Bio 106L Practical 1

Why might a biologist refer to 'Algae' as a group?

'Algae' is a paraphyletic group

Bacteria of various sorts may acquire energy from various sources. An organism that feeds on inorganic chemicals (not other organisms) to run its metabolism is said to be

Chemoautotrophic

We viewed a slide of crossed threads to understand what function of the microscope?

Comprehending depth of focus

Match each letter with its correct structure: C

Contractile vacuole

What is the ecosystem function of the tiny organisms living within these roots?

Converting atmospheric nitrogen into useable oxygen

What features are characteristics of angiosperms? Include any synapomorphies of angiosperms and any features that are synapomorphies of more inclusive clades

- Seeds - Flowers - Fruit - Vascular tissue

What is this organism and what does it cause? Lineage?

- Sleeping sickness Organism: Lineage: Excavata

What is true about angiosperms?

- They have "true fruits" that are derived from the carpel - Two major groups of angiosperms are monocots and dicots

What characteristics describe conifers?

- Wind pollination - "Naked seeds" enclosed in a cone - Vascular tissue

What are some features biologists use to classify bacteria?

- stain reaction - size - colony morphology - shape

What are the ordinary sizes for bacteria?

0.5-10 micrometers

There is substantial evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are remnants of once free-living bacteria that came to live in intimate contact with archaea; this is part of a theory termed the ___ theory

Endosymbiotic

What are produced inside the cup-shaped structures?

Gemmae

This is the upper surface of a thallose liverwort. The cup shaped structures are ___

Gemmae cups, containing multicellular gamma inside produced by mitosis (for asexual reproduction)

Name the phylum

Ginkgophyta

Which phylum has the lowest species richness?

Ginkgophyta

immediate disturbance hypothesis experiment

In lab we tested immediate disturbance hypothesis by comparing species richness on undisturbed slides, slides that were recently wiped clean, and slides that were disturbed with a fork

Macro or Micro: Chlamydomonas

Microscopic

Macro or Micro: Euglena

Microscopic

Macro or Micro: Volvox

Microscopic

Which antiseptic was most effective in killing off the bacteria on this petri dish?

P

The amoeba uses the extended structures for feeding and locomotion, name them

Pseudopodia

T/F: All Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes; their cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and lack complex organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts

True

The coating parallel bands of protein across this organism is called?

The pellicle

T/F: Although historically called blue-green algae, Cyanobacteria are not eukaryotic, and many biologists restrict the word 'algae' to photosynthetic eukaryotes other than the Land Plants

True

T/F: Prokaryotes where the first organisms to evolve (at least with forms that still survive). Fossils date back >3.5 billion years, and they were the only organisms on Earth for about 2 billion years thereafter

True

T/F: Seed plants have separate male and female spores, and separate male and female gametophytes

True

In some ways, water molds resemble fungi. However, how are water molds unlike fungi?

Water molds lack chitin in their cell walls

Which cellular structure is responsible for rejecting the Gram staining procedure, resulting in a Gram negative stain?

lipopolysaccharide coat

This is an unclose look at the thallus of Marchantia (a liverwort). What is (are) the function(s) of the pores pictured on the upper surface?

- Carbon dioxide is allowed in - Oxygen is allowed out - Water exits (unfortunately)

Antibiotic experiment

- E. coli is used - Bacteria are ideal for experiments involving mutations because they have a fast generation time and it is easy to grow billions of cells in a small space

What does it mean for a group of organisms to be paraphyletic

- It is a group from which some of the descendants of the group's common ancestor have been excluded - If it was widely recognized, it is likely a group of organisms that share some primitive (plesiomorphic) traits and exclude organisms for which those traits have further changed

Steps to putting microscope away properly

- Rotate to 4x objective before removing slide - Reset condenser - Minimize light - Off switch - Unplug and wrap cord - Cover

What is the total magnification when looking through a CSUN compound microscope on the 40x objective?

400

What is the total magnification of an object using a 40x objective lens and looking through 10x ocular lenses?

400x TM

Ocular

A

This diagram represents the life cycle of

A complex thallose liverwort

The color orange is shared among E, F, and G. What is such a shared derived character state termed?

A synapomorphy

Lineage?

Alveolata

What type of locomotion is exhibited?

Amoeboid

Lineage?

Amoebozoa

Which is the sister lineage to Opisthokonta?

Amoebozoa

What is the correct phylogenetic arrangement for these 4 types of Eukaryotes: - Excavata - Alveolata - Rhizaria - Amoebozoa

Amoebozoa{Excavata{Rhizaria, Alveolata}}

Distantly related lineages that end up having similar traits to solve similar adaptive problems results in a(n) ____

Analogy

What domain includes organisms that live in very hot places like the one pictured?

Archaea

Lineage?

Archaeplastida

This structure is characteristic of Phylum Actinopoda. They are amoeboid with numerous projections that are useful in gathering food. What are the names of the long hair-like structures?

Axopodia

Objective

B

The current classification system broadly defines three domains. What are they?

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Part #1

Blade

Nosepiece

C

Match each letter with its structure: D

Capsule

Match the parts to the labels: B

Capsule (Sporangium)

Match each letter with its correct structure: E

Chloroplast

The arrow is indicating what cellular organelle?

Chloroplast

What is the name of these locomotory structures that all members of the phylum possess?

Cilia

Slide clip

D

What phylum is responsible for the red tide? (Red tide is a major cause of death for a multitude of marine organisms)

Dinoflagellates

What type of fertilization is represented here, characteristic of angiosperms?

Double fertilization

Lineage?

Excavata

To which of the seven main lineages of eukaryotes does this organism belong?

Excavata

Match each letter with its correct structure: B

Eyespot

T/F: Diagram A represents a Gram negative bacterium

False

T/F: This is a Eukaryotic cell

False

T/F: This is an unclose look at the thallus of Marchantia (a liverwort). These structures are important for reproduction in liverworts because they contain the eggs

False

T/F: All (almost) evolutionary changes increase complexity

False; many evolutionary changes are simplifications

The fusion of two gametes to form a zygote is called

Fertilization

Match each letter with its correct structure: A

Flagellum

If both male and female gametes are identical in size and morphology, they are referred to as

Isogamous

Name the following female reproductive structure in the water mold Achlya

Gametangia; oogonia

Identify the life cycle

Gametic

All land plants have a type of life cycle characterized by an alternation of multicellular generation. Which generation(s) is (are) haploid?

Gametophyte

Match each letter with its structure: B

Gametophyte

Match the parts to the labels: D

Gametophyte

Archaea include organisms that are mesophiles, but also organisms we would call extremephiles. Name extremophiles

Halophiles, methanogen, thermophiles

What ploidy level is dominate in the life cycle of this organism?

Haploid

Part #3

Holdfast

Macro or Micro: Fucus

Macroscopic

Macro or Micro: Laminaria

Macroscopic

How would you be able to appreciate an object's 3 dimensional structure when viewing it through your microscope?

Mentally integrating depth of focus using the fine focus knob

Name the clade (+ a phylum) that this plant belongs to

Monilophyta

Name the clade at or near the phylum level

Monilophyta

Plasmodium vivax proliferates which of the following hosts?

Mosquitos, humans

Some plants, like legumes, form a ____ relationship with bacteria that live inside their root nodules

Mutualistic

In treatment A, the mean height of plants is 5 mm and the standard error is 1 mm. In treatment B, the mean height of plants is 6 mm and the standard error is 2 mm. Can we call the heights of plants in different treatments "statistically different"?

No, because the mean + SE of treatment A overlaps with the mean - SE of treatment B

Match each letter with its correct structure: F

Nucleus

What type of reproduction are certain rotifers (Bdelloidea) famous for?

Obligate pathogenesis

What does parfocal mean?

Once an image is in focus with one objective lens, it will be nearly in focus with all objective lenses

What group does this organism belong?

Parabasalida

Match each letter with its correct structure: D

Paramylon granules

Match the parts to the labels: A

Peristome

This diagram shows an Amoeba engulfing its prey with its pseudopodia. This is called

Phagocytosis

What are the locomotory structures for these organisms?

Raphae

Lineage?

Rhizaria

Match each letter with its structure: C

Rhizoids

Match each letter with its structure: F

Seta

Match the parts to the labels: C

Seta of sporophyte

Give the shape and the gram stain results

Shape: cocci Gram positive

The purple iodine stain on these granules is a positive test for?

Starch

The shape of this bacteria is

Spirillum

Match each letter with its structure: E

Spores

Both the diploid and the haploid phases are multicellular. What kind of life cycle does this alga have?

Sporic life cycle

Match each letter with its structure: A

Sporophyte

Sperm and egg have fused to form a diploid ___. This step in the moss life cycle is similar to the spirit life cycle of algae.

Sporophyte

The ___ is the dominant phase (or "generation") of ferns and seed plants

Sporophyte

The standard error is calculated as being equal to the ___ divided by the square root of the ___ . The standard error is a measure of how much variation we expect from one sample mean to the next if the experiment were run a large number of times.

Standard deviation; sample size

Part #2

Stipe

Lineage?

Stramenopila

What are the yellowish tooth-like structures and what do they aid in?

They constitute a peristome, which aids in spore dispersal

Ferns are considered homeohydric because they can keep their internal environments moist. Mosses are considered poikilohydric because

They follow their environment's state of being wet or dry

Bryophytes are said to be poikilohydric; this implies that

They have the capacity to tolerate dehydration to very low water content and to recover from it without permanent physiological damage

This is Anabeana, a genus of cyanobacteria. They have specialized cells called heterocyst (one indicated by the arrow). What is the function of the heterocysts?

To fix nitrogen

Lineage Excavata: ___ ; Lineage Amoebozoa: pseudopodia

flagella