BIO 135: Reproductive System
A(n) ______ is a a barrier birth control method that adheres to the cervix by suction and is inserted in the vagina before intercourse.
Cervical cap
Caused by bacteria; Symptoms: painful urination and intercourse, mucous discharge from penis or vagina Treatment: Antibiotics
Chlamydia infection
Produces feelings of pleasure during sexual stimulation due to abundant sensory nerve endings in glans
Clitoris
The colored, circular zone surrounding the nipple of the breast is called ________
Areola
Methods of contraception are designed to ________.
Avoid fertilization of an egg cell following sexual intercourse (coitus) and prevent implantation of a blastocyst that will develop into an embryo
The external genitals of the female reproductive system.
Clitoris, Labia majora, and labia minora
The clitoris, labia minora, labia majora and vestibular glands are female ________ genitals.
External
The reproductive system functions to produce reproductive cells or ________ (sperm cells or oocytes) and transport them to sites of fertilization.
Gametes
Caused by a virus; Symptoms: Sores, fever; Treatment: Antiviral drug (Acyclovir)
Genital herpes
Caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV); Treatment: chemical or surgical removal
Genital warts
Caused by bacteria; Symptoms: Usually none in women; in men, painful urination; Treatment: Antibiotics
Gonorrhea
Beginning at puberty, primary oocytes continue meiosis. The resulting cells are secondary oocytes (future egg cells) in which the original chromosome number is ________.
Halved (23 paired chromosomes)
What of the following statements are true about barrier birth control methods?
In addition to birth control, they may also reduce the chances of contracting sexually transmitted infections, they prevent sperm cells from entering the female reproductive tract during intercourse, and they include condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps
Proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle with their corresponding hormonal changes
Increasing concentration of estrogen
Secretory or Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle with their corresponding hormonal changes
Increasing concentration of progesterone
________ is the failure of a couple to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse.
Infertility
Which of these produce and secrete testosterone?
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
Indicate which of the following are true regarding the uterus.
It functions to harbor the developing embryo and it is a hollow muscular organ
Changes that occur in the uterus during the month are considered part of the ________ cycle.
Menstrual
The ________ cycle involves repetitive changes in the uterine lining that lead to the release of blood and fluids every 24 to 35 days.
Menstrual
Increasing concentration of estrogen
Menstruation
Step 1 of the female menstrual cycle beginning with day 1
Menstruation (menses)
The ________ is located near the tip of each breast and it is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called ________.
Nipple; areola
The production of the female gamete (ovum) by the process of meiosis is called ________
Oogenesis
The ________ is the pleasurable sensation of physiological and psychological release, during which reflexes cause contraction of the muscles of the perineum, uterine wall and uterine tubes.
Orgasm
The solid, almond-shaped organs of the female reproductive system, located in upper lateral portion of the pelvic cavity are called the ________
Ovaries
Which of the following organs is/are classified as a primary sex organ?
Ovaries
What is the function of interstitial cells (Leydig cells)?
Produce and secrete male sex hormones
What are functions of the organs of the female reproductive system?
Produce female sex hormones, facilitate the development of the offspring, and produce and maintain female sex cells
Increasing concentration of progesterone
Proliferative phase
Step 2 of the female menstrual cycle beginning with day 1
Proliferative phase
The functions of the female reproductive system.
Site of oogenesis, transport menstrual fluids out of the uterus, production of hormones, and the production of gametes
The functions of the male reproductive system.
Sperm maturation, production of hormones, production of gametes, and deposition of sperm in the vagina
The large, outermost cells of a seminiferous tubule that contain 23 pairs of chromosomes are called ________.
Spermatogonia
________ divide by mitosis, contain 46 chromosomes, and are the germ cells near the outer capsule of the seminiferous tubules.
Spermatogonia
What is the function of the sustentacular (Sertoli) cells?
Support, nourish and regulate the development of cells under going spermatogenesis
Ovulation of the menstrual cycle with their corresponding hormonal changes
Surge in concentration of LH
Identify the female internal reproductive organs.
Vagina, uterus, and uterine tubes
Which of the following best describes the products of meiosis II in males?
2 spermatids from each secondary spermatocyte; each spermatid contains 23 chromosomes
What is the haploid number for normal human cells?
23
What is the diploid number for normal human cells?
46
Secondary spermatocytes contain ________ chromatids arranged in ________ pairs.
46: 23
Meiosis II of spermatogenesis begins with 2 secondary spermatocytes and ends with a total of ________ spermatids. The spermatids are ________ cells.
4; haploid
Caused by HIV virus; Symptoms: Fever, weakness, infections Treatment: No cure
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Methods of ________, also called birth control, are designed to avoid fertilization of an egg following intercourse or a method designed to prevent implantation.
Contraception
Menstruation of the menstrual cycle with their corresponding hormonal changes
Decline in concentration of progesterone and estrogen
Estrogens maintain and promote development of female secondary sex characteristics, that include ________.
Development of the breasts, enlargement of the pelvic girdle, and increase of adipose tissue in the breasts, thighs, and buttocks
Accessory or secondary sex organs of the male.
Epididymis, ejaculatory duct, vas deferens, and urethra
Although several follicles begin growing, only one follicle continues to develop and secretes increasing amounts of ________
Estrogen
Although several follicles may begin maturing, typically, only one follicle continues developing and becomes increasingly sensitive to:
FSH and LH
Event 2 of the female reproductive cycle that results in ovulation
FSH stimulates maturation of a follicle
The ________ ________ or oviducts extend between the ovary and the uterus.
Fallopian tubes
True or false: The PAP smear is a test that is useful in the early detection of ovarian cancer.
False
True or false: The cause of infertility is usually attributable to the male.
False
Event 3 of the female reproductive cycle that results in ovulation
Follicular cells secrete estrogens, the endometrium thickens
Decline in concentration of progesterone and estrogen
Follicular phase
Indicate which of the following are true regarding spermatogenesis.
It occurs in males starting at puberty, it occurs in seminiferous tubules inside the testes, it is the process of formation of sperm cells, and after spermatogenesis is completed, sperm cells pass to the epididymis, where they accumulate and mature
Form margins of vestibule; protect openings of vagina and urethra
Labia minora
Which of the following are true regarding the structure of testes.
Lobules are filled with highly coiled seminiferous tubules, septa divide the testes into lobules, and testes are covered by a fibrous capsule that extends into each testis forming septa
The barrier birth control method that is worn over the erect penis, and keeps sperm out of the vagina upon ejaculation is a(n) ________.
Male condom
Follicular phase of the menstrual cycle with their corresponding hormonal changes
Maturation of ovarian follicles mediated by FSH
Spermatogenesis is the process that produces sperm from spermatogonia through a process of cell division called ________
Meiosis
The ovum travels from the ovary to the uterus through a muscular tube. These tubes have several names. Which of the following are correct?
Oviducts, fallopian tubes, and uterine tubes
Maturation of ovarian follicles mediated by FSH
Ovulation
The process of ________ that occurs about day 14 of the ovarian cycle includes the rupturing of the mature follicle and the release of its oocyte and surrounding cells.
Ovulation
The release of a secondary oocyte from the ovary is known as ________.
Ovulation
The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers ________, resulting in release of a secondary oocyte from the ovary surface.
Ovulation
Event 5 of the female reproductive cycle that results in ovulation
Ovulation occurs
While there is a vaccine that can provide immunity to the virus that causes most cervical cancers, the ________ ________ (which involves scraping cells of the cervix) remains important for early detection of cervical cancer.
PAP smear
How do mechanical barrier contraceptives work?
Prevent sperm cells from entering the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse
At puberty, FSH levels increase and the ovaries enlarge. With each reproductive cycle primordial follicles mature into ________ follicles.
Primary
With each reproductive cycle, some primordial follicles mature into ________ follicles.
Primary
The diploid stem cells found in the ovaries are called ________.
Primary oocytes
The _______ sex organs in males are the two testes, in which sperm cells and the male sex hormones are formed. The ________ sex organs are the internal and external reproductive organs.
Primary; accessory
Secretes an alkaline secretion that enhances sperm motility
Prostate gland
Indicate which of the following structures are part of the internal accessory organs of the male reproductive system.
Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, epididymides, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra
What are primary oocytes?
Reproductive diploid stem cells of females
Encloses, protects, and regulates temperature of the testes
Scrotum
Traits commonly regarded as female ________ sex characteristics are enlargement of the breasts, distribution of body fat, relatively hairless appearance of the skin.
Secondary
In males, what are the products of meiosis I?
Secondary spermatocytes
Surge in concentration of LH
Secretory or Luteal phase
Step 3 of the female menstrual cycle beginning with day 1
Secretory phase
Sperm cells are produced in the ________.
Seminiferous tubules
________ are highly coiled structures found inside the testes where sperm cells are formed.
Seminiferous tubules
A tough, white, fibrous capsule extends into the testis forming ________ that divide the testis into ________, containing highly coiled ________.
Septa; lobules; seminiferous tubules
The type of cells located in the seminiferous tubule that function to support, nourish and regulate the development of cells under going spermatogenesis are called ________ cells.
Sertoli
Caused by Treponema pallidum; Symptoms: Chancre on genitals or mouth; rash6 months later; several years with no symptoms as infection spreads; finally damage to organs; Treatment: Antibiotics
Syphilis
What is the primary sex organ of the male?
Testes
Secretes male sex hormones and produces sperm cells
Testis
Event 1 of the female reproductive cycle that results in ovulation
The anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH
Event 4 of the female reproductive cycle that results in ovulation
The anterior pituitary releases a surge of LH
What is ovulation?
The release of a secondary oocyte from the ovary
Which of the following best describes the development of the testes?
The testes develop within the abdominal cavity and descend into the scrotum during fetal development
True or false: The testes begin development within the male abdominal cavity.
True
Conveys secondary oocyte toward uterus; site of fertilization
Uterine tube
Accessory female sex organs
Uterine tubes, cervix, uterus, and vagina
The muscular, hollow organ of the female reproductive tract that supports the developing embryo is the ________
Uterus
Conveys uterine secretions to outside of body; receives erect penis during sexual intercourse; provides open channel for offspring during brith process
Vagina
Which of the following are associated with sexual stimulation in a female?
Vagine expands and elongates, secretion by the Bartholin (vestibular) glands increase, and erectile tissue becomes engorged
Contracts to propel sperm towards ejaculatory duct
Vas deferens
