bio 111- exam 3
zygosporangium
diploid zygote surrounded by thick wall formed during sexual reproduction
haploid gametes
egg or sperm; carry one allele
cotyledons
energy source for germination of seeds
dihybrid cross
examines two traits simultaneously
archegonia
female gametophyte has ______, producing a single egg
carpels
female reproductive structure, base is ovules which are encapsulated by an ovary
acsocarp
forms with dikaryotic and haploid hyphae; dikaryotic hyphae produces sexual spores within asci
asci
forms with the fusion of nuclei of dikaryotic hyphae with inner surface of ascocarp to form diploid zygote
vascular tissue systems
function in internal transport in plants
collenchyma
function in support of soft/growing stems, alive at maturity, unevenly thickened
chitin
fungal cell walls care composed of _____
sexual
fungi are distinguishable by structures involved in ______ spore formation
lichens
fungi living w/ cyanobacteria and/or green algae; grow on trees, rocks, and mountain tops; converts CO2 + water into sugars
protection, gas, mineral
fungi provide ______ for photosynthetic organisms, structure for ____ exchange, and aids _____ absorption
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei within zygosporangium; many diploid cells
ground tissue system
majority structure of plant body, aids in support, storage and/or metabolism
genotype
make up of alleles
stamens
male reproductive structure, consist of stalk and sac where pollen develops
mycelium
masses of hyphae, feeding structure of fungus, can pierce into: soil, water, denying material
female, megagametophytes
megaspores are _____ and form _________
male, microgametophytes (pollen)
microspores are _____ and form ________
mesophyll layer
middle of the leaf between layers of epidermis, contains photosynthetic parenchyma cells
sclerenchyma
more specialized support, evenly thickened, secondary cell walls, dead at maturity can be polygonal(fruits/nuts) or elongated (stems)
phloem
move sugars produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant
xylem
move water and materials throughout the plant
gymnosperms
naked seeds, no protective structure
fungi
not photosynthetic, more closely related to animals than plants, absorbers (digest food by secreting digestive enzymes into their surroundings)
degrees of freedom
number of categories determined independently of one another
budding
occurs in cells with uneven distribution of cytoplasm; cell with lesser cytoplasm buds off
stomata
openings in the epidermis + cuticle to allow gasses into and out of the plant
dermal tissue systems
outer protective covering
one, multiple
simply tissue has ____ type of cell while complex tissue has _____ types of cells
microsporangia
site of meiosis, elongated spores on lower surface of pollen cones
node
site on stem where leaf emerges
elongation
smooth area behind meristem is site of _____
heterosporous
spores of gymnosperms and angiosperms appear differently
primordial
structures are newly developed, not fully formed
guard cells
surround the stomata to open and close it based on amount of H2O + light
mitosis
surviving megaspore divide by _______ to develop into female gametophyte
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
the 3 types of simple tissue are
cellulose
the cell wall is composed of _____
fructose
lichens with miniature branching structures
saprotrophs
live on dead, organic matter; decomposers
monocots
1 cotelydon flowers in multiples of 3 parallel vein patterns scattered vascular bundles
dicots
2 cotelydons flowers in multiples of 4 or 5 veins in branching patterns vascular bundles in a circle
heterozygous
2 different alleles carried by a gene
1. tip of roots 2. tip of stems
2 growing points
homozygous
2 of the same alleles carried by a gene
double fertilization
2 separate fertilization. events occur in angiosperms
haploid
_____ structures dominate life cycles
parenchyma
______ cells divide and turn into plant structures
shoot, root
______ system is above ground, ______ system is underground
determinate growth
animals; grow to predetermined size and stop growing
sepals
base of the flower; usually are green and enclose the flower before it opens
parenchyma
basic cell type, alive at maturity, thin primary cell walls, function in storage + photosynthesis all cells arise from this type
rhizopus
black bread mold
mutualistic symbiotic association
both host and fungus benefit
petals
brightly colored and attract pollinators
primary growth
cell division results in ______ _______
smaller
cells in phloem are _____ than xylem cells
basidiomycota
club fungi; distinguished by sexual spores forming on Basidia
maturation
cottony root hairs are the site of ________
angiosperms
covered, produce seeds enclosed in fruit (ovary)
vascular cambium
cylinder of merismatic cells found between the xylem and phloem
sexual reproduction
cytoplasm fuses (plasmogamy) but nuclei remain separate; dikaryotic hyphae
hyphae
cytoplasmic filaments
meristems
defined region in plants capable of mitosis
root
generally underground; function in anchorage and absorption of water and minerals
basidiocarps
gills or spores lined with Basidia
endomycorrhizae
glomeromycota; lack sexual structure + morphology of hyphae
Photosynthesis
green parts of the plant found above ground function in _______
seeds; protective packaging
gymnosperms and angiosperms produce _____ which act as a ________
parasitic association
host is harmed, fungus benefits ex: pathogenic fungi cause disease in plants
asexual reproduction
hyphae septate with a single haploid nucleus in each cell; penecilin and a few sac fungus use this type of reproduction
sporangiophore
hyphae strand; first structure to emerge from zygosporangium bearing a sporangium
secondary growth
increases plant girth, production of wood
endodermis
innermost layer of cortex, regulating movement of materials being absorbed by root into xylem
petiole, blade
leaves are composed of _____ and _____
primary growth
lengthening of stems, grow taller in height
fragmentation; independent symbionts
lichens divide asexually by _________, and sexually by __________ _______
crustose
lichens with flat, encrusting bodies
foliose
lichens with leafy bodies
female, stems
ovulate cones are ______ and produced on tips of _______
phenotype
physical representation of alleles
receptacle
place where leaves are attached
intermediate growth
plants; grow throughout their lifetime
leucoplasts
plastids which store starch in plants like potatoes
male
pollen cones are ______
germinate, pollen tube
pollen grains _______ and produce a ______ ______ which digests tissue of ovule
wild type allele
produces a functioning product
cuticle
protective waxy covering which reduces H2O evaporation
cortex
region from vascular cylinder---> outwards
pith
region in center of the ring of vascular bundles
apical meristems
regions of cell division at the tip of a plants stem and roots
growth rings
result of differential growth of xylem at different times of the year (most growth occurs in spring)
seed coat, seedling, mature sporophyte
tissues of ovule harden to form ______ ______----> ________---->mature sporophyte
1. entomycorrhizae 2. endomycorrhizae
types of mycorrhizal associations: _________ =the outer cortex of the root and _________=inner root cortex, contacting cell walls
bud
underdeveloped tissue that may give rise to new leaves, branches or flowers
megasporocytes
undergo meiosis to produce haploid megaspores
Microsporocytes (2n)
undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores, microspores undergo 2 mitotic divisions to produce male gametophytes
meristematic cells
undergo mitosis at root tip
chi square test
used to determine if the variation from expected values in monohybrid cross is within acceptable limits; X^2=∑(o-e)^2/e
allele
variant of every gene in the genome
vascular bundle
vascular tissue packed within a young stem
8 ascospores
zygote undergoes meiosis then 1 round of mitosis to produce ___ _______ which will germinate
embryo
zygote undergoes mitosis