bio 109

Which of the following statements about the human ear is true?

The brain interprets input from different regions of the basilar membrane as different pitches.

All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?

The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission.

a neuron's nucleus is located in its

cell body

the process that results in water being produced as byproduct

cellular respirations

the brain and spinal cord make up the

central nervous system

allow a person to taste food

chemoreceptors

condition that caused an accumulation of fluid in the spaces between the pulmonary capillaries and to inadequate pumping of blood by the heart

congestive heart failure

a nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along

dendrites

condition characterized by seizures and abnormal periods of brain electrical activity

epilepsy

the amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond the tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

movement of oxygen across aveoli into the bloodstream

external respiration

tonsil

filters out microorganisms and cellular debris from lymph

fever, antibody production, inflammation

following processes help combat infection

The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

nonspecific defense mechanisms

natural killer cells

Which of the following cell types makes up the majority of cells in the nervous system?

neuroglial cells

A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a

neurotransmitter

an impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from ___ to ___

node of Ranvier...node of Ranvier

inflammation

nonspecific defense mechanisms

natural killer cells

nonspecific defense mechanisms

release of interferons

nonspecific defense mechanisms

resident bacteria, skin surface, earwax, tears

physical and chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens

imflammation of the epitheial membranes enclosing the lungs

pleurisy

inflammation of the lungs due to viral or bacterial infection; secretion of excess fluid in the lungs prevents proper gas exchange

pneumonia

A more powerful stimulus will __________.

result in both activation of more receptors and more frequent action potentials

Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?

sensory division

transmit impulses toward the central nervous system

sensory neurons

Receptor adaptation results when __________.

sensory neurons stop sending action potentials

Information coming into the central nervous system arrives via __________, while information going from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and organs travels via __________.

sensory neurons; motor neurons

having keratin in the uppermost layer

skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by

Most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is transported in the venous supply in what form?

soluble bicarbonate ion

production of antibodies by plasma cells

specific defense mechanisms

release of perforin and granzyme by cytotoxic cells

specific defense mechanisms

The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the

synaptic cleft

what part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector

synaptic terminal

best way to defend the body from a viral infection is to prevent the infection by using a vaccine

true

oxygen-rich blood flows through the heart

via the left atrium and ventricle before entering the systematic circuit

Whereas the sense of taste is based on ________ (how many?) classes of taste receptors, the sense of smell has over ________ (how many?) different receptors for chemicals associated with odor

5,1,000

Which of the following sequences represents the path by which sound waves travel through the ear?

External auditory canal, eardrum, oval window, cochlea

what type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron

Schwann cells

a specific antigen

a specific antibody will bind to

any substance that produces an inappropiate response of the immune system is reffered to as

allergen

Gas exchange between inhaled air and the blood is accomplished by the __________ and the __________.

alveioli, pulmonary capillaries

life-threatening allergic reaction (difficulty in breathing, fall in blood pressure, severe stomach cramps

anaphylatic shocks

vaccines contain

antigens of the pathogen

bacteria

antiobiotics are most likely to be effective in the treatment of infections caused by

During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?

arachnoid

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they

are a type of neuroglial cell

Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of the ________ division of the nervous system?

autonomic

a nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along

axons

Antibiotics kill bacterial cells but do not (usually) damage human cells by taking advantage of the difference between human and bacterial cells. These differences include

bacterial cells have cell walls, human cells do not

a type of food poisoning that may results in paralysis of the respiratory muscles

botulism

exchange of air between lungs and the environment

breathing

Burning of carbon-based fuels can produce which one of the following, an odorless gas that competes with oxygen for binding to hemoglobin.

carbon monoxide

Unlike capillaries in the systemic circuit, in the pulmonary circuit, __________ blood enters the capillaries from the arterioles and __________ blood leaves the capillaries for the venules

deoxygenated, oxygenated

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the

dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid

chronic disorder that results from permanent damage to the the aveoli as a consequence of smoking or exposure to pollutants

emphysema

inflammation of the brain; symptoms include headaches, hallucinations, and disturbances in speech and behavior; often caused by a viral infection

encephalitis

During the ingestion of food or liquid, which one of the following tips to block the opening to the trachea?

epiglottis

advantage of having memory cells in specific defense is that

if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells

the amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume

inspiratory reserve volume

movement of carbon dioxide from interstitial into the blood

internal respiration

Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following?

interneurons

transmits impulses within the central nervous system

interneurons

When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron,

ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open

Pain receptors adapt slowly or not at all because __________.

lack of adaptation is important to survival

primary immune response is

less effective than the secondary immune response

identify a body cell as "self"

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

detect light touch of skin

mechanoreceptors

inflammation of the connective tissue layers surrounding the organs of the central nervous system

meningitis

a deadly type of cancer associated with asbestos exposure

mesothelioma

air filled chamber in temporal bobe containing three small bones

middle ear

transmit impulses away from the central nervous system

motor neurons

autoimmune disorder that results in damage to the myelin sheaths of CNS neurons; transmission of impulses is subsequently disrupted

multiple sclerosis

Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated.

myelin sheath

Which of the following lists the order of structures through which air will pass during inspiration?

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Which of the following receptors are MOST likely to demonstrate receptor adaptation?

olfactory receptors in the nose

sound waves moving through this area hit tympanic membrane

outer ear

respond to immediate, extreme heat or cold

pain receptors

respond to tissue damage

pain receptors

progressive, degenerative disorder caused by a shortage of dopamine in the brain; symptoms include muscle tremors in hands and feet and an eventual loss of mobility

parkinson's disease

respond to light

photoreceptors

acidic pH of skin

physical or chemical barrier

collapse of one more lobes of the lungs, usually due to a penetrating chest wound

pneumothorax

spleen

removes microorganisms and old red blood cells from the blood

the air that remains in the lungs after a forceful axhalation

residual volume

which of the following body fluids does not transmit HIV from human to human

saliva

thymus

secretes hormones important in the maturation of T cells

cytotoxic T cells

specific defense mechanisms

autoimmune disorders occur when

the immune system fails to recognize "self" cells

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside,

the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.

Receptors are classified according to __________

the type of stimulus energy they convert

people gets so many colds in their lifetime because

the viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structures

When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,

they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron

the amount of air entering the lungs with every breath

tidal volume

lymphatic vessel

transports lymph in the body

mucus in the nasal cavity functions too

trap dust and pathogens in incoming air

True or false. Sound waves that enter the human ear are transmitted in fluid only in the inner ear

true

the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation is the

vital capicity

the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation

vital capicity