BIO 135: Reproductive System

A(n) ______ is a a barrier birth control method that adheres to the cervix by suction and is inserted in the vagina before intercourse.

Cervical cap

Caused by bacteria; Symptoms: painful urination and intercourse, mucous discharge from penis or vagina Treatment: Antibiotics

Chlamydia infection

Produces feelings of pleasure during sexual stimulation due to abundant sensory nerve endings in glans

Clitoris

The colored, circular zone surrounding the nipple of the breast is called ________

Areola

Methods of contraception are designed to ________.

Avoid fertilization of an egg cell following sexual intercourse (coitus) and prevent implantation of a blastocyst that will develop into an embryo

The external genitals of the female reproductive system.

Clitoris, Labia majora, and labia minora

The clitoris, labia minora, labia majora and vestibular glands are female ________ genitals.

External

The reproductive system functions to produce reproductive cells or ________ (sperm cells or oocytes) and transport them to sites of fertilization.

Gametes

Caused by a virus; Symptoms: Sores, fever; Treatment: Antiviral drug (Acyclovir)

Genital herpes

Caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV); Treatment: chemical or surgical removal

Genital warts

Caused by bacteria; Symptoms: Usually none in women; in men, painful urination; Treatment: Antibiotics

Gonorrhea

Beginning at puberty, primary oocytes continue meiosis. The resulting cells are secondary oocytes (future egg cells) in which the original chromosome number is ________.

Halved (23 paired chromosomes)

What of the following statements are true about barrier birth control methods?

In addition to birth control, they may also reduce the chances of contracting sexually transmitted infections, they prevent sperm cells from entering the female reproductive tract during intercourse, and they include condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps

Proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle with their corresponding hormonal changes

Increasing concentration of estrogen

Secretory or Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle with their corresponding hormonal changes

Increasing concentration of progesterone

________ is the failure of a couple to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse.

Infertility

Which of these produce and secrete testosterone?

Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

Indicate which of the following are true regarding the uterus.

It functions to harbor the developing embryo and it is a hollow muscular organ

Changes that occur in the uterus during the month are considered part of the ________ cycle.

Menstrual

The ________ cycle involves repetitive changes in the uterine lining that lead to the release of blood and fluids every 24 to 35 days.

Menstrual

Increasing concentration of estrogen

Menstruation

Step 1 of the female menstrual cycle beginning with day 1

Menstruation (menses)

The ________ is located near the tip of each breast and it is surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called ________.

Nipple; areola

The production of the female gamete (ovum) by the process of meiosis is called ________

Oogenesis

The ________ is the pleasurable sensation of physiological and psychological release, during which reflexes cause contraction of the muscles of the perineum, uterine wall and uterine tubes.

Orgasm

The solid, almond-shaped organs of the female reproductive system, located in upper lateral portion of the pelvic cavity are called the ________

Ovaries

Which of the following organs is/are classified as a primary sex organ?

Ovaries

What is the function of interstitial cells (Leydig cells)?

Produce and secrete male sex hormones

What are functions of the organs of the female reproductive system?

Produce female sex hormones, facilitate the development of the offspring, and produce and maintain female sex cells

Increasing concentration of progesterone

Proliferative phase

Step 2 of the female menstrual cycle beginning with day 1

Proliferative phase

The functions of the female reproductive system.

Site of oogenesis, transport menstrual fluids out of the uterus, production of hormones, and the production of gametes

The functions of the male reproductive system.

Sperm maturation, production of hormones, production of gametes, and deposition of sperm in the vagina

The large, outermost cells of a seminiferous tubule that contain 23 pairs of chromosomes are called ________.

Spermatogonia

________ divide by mitosis, contain 46 chromosomes, and are the germ cells near the outer capsule of the seminiferous tubules.

Spermatogonia

What is the function of the sustentacular (Sertoli) cells?

Support, nourish and regulate the development of cells under going spermatogenesis

Ovulation of the menstrual cycle with their corresponding hormonal changes

Surge in concentration of LH

Identify the female internal reproductive organs.

Vagina, uterus, and uterine tubes

Which of the following best describes the products of meiosis II in males?

2 spermatids from each secondary spermatocyte; each spermatid contains 23 chromosomes

What is the haploid number for normal human cells?

23

What is the diploid number for normal human cells?

46

Secondary spermatocytes contain ________ chromatids arranged in ________ pairs.

46: 23

Meiosis II of spermatogenesis begins with 2 secondary spermatocytes and ends with a total of ________ spermatids. The spermatids are ________ cells.

4; haploid

Caused by HIV virus; Symptoms: Fever, weakness, infections Treatment: No cure

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Methods of ________, also called birth control, are designed to avoid fertilization of an egg following intercourse or a method designed to prevent implantation.

Contraception

Menstruation of the menstrual cycle with their corresponding hormonal changes

Decline in concentration of progesterone and estrogen

Estrogens maintain and promote development of female secondary sex characteristics, that include ________.

Development of the breasts, enlargement of the pelvic girdle, and increase of adipose tissue in the breasts, thighs, and buttocks

Accessory or secondary sex organs of the male.

Epididymis, ejaculatory duct, vas deferens, and urethra

Although several follicles begin growing, only one follicle continues to develop and secretes increasing amounts of ________

Estrogen

Although several follicles may begin maturing, typically, only one follicle continues developing and becomes increasingly sensitive to:

FSH and LH

Event 2 of the female reproductive cycle that results in ovulation

FSH stimulates maturation of a follicle

The ________ ________ or oviducts extend between the ovary and the uterus.

Fallopian tubes

True or false: The PAP smear is a test that is useful in the early detection of ovarian cancer.

False

True or false: The cause of infertility is usually attributable to the male.

False

Event 3 of the female reproductive cycle that results in ovulation

Follicular cells secrete estrogens, the endometrium thickens

Decline in concentration of progesterone and estrogen

Follicular phase

Indicate which of the following are true regarding spermatogenesis.

It occurs in males starting at puberty, it occurs in seminiferous tubules inside the testes, it is the process of formation of sperm cells, and after spermatogenesis is completed, sperm cells pass to the epididymis, where they accumulate and mature

Form margins of vestibule; protect openings of vagina and urethra

Labia minora

Which of the following are true regarding the structure of testes.

Lobules are filled with highly coiled seminiferous tubules, septa divide the testes into lobules, and testes are covered by a fibrous capsule that extends into each testis forming septa

The barrier birth control method that is worn over the erect penis, and keeps sperm out of the vagina upon ejaculation is a(n) ________.

Male condom

Follicular phase of the menstrual cycle with their corresponding hormonal changes

Maturation of ovarian follicles mediated by FSH

Spermatogenesis is the process that produces sperm from spermatogonia through a process of cell division called ________

Meiosis

The ovum travels from the ovary to the uterus through a muscular tube. These tubes have several names. Which of the following are correct?

Oviducts, fallopian tubes, and uterine tubes

Maturation of ovarian follicles mediated by FSH

Ovulation

The process of ________ that occurs about day 14 of the ovarian cycle includes the rupturing of the mature follicle and the release of its oocyte and surrounding cells.

Ovulation

The release of a secondary oocyte from the ovary is known as ________.

Ovulation

The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers ________, resulting in release of a secondary oocyte from the ovary surface.

Ovulation

Event 5 of the female reproductive cycle that results in ovulation

Ovulation occurs

While there is a vaccine that can provide immunity to the virus that causes most cervical cancers, the ________ ________ (which involves scraping cells of the cervix) remains important for early detection of cervical cancer.

PAP smear

How do mechanical barrier contraceptives work?

Prevent sperm cells from entering the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse

At puberty, FSH levels increase and the ovaries enlarge. With each reproductive cycle primordial follicles mature into ________ follicles.

Primary

With each reproductive cycle, some primordial follicles mature into ________ follicles.

Primary

The diploid stem cells found in the ovaries are called ________.

Primary oocytes

The _______ sex organs in males are the two testes, in which sperm cells and the male sex hormones are formed. The ________ sex organs are the internal and external reproductive organs.

Primary; accessory

Secretes an alkaline secretion that enhances sperm motility

Prostate gland

Indicate which of the following structures are part of the internal accessory organs of the male reproductive system.

Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, epididymides, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra

What are primary oocytes?

Reproductive diploid stem cells of females

Encloses, protects, and regulates temperature of the testes

Scrotum

Traits commonly regarded as female ________ sex characteristics are enlargement of the breasts, distribution of body fat, relatively hairless appearance of the skin.

Secondary

In males, what are the products of meiosis I?

Secondary spermatocytes

Surge in concentration of LH

Secretory or Luteal phase

Step 3 of the female menstrual cycle beginning with day 1

Secretory phase

Sperm cells are produced in the ________.

Seminiferous tubules

________ are highly coiled structures found inside the testes where sperm cells are formed.

Seminiferous tubules

A tough, white, fibrous capsule extends into the testis forming ________ that divide the testis into ________, containing highly coiled ________.

Septa; lobules; seminiferous tubules

The type of cells located in the seminiferous tubule that function to support, nourish and regulate the development of cells under going spermatogenesis are called ________ cells.

Sertoli

Caused by Treponema pallidum; Symptoms: Chancre on genitals or mouth; rash6 months later; several years with no symptoms as infection spreads; finally damage to organs; Treatment: Antibiotics

Syphilis

What is the primary sex organ of the male?

Testes

Secretes male sex hormones and produces sperm cells

Testis

Event 1 of the female reproductive cycle that results in ovulation

The anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH

Event 4 of the female reproductive cycle that results in ovulation

The anterior pituitary releases a surge of LH

What is ovulation?

The release of a secondary oocyte from the ovary

Which of the following best describes the development of the testes?

The testes develop within the abdominal cavity and descend into the scrotum during fetal development

True or false: The testes begin development within the male abdominal cavity.

True

Conveys secondary oocyte toward uterus; site of fertilization

Uterine tube

Accessory female sex organs

Uterine tubes, cervix, uterus, and vagina

The muscular, hollow organ of the female reproductive tract that supports the developing embryo is the ________

Uterus

Conveys uterine secretions to outside of body; receives erect penis during sexual intercourse; provides open channel for offspring during brith process

Vagina

Which of the following are associated with sexual stimulation in a female?

Vagine expands and elongates, secretion by the Bartholin (vestibular) glands increase, and erectile tissue becomes engorged

Contracts to propel sperm towards ejaculatory duct

Vas deferens