BIO 111 chapter 14

PCR is a relatively new advance in DNA technology that targets specific sequences in the DNA for removal or replacement.

False

Proteomics involves the application of computer technologies to study databases of genetic information.

False

RNA interference (RNAi) was first discovered in prokaryotes and is thought to have evolved as protection against certain types of viruses.

False

The polymerase chain reaction uses RNA polymerase.

False

What is the function of gel electrophoresis in genetic engineering?

separate fragments of DNA by their length and electrical charges

Which of the following statements about RNAi are true? Select all that apply.

-Once the complementary RNAi sequences enter the cell, they bind with the target RNA, producing double-stranded RNA molecules. -These double-stranded RNA molecules are then broken down by a series of enzymes within the cell. -RNAi is being researched as a potential treatment for a number of human diseases including cancer and hepatitis

Which of the following statements about CRISPR are accurate? Select all that apply.

-Where naturally found in cells, CRISPR acts as a form of immune defense against viruses. -CRISPR utilizes an endonuclease enzyme called Cas9. -CRISPR requires a guide RNA molecule to identify the nucleotide sequence destined for editing.

It is estimated that humans have approximately _____ base pairs in our genome.

3 billion

Place the following steps for cloning DNA in the correct order:

3, 2, 4, 1, 5

All of the following statements about genes and copy number variations are true EXCEPT

All of the answer choices are true.

Familial hypercholesterolemia

All of the answer choices are true.

Gene therapy in humans has been used to treat

All of the answer choices.

In what field of study would scientists predict a protein's three-dimensional shape and how DNA mutations would affect protein function?

All of the answer choices.

Human gene therapy

All of the choices are correct.

Plants have been genetically engineered for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

All of the choices are correct.

Under which of the following circumstances would a DNA microarray be useful?

All of these are circumstances in which a DNA microarray would be useful.

What consequences could arise if the field of bioinformatics ceased to exist as a field of study?

All of these are consequences if the field of bioinformatics ceased to exist as a field of study.

A DNA chip that contains rows of DNA sequences for mutations that indicate the presence of particular genetic disorders is representative of what type of biotechnology?

DNA microarrays

What is the difference between ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy?

In ex vivo gene therapy, tissue such as bone marrow stem cells or liver cells is removed from the patient. The patient's cells are then infected with a virus that carries a normal gene and then returned to the body. With in vivo gene therapy, the gene is delivered directly into the body. In cystic fibrosis, the gene needed may be sprayed into the nose or delivered to the lower respiratory tract by adenoviruses or by the use of liposomes

How is RNA interference (RNAi) used as a form of gene therapy?

Small pieces of RNAi are used to silence the expression of specific alleles.

Gene therapy is being used in cancer patients to make healthy cells more tolerant of chemotherapy and to make tumors more vulnerable to chemotherapy.

True

What is the function of naturally occurring restriction enzymes in bacterial cells?

They cut any viral DNA that enters the cell.

State the difference between a transgenic animal and a cloned animal.

Transgenic organisms are also called genetically modified organisms (GMOs). A GMO is an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means. Recombinant DNA technology is used to combine DNA molecules from different sources. The rDNA is then transferred to the organism to create new traits and/or produce new products. Cloning is the production of identical copies. Cloning animals is to create animals that are genetically identical. This process involves the transfer of a nucleus from a donor adult somatic cell to an egg which has no nucleus. If the egg begins to divide normally it is transferred into the uterus of the surrogate mother

Animal cloning is a difficult process with a low success rate.

True

Gene cloning can be accomplished by recombinant DNA technology and polymerase chain reactions.

True

Polymerase chain reactions utilize a heat-stable DNA polymerase that was isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus.

True

Small, variable regions of DNA that may change an individual's susceptibility to disease are called SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms).

True

The function of DNA ligase in recombinant technology is to

seal DNA into an opening created by restriction enzymes.

Biotechnology products produced by bacteria include all of the following EXCEPT

antibodies to deliver radioisotopes to tumor cells.

Transgenic _____ have been given suicide genes that cause them to self-destruct when the job for which they are engineered has been accomplished.

bacteria

The term "ligase" adds the suffix "-ase" to the Latin root word for

bind.

A transgenic organism

contains a foreign gene within its genome.

When bone marrow stem cells are removed from the patient, infected with a virus that carries a normal gene, and returned to the patient, this is an example of

ex vivo gene therapy.

The introduction of normal genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic use is called

gene therapy.

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a disorder characterized by early-onset retinal dystrophy which causes severe visual impairment beginning in infancy. The most common cause of the disorder is a mutated intron located in gene CEP290. Targeted deletion of the mutated intron shows promise as a treatment for LCA. The treatment of LCA is an example of the application of which of the following types of biotechnology?

genome editing

What is the first step in producing a transgenic animal?

inject the desired gene(s) into a donor egg

The function of a vector in genetic engineering is to

introduce rDNA into a host cell.

The function of the polymerase chain reaction in genetic engineering is to

make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA.

A common method used to introduce rDNA into bacterial host cells is

plasmid transfer.

Which of the following is mismatched?

polymerase chain reaction—process that separates DNA fragments according to size

Which of the following molecules forms lengths of DNA with "sticky ends"?

restriction enzyme

Transgenic plant products include all of the following EXCEPT

suicide genes that cause the plants to self-destruct after their product has been produced.

To carry out a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), you must have DNA polymerase and

the nucleotides to synthesize new DNA strands.

All of the following are true regarding transgenic animals EXCEPT

the process has been used to develop organisms that are partially animal and partially plant.

All of the following statements are true about restriction enzymes EXCEPT

they are made by bacteria and viruses.

Gene pharming is the use of

transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals.