BIO 111 Unit 1
Why are trans fats bad?
They raise LDL's and lower HDL's
define organ
a collection of tissues that work together to accomplish a common task
how does the body regulate enzymes?
a substrate binds to the active site of enzyme, the enzyme changes shape which changes the shape of the nutrient molecule, and once the reaction is complete, the nutrient unbinds from the enzyme
What molecule do cells use to fuel chemical reactions?
ATP
the molecule that is responsible for all the energy-requiring processes of a cell is called
ATP
function of phospholipid bilayer in plasma membrane
Allows the membrane to be semi-permeable
what is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
What makes carbon so versatile?
It can form up to four bonds
function of glycoproteinsin plasma membrane
May help identify the cell as "self" or "non-self" to other cells and the immune system
what gives amino acids their chemical identity?
R groups
function of proteins in plasma membrane
act as channels so certain molecules can enter or leave the cell
what part of enzymes do substrates bind to?
active site
function of vitamin B
acts as a coenzyme in metabolic reactions, functions as a component of electron carriers, functions as a component of acetyl CoA during the prep reactions
function of vitamin D
acts as a hormone
function of vitamin C
acts as an antioxidant
ATP structure
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups
What enzymes break down carbohydrates?
amylase
what enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates during digestion?
amylase
mitochondria within eukaryotic cells are actually remnants of
ancient oxygen-tolerating bacteria that were consumed by an early eukaryotic cell
after digestion, small monosaccharides are absorbed into what and transported throughout the body for use?
blood capillaries
what is the role of vitamin B12?
breakdown of organic nutrients
what are the major functions of the digestive system?
breaks down incoming nutrients to be transported to cells of the body, supply cells with water, remove undigested waste material
function of the mouth
breaks up food by mechanical and chemical digestion
organic nutrient molecules that provide an energy source to cells, as well as provide structural support, are called
carbohydrates
what energy nutrient provides energy to the body?
carbohydrates
what are the four major classes of energy nutrients?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
what key feature allows us to use organic nutrients for energy?
carbon
the functional group COOH, found in both amino acids and fatty acids, are called what
carboxyl groups
the flow of energy occurs at what level
cellular
what is the energy contained within the glucose bonds found in some food molecules called?
chemical energy
what kind of energy is food?
chemical energy
what is the role of niacin?
component of NAD+ coenzyme
what does the term organic mean
contains both carbon and hydrogen
where does glycosides occur?
cytoplasm
what features are present in all cells?
cytoplasm, plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes
how are monomers joined into polymers?
dehydration synthesis
the passive movement of materials of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is called what
diffusion
function of large intestine
eliminates indigestible materials, reabsorbs water
what is the second law of thermodynamics?
energy conversions are inefficient and some energy will always be lost
What is the third law of thermodynamics?
energy flows from higher forms to lower energy forms, disorder/entropy increases over time
why do you need food to live?
everything your body does requires energy
what components are mostly found in energy drinks?
food additives, vitamins, minerals, stimulants like caffeine and citicoline
functions of proteins
function as enzymes in the digestive, act as a signaling molecules in our nervous system
a special combination of atoms are found attached to hydrocarbon rings or chains are called what
functional groups
which components of the plasma membrane help with identification of other cells and with immune systems?
glycoproteins
what is an organic nutrient?
hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon
how are polymers joined into polymers?
hydrolytic reaction
how does the structure of the small intestine inform its function?
it has fold and villi, which increase surface area, the villi also have capillaries, which are extension of the epithelial cells
what enzymes break down fats?
lipases
organic nutrient molecules that provide energy storage, cell membrane function, and hormone function are called what
lipids
what energy nutrient provides energy for living processes?
lipids
function of salivary glands
lubricates food and provides enzymes
function of small intestine
major organ of digestion and absorption
what are roles that lipids play in living organisms?
make up the plasma membrane of cells, hormone production, energy storage
what are the two forms of digestion
mechanical and chemical
energy that is possessed by an object because of its position
mechanical energy
function of stomach
mechanical mixing of food
what are enzymes?
metabolic catalyst that speed up chemical reactions or allow them to occur at all
what is found in energy drinks?
minerals, vitamins
what organelles are directly involved in the nutrient processing in cells
mitochondria, lysosomes
glucose is an example of what type of molecule
monomer
what is the order in which the digestive tract organs work?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
are enzymes used in chemical reactions?
no
molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen and provide energy for life processes are called
organic molcules
what method of moving materials requires no energy?
passive transport
what enzymes work to break down the proteins in the digestive system?
peptidase, trypsin
what enzymes break down proteins?
peptidases
the energy of an ATP molecule is stored within the bonds between what groups
phosphate
where is the energy stored in ATP?
phosphate groups
examples of lipids
phospholipids, cholesterol, oils
what are the four levels of protein structure?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
function of liver
produces biles, processes and stores nutrients
function of pancreas
produces digestive enzymes for the small intestine, regulates blood sugar levels
what type of cell lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
prokaryotic
most digestive enzymes are
protiens
function of cholesterol in plasma membrane
regulate the fluid nature of the membrane
What are the accessory organs?
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
saturated fats lack double bonds, while unsaturated fats have double bonds
The conversion of energy from one form to another results in the loss of energy is based off of what law?
second law of thermodynamics
where do carbohydrate monomers get sent for cellular energy harvesting?
send simple sugars to blood stream
where do proteins monomers get sent for cellular energy harvesting?
sends amino acids to blood stream
where do fat monomers get sent for cellular energy harvesting?
sends simple fats to lympathic system
What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things?
solar energy
what are the types of energy?
solar energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy
function of gallbladder
stores bile
examples of carbohydrates
sugars and starches
what is energy?
the ability to do work
Define energy
the capacity or power to do work, or to transfer power elsewhere
mechanical digestion
the collection of processes that increase the surface area of food to make chemical digestion more efficient
what are functional groups?
the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
what is most directly responsible for the specific properties of a molecule?
the functional groups that are attached to it
what happens during feedback inhibition?
the product at the end of the pathway has the ability to turn off the enzyme
what is a cell?
the smallest unit that still displays all the properties of life
what is an individual's metabolic rate?
the sum total of all chemical reactions in their body
2 components that make up all fats and oils
three fatty acid tails, glycerol
function of esophagus
transports food to stomach
what is found in all amino groups
variable R group, carboxyl group, amino group
what happens during hydrolytic reaction
water splits into hydrogen and hydroxide, each of which bond to individual monomers of a polymer, breaking them apart
do fats and oils produce more molecules of ATP compared to glucose
yes
what happens if you change the shape of a protein?
you change the function
