bio 111- exam 3

zygosporangium

diploid zygote surrounded by thick wall formed during sexual reproduction

haploid gametes

egg or sperm; carry one allele

cotyledons

energy source for germination of seeds

dihybrid cross

examines two traits simultaneously

archegonia

female gametophyte has ______, producing a single egg

carpels

female reproductive structure, base is ovules which are encapsulated by an ovary

acsocarp

forms with dikaryotic and haploid hyphae; dikaryotic hyphae produces sexual spores within asci

asci

forms with the fusion of nuclei of dikaryotic hyphae with inner surface of ascocarp to form diploid zygote

vascular tissue systems

function in internal transport in plants

collenchyma

function in support of soft/growing stems, alive at maturity, unevenly thickened

chitin

fungal cell walls care composed of _____

sexual

fungi are distinguishable by structures involved in ______ spore formation

lichens

fungi living w/ cyanobacteria and/or green algae; grow on trees, rocks, and mountain tops; converts CO2 + water into sugars

protection, gas, mineral

fungi provide ______ for photosynthetic organisms, structure for ____ exchange, and aids _____ absorption

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei within zygosporangium; many diploid cells

ground tissue system

majority structure of plant body, aids in support, storage and/or metabolism

genotype

make up of alleles

stamens

male reproductive structure, consist of stalk and sac where pollen develops

mycelium

masses of hyphae, feeding structure of fungus, can pierce into: soil, water, denying material

female, megagametophytes

megaspores are _____ and form _________

male, microgametophytes (pollen)

microspores are _____ and form ________

mesophyll layer

middle of the leaf between layers of epidermis, contains photosynthetic parenchyma cells

sclerenchyma

more specialized support, evenly thickened, secondary cell walls, dead at maturity can be polygonal(fruits/nuts) or elongated (stems)

phloem

move sugars produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant

xylem

move water and materials throughout the plant

gymnosperms

naked seeds, no protective structure

fungi

not photosynthetic, more closely related to animals than plants, absorbers (digest food by secreting digestive enzymes into their surroundings)

degrees of freedom

number of categories determined independently of one another

budding

occurs in cells with uneven distribution of cytoplasm; cell with lesser cytoplasm buds off

stomata

openings in the epidermis + cuticle to allow gasses into and out of the plant

dermal tissue systems

outer protective covering

one, multiple

simply tissue has ____ type of cell while complex tissue has _____ types of cells

microsporangia

site of meiosis, elongated spores on lower surface of pollen cones

node

site on stem where leaf emerges

elongation

smooth area behind meristem is site of _____

heterosporous

spores of gymnosperms and angiosperms appear differently

primordial

structures are newly developed, not fully formed

guard cells

surround the stomata to open and close it based on amount of H2O + light

mitosis

surviving megaspore divide by _______ to develop into female gametophyte

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

the 3 types of simple tissue are

cellulose

the cell wall is composed of _____

fructose

lichens with miniature branching structures

saprotrophs

live on dead, organic matter; decomposers

monocots

1 cotelydon flowers in multiples of 3 parallel vein patterns scattered vascular bundles

dicots

2 cotelydons flowers in multiples of 4 or 5 veins in branching patterns vascular bundles in a circle

heterozygous

2 different alleles carried by a gene

1. tip of roots 2. tip of stems

2 growing points

homozygous

2 of the same alleles carried by a gene

double fertilization

2 separate fertilization. events occur in angiosperms

haploid

_____ structures dominate life cycles

parenchyma

______ cells divide and turn into plant structures

shoot, root

______ system is above ground, ______ system is underground

determinate growth

animals; grow to predetermined size and stop growing

sepals

base of the flower; usually are green and enclose the flower before it opens

parenchyma

basic cell type, alive at maturity, thin primary cell walls, function in storage + photosynthesis all cells arise from this type

rhizopus

black bread mold

mutualistic symbiotic association

both host and fungus benefit

petals

brightly colored and attract pollinators

primary growth

cell division results in ______ _______

smaller

cells in phloem are _____ than xylem cells

basidiomycota

club fungi; distinguished by sexual spores forming on Basidia

maturation

cottony root hairs are the site of ________

angiosperms

covered, produce seeds enclosed in fruit (ovary)

vascular cambium

cylinder of merismatic cells found between the xylem and phloem

sexual reproduction

cytoplasm fuses (plasmogamy) but nuclei remain separate; dikaryotic hyphae

hyphae

cytoplasmic filaments

meristems

defined region in plants capable of mitosis

root

generally underground; function in anchorage and absorption of water and minerals

basidiocarps

gills or spores lined with Basidia

endomycorrhizae

glomeromycota; lack sexual structure + morphology of hyphae

Photosynthesis

green parts of the plant found above ground function in _______

seeds; protective packaging

gymnosperms and angiosperms produce _____ which act as a ________

parasitic association

host is harmed, fungus benefits ex: pathogenic fungi cause disease in plants

asexual reproduction

hyphae septate with a single haploid nucleus in each cell; penecilin and a few sac fungus use this type of reproduction

sporangiophore

hyphae strand; first structure to emerge from zygosporangium bearing a sporangium

secondary growth

increases plant girth, production of wood

endodermis

innermost layer of cortex, regulating movement of materials being absorbed by root into xylem

petiole, blade

leaves are composed of _____ and _____

primary growth

lengthening of stems, grow taller in height

fragmentation; independent symbionts

lichens divide asexually by _________, and sexually by __________ _______

crustose

lichens with flat, encrusting bodies

foliose

lichens with leafy bodies

female, stems

ovulate cones are ______ and produced on tips of _______

phenotype

physical representation of alleles

receptacle

place where leaves are attached

intermediate growth

plants; grow throughout their lifetime

leucoplasts

plastids which store starch in plants like potatoes

male

pollen cones are ______

germinate, pollen tube

pollen grains _______ and produce a ______ ______ which digests tissue of ovule

wild type allele

produces a functioning product

cuticle

protective waxy covering which reduces H2O evaporation

cortex

region from vascular cylinder---> outwards

pith

region in center of the ring of vascular bundles

apical meristems

regions of cell division at the tip of a plants stem and roots

growth rings

result of differential growth of xylem at different times of the year (most growth occurs in spring)

seed coat, seedling, mature sporophyte

tissues of ovule harden to form ______ ______----> ________---->mature sporophyte

1. entomycorrhizae 2. endomycorrhizae

types of mycorrhizal associations: _________ =the outer cortex of the root and _________=inner root cortex, contacting cell walls

bud

underdeveloped tissue that may give rise to new leaves, branches or flowers

megasporocytes

undergo meiosis to produce haploid megaspores

Microsporocytes (2n)

undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores, microspores undergo 2 mitotic divisions to produce male gametophytes

meristematic cells

undergo mitosis at root tip

chi square test

used to determine if the variation from expected values in monohybrid cross is within acceptable limits; X^2=∑(o-e)^2/e

allele

variant of every gene in the genome

vascular bundle

vascular tissue packed within a young stem

8 ascospores

zygote undergoes meiosis then 1 round of mitosis to produce ___ _______ which will germinate

embryo

zygote undergoes mitosis