bio 112 exams

What are the four hallmark chordate characteristics?

. Dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits/clefts, post-anal tail and notochord

Which of the following are true about natural selection? 1) It is the process by which individuals that have certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals 2) Over time, natural selection can increase the match between organisms and their environment 3) If the environment changes, or if individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species in the process 4) It depends only on mutations of genes and the evolution of individuals

1,2,3

The conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium are: 1) No mutations 2) Random mating 3) No natural selection 4) Extremely large population size 5) No gene flow 6) Emigration and immigration occurring

1,2,3,4,5

___ live in highly saline environments, while ____ live in very hot environments.

Extreme halophiles; extreme thermophiles

True or False: A bionomial is a two-part scientific name for an organism that is recognized only in the country where it is found.

F

True or False: The haploid stage dominates the animal life cycle.

FAL

The ___ effect occurs when a few individuals that become isolated from a larger population establish a new population.

Founder

___ occurs when the larval form of an animal transforms developmentally into the adult form.

METAMORPH

___ homologies are due to similarities in body structure; while ___ homologies are due to similarities of shared DNA.

Morphological; molecular

The ___ species concept characterizes a species by body shape; while the ___ species concept defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor.

Morphological; phylogenetic

___ bacteria are essential to life because they convert ___ to a form other organisms can use.

Nitrogen-fixing; nitrogen

If an individual has more surviving offspring than another, the first individual is said to have greater ____ due to _____.

Relative fitness ; a larger contribution of genes to the gene pool relative to the contribution of others

___ occurs when there are marked differences between the two sexes in their secondary sexual characteristics.

Sexual dimorphism

__ produces genetic recombination due to ____.

Sexual reproduction,; crossing over, independent assortment and fertilization

___ is a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

Sexual selection

A ___ is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring.

Species

In sponges, the __ is the large central cavity and the __ is the large opening out of it.

Spongocoel, osculum

On average, male Siberian tigers weigh between 400 and 700 pounds; very few are found that weigh less or more than this average range. This is an example of what type of selection?

Stabilizing

The founder effect occurs because the gene pool of the individuals separated from the larger population may differ from the overall gene pool of the source population

T

True or False: Evolution is defined as descent with modification.

T

True or False: Postzygotic barriers include reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, and hybrid breakdown.

T

True or False: Reproductive isolation refers to biological factors that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring.

T

True or False: The bottleneck effect occurs because a sudden environmental change reduces the gene pool of the population.

T

True or False: The definition of a species is always related to the ability of individuals to reproduce sexually and produce fertile offspring.

T

True or False: All animals are multicellular eukaryotes with no cell walls

TRUE

True or False: Symmetry fits lifestyle.

TRUE

In ___ cleavage the developmental fate of each embryonic cell is determined very early in development.

determinate

characters are either-or genetic characteristics, while ___ characters vary along a continuum within a population.

discrete, quatitve

Most animal viruses enter the host cell through ___.

endocytosis

True or False: All protists reproduce asexually.

false

True or False: Insects have no impact on human life.

false

True or False: Mutations occur at a greater rate in bacteria, which is why we see evolution taking place at a faster rate than in other organisms.

false

rue or False: Reptiles are cold-blooded.

false

true or False: While in the lysogenic cycle, the viral genome has no effect and causes the production of no proteins within the host cell.

false

Fimbriae are used for ___.

attachment

__ isolation occurs when species have courtship rituals and other behaviors that attract mates that are unique to that species; this allows mate recognition

behavioral

During development, the ___ will eventually form the archenteron and will either become the mouth or the anus.

blastospore

DNA within bacteria is found ___.

both a and b

The capsule is ____.

both a and b

The ___ effect occurs when a sudden change in the environment drastically reduces the size of the population.

bottleneck

___ algae are sometimes called "seaweed" - they are the largest and most complex of the algae, all are multicellular and most are marine

brown

The __ is the protein shell that encloses the viral genome.

capsid

___ reproduce like fungi with fruiting bodies that bear spores; they have a feeding stage consisting of single-celled organisms, but if food supplies are depleted, the single cells will aggregate and function as a unit.

cellular slime molds

Rays and skates are members of the class ___.

chondricytes

The cnidocytes contain ___ that are used to sting prey.

cnaide

The ___ is a true body cavity that is derived from mesodermal tissues.

coelom

__ occurs when bacteria temporarily joined by a sex-pilus transfer and receive DNA.

conjugation

___ algae have a chloroplast structure much like land plants; there are two main groups - chlorophytes and charophytes; most live in fresh water; they have unicellular and multicellular forms.

green

In order to be classified in the Class Mammalia, an animal must have ___

mammary glands and hair

In molluscs, the ___ is used to feed, mainly by scraping the substrate.

radula

There are 6,000 know species of ___ algae; they contain an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin that gives them their color; many are multicellular, and they are most abundant in the warm coastal waters of tropical oceans; you also eat them if you eat sushi rolls!

red

Black jaguars being found in equal proportions to spotted jaguars is an example of which type of selection?

Disruptive

Endospores ___.

a and b

A(n) ___ is a characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

Adaptation

What type of symmetry does this organism possess?

BILATERAL

___ occurs when sensory structures are concentrated anteriorly, so it is a tendency towards having a head.

CEPHALIZATION

What is genetic drift?

Chance events cause allelic frequencies to fluctuate, especially in small populations

In sponge, __ are flagellated cells that line the interior of the spongocoel.

Choanocytes

__ selection occurs when conditions favor individuals that exhibit one extreme of a phenotypic range, while ____ selection occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with an intermediate phenotype.

Directional, disruptive

List the hierarchy of taxonomic groups from most inclusive to least inclusive.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Protists are members of the Domain ____, meaning they have ___ cells.

Eukarya eukayotic

Average ____ is the average percent of loci that are heterozygous in a population; this is how we quantify ____.

Heterozygosity; genetic variability

Having two alleles present for a trait preserves genetic variation in a population. This is called ____

Heterozygote advantage

___development occurs when an animal goes through at least one larval stage that is morphologically and nutritionally distinct from the adult form.

INDIRECT

__ selection occurs within the same sex, when individuals of one sex compete with each other for mates of the opposite sex; while ___ selection occurs when individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the opposite sex.

Intrasexual selection; intersexual selection

___ are bacteria that are poisoned by oxygen.

Obligate anaerobes

Most pathogenic bacteria cause illness/disease due to their production of ____; ___ are secreted by certain bacteria, while ___ are the lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

Toxins; exotoxins; endotoxins

The ___ is a membranous envelope surrounding the capsid of some viruses; it is derived from the ___.

Viral envelope, host cell's plasma membrane

A lichen is

algae and fungus living together

Class Amphibia includes:

all above

Protists are _____.

all above

The coelom functions ___.

all above

The viral genome may consist of:

all above

What are some weight saving modifications of birds?

all above

You are swimming in the ocean and you see a shark approaching you. You are correct in thinking:

all above

___ occurs when gene flow between populations is disrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations.

allopatric

The most important adaptation related to the success of birds is ____.

flight

Which virus has had the largest death toll on humans over human history?

flu

_ occurs when the genetic composition of separate populations vary.

geographic

Arthropods have an open circulatory system. What does this mean?

hemolymph

Animals are ___.

heterotrophs

___ structures occur when organisms have similar structures due to common ancestry.

homologu

In insects, ___ occurs when the nymphs resemble the adult and go through a series of molts until they become adults.

incomplete, metamorph

female bullfrogs are attracted to and choose males with the deepest voices to mate with. This is an example of which type of selection?

intersexual

Male zebras (stallions) will compete with each other for dominion and mating rights over a herd of female zebras (mares). This is an example of which type of selection?

intrasexual

Marsupials give birth to embryonic young because they ___.

lack a complex placenta

During the ___, bacteriophages enter a host cell, take over cellular machinery, and produce new viruses which burst out of the cell, thus causing the death of the host cell.

lytic

The ___ body form is free-living and the ___ body form is sessile in cnidarians.

medua, polyp

Egg-laying mammals are called ___.

monotremes

_ is the process by which individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring than individuals with other traits.

natural selection

Sex pili are used for ___.

none

In chordates, the ___ is the longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord.

notochord

Bacterial cell walls are made of ___.

peptidoglycan

___ are bacteria that harness energy from light but must obtain carbon in organic forms.

photoheterotrophs

___ barriers prevent the development of a viable hybrid if fertilization between species does occur.

post zygotic

What is an example of a tuber?

potato

___ barriers prevent fertilization from occurring between separate species.

prezygotic

___ are infectious proteins.

prions

Many bacteria live in ___ relationships where they act to digest cellulose for another organism.

symbiotic

True or False: Bacteria exhibit taxis.

t

True or False: Bacteria use flagella that are scattered over their surface or concentrated at one end of the cell to move.

t

_ isolation occurs when species bred during different times of day, different seasons, or in different years, so gametes of different species cannot be mixed.

temporal

The one characteristic that released reptiles from dependence on water was:

the shelled amniotic egg

Gram ___ bacteria stain pink because _____.

they have less peptidoglycan in their more complex cell walls that are surrounded by a lipopolysaccharide membrane

In molluscs, ___ is the developmental process where the visceral mass rotates up to 180 degrees causing the mantle cavity and anus to wind up over the head of the animal.

torsion

___ occurs when bacteria alter their genotype and possibly their phenotype by taking up foreign DNA from their surroundings.

transformation

If you are ___, you have __ germ layers.

tri 3

True or False: Amphibians are bound to water and can't live or reproduce without living in damp or aquatic habitats.

true

True or False: Bacteria exhibit metabolic cooperation.

true

True or False: Cnidarians have an incomplete digestive tract.

true

True or False: Cnidarians have two embryonic tissue layers.

true

True or False: Gram - bacteria are generally more toxic than Gram + bacteria.

true

True or False: Methanogens are strict anaerobes and use methane gas as an energy source.

true

True or False: Most bony fish are oviparous.

true

True or False: Only characteristics that are heritable may be passed to the next generation.

true

True or False: Prions cause disease without having any genetic material; and are virtually indestructible.

true

True or False: Protists are important ecologically due to symbiotic relationships with many organisms, and because they perform about 25% of the world's photosynthesis.

true

True or False: Protists exhibit more structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes.

true

True or False: The majority of fishes belong to the class Osteichthyes.

true

True or False: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites because they are unable to produce proteins.

true

True or False: Without bacteria that act as decomposers, life could not exist.

true

True or false: The development of jaws is a major milestone in vertebrate evolution.

true

Xylem carries ____ while phloem carries _____.

water and minerals; sugars