BIO 113 - Chapter 1 Study Questions

Homeostasis is defined as

the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

As cell size increases,

volume increases proportionally more than the surface area

The creation of complex molecules from sinpler building blocks is a type of metabolism called _____.

Anabolism

Prokaryotes belong to ________

Domain archaea

Endocrine glands secrete _____ in response to specific stimuli.

Hormones

Which of the following features is unique to bacterial cells? 1. Nucleoid region 2. Nucleus 3. Cell wall 4. Cell membrane 5. Ribosome

Nucleoid region

The process of _____________ transforms solar energy into chemical energy.

Photosynthesis

Homeostasis at the cellular level is maintained primarily by the

Plasma membrane

What feature is found in all cells?

Plasma membrane

Surface to volume ratio is an important characteristic for cell function; some cells increase their ratio by

developing finger-like projections.

A prokaryotic cell

does not have a membrane-bound nucleus

Homeostasis is best thought of as being a state of

dynamic constancy

As cell size increases, the

ratio of surface area to volume decreases

All cells have some characteristics in common; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have

ribosomes, a plasma membrane, and DNA.

Which of the following statements regarding positive feedback is not correct? 1. If blood pressure decreases and negative feedback is not able to maintain homeostasis, positive feedback will cause blood pressure to increase. 2. Positive feedback is rare in healthy individuals. 3. Positive implies that when a value deviates outside of the norm, the response causes the deviation to become greater. 4. Childbirth is an example of positive feedback.

1. If blood pressure decreases and negative feedback is not able to maintain homeostasis, positive feedback will cause blood pressure to increase.

A general eukaryotic cell is typically in the area of

10-100 micrometers

Which of the following is an example of catabolism? 1. Synthesis of a protein from amino acids 2. Enzymatic digestion of lipids 3. Joining glucose molecules together to form a large carbohydrate 4. All of the above are correct

2. Enzymatic digestion of lipids

Within a negative feedback loop 1. the stimulus sends date to the control center 2. the control center detects a change in the internal environment 3. the sensor sends data to the control center 4. the sensor causes an effect to return conditions to normal 5. the effect causes a response

3. the sensor sends data to the control center

A negative feedback mechanism contains what three components?

A sensor, a control center, and an effector

Many insects do not see into the red color-range and as a result, many insect-pollinated flowers are colors other than red (e.g., purple and yellow). This flower coloration would be considered a(n)

Adaption

Which two domains include prokaryotes?

Archaea and bacteria

Negative feedback is NOT involved in the regulation of: 1. Blood calcium levels 2. Blood clotting 3. Acid/base balance 4. Body temperature 5. Blood pressure

Blood clotting

Negative feedback is NOT involved in the regulation of: 1. Blood glucose level 2. Blood clotting 3. Blood calcium concentration 4. Blood volume 5. Body temperature

Blood clotting (this is positive feedback)

Which of the following is NOT an example of a process involving beneficial positive feedback? 1. Protein digestion 2. Transmission of nerve signals 3. Parturition 4. Blood clotting 5. Blood pressure regulation

Blood pressure regulation

The basic structural and functional unit of life is the

Cell

The level of biological organization at which the properties of life emerge is a(n)

Cell

The smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things is a(n)

Cell

The process in which cells become more specialized is called _____.

Cellular differentiation

Which of the following is an example of catabolism? 1. Synthesis of glycogen from glucose molecules 2. Cleavage of a fatty acid from a triglyceride 3. Joining amino acid molecules together to form a polypeptide 4. Formation of mRNA from DNA

Cleavage of a fatty acid from a triglyceride molecule

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Prokaryotic cells? 1. Usually smaller than eukaryotic cells 2. First cells to evolve 3. Contain membrane-bound organelles 4. Contain DNA 5. Includes domains Archaea and Bacteria

Contain membrane-bound organelles

Richard is an avid gardener who spends a lot of time caring for the plants in his garden. To minimize damage from pests from his garden, Richard uses a pesticide spray. At first the spray is very effective and kills off most of the insects that he sees on his vegetable plants. However, after a few years of using the same pesticide he notices that some insects are surviving and continuing to eat his plants. The constant use of pesticides by Richard has led to genetic changes in the population over many generations. This is an example of

Evolution

The component of a feedback mechanism that carries out the final corrective action to restore balance is a(n)

Effector

What type of reaction is catabolism?

Energy-releasing reactions and breaking down into smaller molecules

What type of reaction is anabolism?

Energy-requiring reactions and formation of large molecules.

Domain __________ includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms

Eukarya

Domain _______________ includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms.

Eukarya

Plants, animals, and fungi contain _____ cells (What type of cells?)

Eukaryotic

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time is called __________.

Evolution

Which of the following is an example of anabolism? 1. Formation of glycogen from glucose molecules 2. Cleavage of a fatty acid from a triglyceride 3. Chemical digestion of protein by enzymes 4. Removal of a phosphate group from ATP

Formation of glycogen from glucose molecules

Identify the effectors in this homeostatic reflex: Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.

Heart, kidneys, and blood vessels

Which branch of medicine examines tissues for disease?

Histopathology

Most feedback loops are regulated by _____ and _____.

Hormones, nerves

If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do?

Increase the amount of sodium in the blood.

A feedback mechanism that returns the body to homeostasis is _____ feedback.

Negative

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates release of the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates body cells to uptake glucose from the bloodstream. This reduces blood glucose concentration. This is an example of

Negative feedback

Which of the following features is NOT found in a bacterial cell? 1. Ribosome 2. Cell well 3. Nucleus 4. Nucleoid region 5. Cell membrane

Nucleus

Which structure would NOT be seen in a prokaryotic cell?

Nucleus

What is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?

Organ system

A part in a living cell is called a(n)

Organelle

List body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Which of the following is NOT an example of a process regulated by beneficial positive feedback? 1. Lactation 2. Protein digestion 3. Plasma volume 4. Childbirth 5. Nerve impulse transmission

Plasma volume

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of

Positive feedback

Catabolic reactions

Release energy

As fall approaches, whitetail deer begin to accumulate a layer of body fat. This is an example of which characteristic of life?

Response to the environment

The component of a feedback mechanism that monitors internal and external environments is a(n) _____.

Sensor

What term is used to describe the steady state value for any variable that the body attempts to maintain?

Set point

A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when

blood calcium levels decrease.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a process involving beneficial positive feedback? 1. Transmission of nerve signals 2. Parturition 3. Lactation 4. Temperature regulation 5. Protein digestion

Temperature regulation

A group of cells with similar structure and function is called a(n) _____.

Tissue

A/An ______ consists of a group of similar cells performing similar functions

Tissue

What is the general purpose of positive feedback?

To assist the body in completing a normal physiological process

What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms?

To bring about rapid change in the body to facilitate a physiological event

T or F Blood clotting is an example of positive feedback since the actions the effector amplifies that of the stimulus

True

T or F Negative feedback results in a response that opposes that of the original deviation from normal

True

Negative feedback is NOT involved in the regulation of: 1. Body temperature 2. Blood sodium levels 3. Plasma pH 4. Blood volume 5. Uterine contractions during childbirth

Uterine contractions during childbirth

All chemical reactions that occur in a cell are called _____

metabolism

All the chemical reactions that occur in the body's cells are called _____.

metabolism

Which body systems are primarily responsible for the regulation/maintenance of overall homeostasis in the human organism?

nervous system and endocrine system

List levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?

organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

_____ are composed of two or more tissue types, whereas _____ are microscopic in a cell.

organs, organelles

In negative feedback mechanisms changes away from the normal state

stimulate changes in the opposite direction.

Cell size is limited because ___________ is critical to a cell's function.

surface area to volume ratio