbance hypothesis experiment
In lab we tested immediate disturbance hypothesis by comparing species richness on undisturbed slides, slides that were recently wiped clean, and slides that were disturbed with a fork
Macro or Micro: Chlamydomonas
Microscopic
Macro or Micro: Euglena
Microscopic
Macro or Micro: Volvox
Microscopic
Which antiseptic was most effective in killing off the bacteria on this petri dish?
P
The amoeba uses the extended structures for feeding and locomotion, name them
Pseudopodia
T/F: All Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes; their cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and lack complex organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts
True
The coating parallel bands of protein across this organism is called?
The pellicle
T/F: Although historically called blue-green algae, Cyanobacteria are not eukaryotic, and many biologists restrict the word 'algae' to photosynthetic eukaryotes other than the Land Plants
True
T/F: Prokaryotes where the first organisms to evolve (at least with forms that still survive). Fossils date back >3.5 billion years, and they were the only organisms on Earth for about 2 billion years thereafter
True
T/F: Seed plants have separate male and female spores, and separate male and female gametophytes
True
In some ways, water molds resemble fungi. However, how are water molds unlike fungi?
Water molds lack chitin in their cell walls
Which cellular structure is responsible for rejecting the Gram staining procedure, resulting in a Gram negative stain?
lipopolysaccharide coat
This is an unclose look at the thallus of Marchantia (a liverwort). What is (are) the function(s) of the pores pictured on the upper surface?
- Carbon dioxide is allowed in - Oxygen is allowed out - Water exits (unfortunately)
Antibiotic experiment
- E. coli is used - Bacteria are ideal for experiments involving mutations because they have a fast generation time and it is easy to grow billions of cells in a small space
What does it mean for a group of organisms to be paraphyletic
- It is a group from which some of the descendants of the group's common ancestor have been excluded - If it was widely recognized, it is likely a group of organisms that share some primitive (plesiomorphic) traits and exclude organisms for which those traits have further changed
Steps to putting microscope away properly
- Rotate to 4x objective before removing slide - Reset condenser - Minimize light - Off switch - Unplug and wrap cord - Cover
What is the total magnification when looking through a CSUN compound microscope on the 40x objective?
400
What is the total magnification of an object using a 40x objective lens and looking through 10x ocular lenses?
400x TM
Ocular
A
This diagram represents the life cycle of
A complex thallose liverwort
The color orange is shared among E, F, and G. What is such a shared derived character state termed?
A synapomorphy
Lineage?
Alveolata
What type of locomotion is exhibited?
Amoeboid
Lineage?
Amoebozoa
Which is the sister lineage to Opisthokonta?
Amoebozoa
What is the correct phylogenetic arrangement for these 4 types of Eukaryotes: - Excavata - Alveolata - Rhizaria - Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa{Excavata{Rhizaria, Alveolata}}
Distantly related lineages that end up having similar traits to solve similar adaptive problems results in a(n) ____
Analogy
What domain includes organisms that live in very hot places like the one pictured?
Archaea
Lineage?
Archaeplastida
This structure is characteristic of Phylum Actinopoda. They are amoeboid with numerous projections that are useful in gathering food. What are the names of the long hair-like structures?
Axopodia
Objective
B
The current classification system broadly defines three domains. What are they?
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Part #1
Blade
Nosepiece
C
Match each letter with its structure: D
Capsule
Match the parts to the labels: B
Capsule (Sporangium)
Match each letter with its correct structure: E
Chloroplast
The arrow is indicating what cellular organelle?
Chloroplast
What is the name of these locomotory structures that all members of the phylum possess?
Cilia
Slide clip
D
What phylum is responsible for the red tide? (Red tide is a major cause of death for a multitude of marine organisms)
Dinoflagellates
What type of fertilization is represented here, characteristic of angiosperms?
Double fertilization
Lineage?
Excavata
To which of the seven main lineages of eukaryotes does this organism belong?
Excavata
Match each letter with its correct structure: B
Eyespot
T/F: Diagram A represents a Gram negative bacterium
False
T/F: This is a Eukaryotic cell
False
T/F: This is an unclose look at the thallus of Marchantia (a liverwort). These structures are important for reproduction in liverworts because they contain the eggs
False
T/F: All (almost) evolutionary changes increase complexity
False; many evolutionary changes are simplifications
The fusion of two gametes to form a zygote is called
Fertilization
Match each letter with its correct structure: A
Flagellum
If both male and female gametes are identical in size and morphology, they are referred to as
Isogamous
Name the following female reproductive structure in the water mold Achlya
Gametangia; oogonia
Identify the life cycle
Gametic
All land plants have a type of life cycle characterized by an alternation of multicellular generation. Which generation(s) is (are) haploid?
Gametophyte
Match each letter with its structure: B
Gametophyte
Match the parts to the labels: D
Gametophyte
Archaea include organisms that are mesophiles, but also organisms we would call extremephiles. Name extremophiles
Halophiles, methanogen, thermophiles
What ploidy level is dominate in the life cycle of this organism?
Haploid
Part #3
Holdfast
Macro or Micro: Fucus
Macroscopic
Macro or Micro: Laminaria
Macroscopic
How would you be able to appreciate an object's 3 dimensional structure when viewing it through your microscope?
Mentally integrating depth of focus using the fine focus knob
Name the clade (+ a phylum) that this plant belongs to
Monilophyta
Name the clade at or near the phylum level
Monilophyta
Plasmodium vivax proliferates which of the following hosts?
Mosquitos, humans
Some plants, like legumes, form a ____ relationship with bacteria that live inside their root nodules
Mutualistic
In treatment A, the mean height of plants is 5 mm and the standard error is 1 mm. In treatment B, the mean height of plants is 6 mm and the standard error is 2 mm. Can we call the heights of plants in different treatments "statistically different"?
No, because the mean + SE of treatment A overlaps with the mean - SE of treatment B
Match each letter with its correct structure: F
Nucleus
What type of reproduction are certain rotifers (Bdelloidea) famous for?
Obligate pathogenesis
What does parfocal mean?
Once an image is in focus with one objective lens, it will be nearly in focus with all objective lenses
What group does this organism belong?
Parabasalida
Match each letter with its correct structure: D
Paramylon granules
Match the parts to the labels: A
Peristome
This diagram shows an Amoeba engulfing its prey with its pseudopodia. This is called
Phagocytosis
What are the locomotory structures for these organisms?
Raphae
Lineage?
Rhizaria
Match each letter with its structure: C
Rhizoids
Match each letter with its structure: F
Seta
Match the parts to the labels: C
Seta of sporophyte
Give the shape and the gram stain results
Shape: cocci Gram positive
The purple iodine stain on these granules is a positive test for?
Starch
The shape of this bacteria is
Spirillum
Match each letter with its structure: E
Spores
Both the diploid and the haploid phases are multicellular. What kind of life cycle does this alga have?
Sporic life cycle
Match each letter with its structure: A
Sporophyte
Sperm and egg have fused to form a diploid ___. This step in the moss life cycle is similar to the spirit life cycle of algae.
Sporophyte
The ___ is the dominant phase (or "generation") of ferns and seed plants
Sporophyte
The standard error is calculated as being equal to the ___ divided by the square root of the ___ . The standard error is a measure of how much variation we expect from one sample mean to the next if the experiment were run a large number of times.
Standard deviation; sample size
Part #2
Stipe
Lineage?
Stramenopila
What are the yellowish tooth-like structures and what do they aid in?
They constitute a peristome, which aids in spore dispersal
Ferns are considered homeohydric because they can keep their internal environments moist. Mosses are considered poikilohydric because
They follow their environment's state of being wet or dry
Bryophytes are said to be poikilohydric; this implies that
They have the capacity to tolerate dehydration to very low water content and to recover from it without permanent physiological damage
This is Anabeana, a genus of cyanobacteria. They have specialized cells called heterocyst (one indicated by the arrow). What is the function of the heterocysts?
To fix nitrogen
Lineage Excavata: ___ ; Lineage Amoebozoa: pseudopodia
flagella
