BA-1301 Chapter 9 Smart book

True or false: Punishment will provide quick results and is a more effective way to modify behavior in the workplace than offering a reward.

False

______ has benefits for both companies and employees in that it increases a company's ability to recruit and retain workers and allows employees to balance work and home life by allowing them to choose their starting and ending times, as long as they are there during a specified core period.

Flextime

Which theory states that goals act as motivators to focus employee efforts on achieving certain performance outcomes?

Goal-setting theory

Edwin's car has been breaking down frequently and now it won't start altogether. He must have a car to get to work, so he has been shopping around for a new car. He just signed the paperwork today on a new vehicle and couldn't be happier! What is the "goal" in this scenario?

Having selected a new vehicle that he now owns

When a worker's productivity increases regardless of the physical conditions of the workplace, this is referred to as the ______ effect.

Hawthorne

Which researcher studied motivation specifically related to the workplace and determined that a variety of hygiene and motivational factors impact worker motivation?

Herzberg

Which area of the organizational environment seeks to understand what motivates employees to perform on the job?

Human relation

What was the main objective of the time and motion studies conducted by Frederick Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth?

Increase worker productivity

Feeling personal satisfaction refers to what type of reward?

Intrinsic

Based on Herzberg's theory, which element is a hygiene factor?

Job security

Jack has elderly parents he needs to care for and he would like to cut his hours down to half-time. Which flexible scheduling strategy might work for Jack?

Job sharing

____ is an inner drive that directs a person's behavior toward goals.

Motivation

_____ explains why people behave as they do or, at times, why people avoid doing what they should do.

Motivation

Which element(s) in the work environment was found to dissatisfy workers when not present, but when present did not serve as a motivator for workers?

Pay and job security

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?

Pay increase

_______ unacceptable behavior may provide quick results but may lead to undesirable long-term side effects, such as employee dissatisfaction and increased turnover.

Punishing

According to Herzberg, which of the following is a motivational factor and is NOT a hygiene factor?

Recognition

Edwin's car has been breaking down frequently and now it won't start altogether. He must have a car to get to work, so he has been shopping around for a new car. He just signed the paperwork today on a new vehicle and couldn't be happier! What is the "need" in this scenario?

Requiring a car for work and not having one that functions

Which of the following is NOT a level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Self-awareness

Which of the following flexible scheduling strategies involves employees working from home while connected to the workplace via computers and telephones?

Telecommuting

Which motivation theory suggests that money is the sole motivator for workers?

The classical theory

How would a manager subscribing to Theory Z manage his or her employees?

The management style would be participative; managers and workers share responsibilities

Which of the following is a security need?

The need for health insurance

According to Herzberg, which of the following accurately describes motivational factors?

The presence of motivational factors is likely to motivate employees to excel.

McGregor's humanistic view of management whereby it is assumed that workers like to work and that under proper conditions employees will seek out responsibility in an attempt to satisfy their social, esteem, and self-actualization needs is known as ______.

Theory Y

_____ is a management philosophy that emphasizes employee participation in all aspects of company decision making.

Theory Z

True or false: According to the equity theory, each worker develops a personal input-output ratio to compare the his or her inputs with the outputs or rewards offered by the organization.

True

A job design strategy that attempts to alleviate the boredom associated with job specialization by allowing employees to move from one job to another is ______.

job rotation

All of the following are flexible scheduling strategies EXCEPT ______.

job rotation

Ann works as a receptionist for a large company. Since the job is fairly repetitive, Ann gets bored easily. Her company recently offered Ann the opportunity to rotate to other departments in administrative jobs so she can learn new skills related to the other departments. This is an example of

job rotation

According to equity theory, if you perceive that your personal input-output ratio is ______ than that of your co-worker, you may feel that you are being treated unfairly.

lower

An employee's attitude toward his or her job, employer, and colleagues is referred to as that employee's ______.

morale

A person who recognizes a need and takes action to satisfy the need and achieve a goal is said to be _____.

motivated

When a need is unmet, Maslow states that people will be _____ to fill it.

motivated

An inner drive that causes humans to act, whether it is eating to reduce hunger or studying for an exam to get a good grade is referred to as ______.

motivation

Herzberg studied the relationship between ______.

motivation and job-related factors

Vroom's expectancy theory states that ______.

motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it

An assumption about people made by a Theory Y manager is that people ______.

naturally like to work

An assumption made by a Theory X manager about people is that ______.

people have little ambition

Water, food, shelter, and clothing are essential for life and are considered _____ needs by Maslow.

physiological

The original intent of the Hawthorne studies was to conduct a study to correlate physical conditions in the workplace--such as the level of lighting--with worker's ______.

productivity

Time and motion studies conducted by Frederick Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth in the early 20th century focused on how workers perform specific work tasks in an effort to improve ________.

productivity

The results of the Hawthorne studies found that ______.

productivity increased regardless of the physical conditions

A Theory X manager would most likely ______.

provide constant supervision

According to Herzberg, which of the following is a motivational factor?

recognition

Esteem needs are related to _____.

respect

B.F. Skinner, a psychologist who developed behavior modification, theory found that behavior that is ______ will tend to be increased, whereas behavior that is ______ will tend to be eliminated.

rewarded; punished

Job _____ does not totally eliminate the problem of boredom because employees may eventually become bored with all the jobs in the cycle.

rotation

Job ______ is extremely useful in situations where a person is being trained for a position that requires an understanding of various units in an organization.

rotation

Jon ______ involves moving workers from one task to the next to make work more interesting and motivating.

rotation

The need to protect yourself from physical and economic harm fits the ______ need category, according to Maslow.

security

Job ______ occurs when two people do one job, often at a lower cost for salaries and benefits than one person working eight hours a day would be paid.

sharing

When two people do what is traditionally one job, it is called job ____.

sharing

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, to fulfill ______ needs, a person may try to make friends with a coworker, join a group, volunteer at a hospital, and/or throw a party.

social

Joining a group, volunteering, or throwing a party are all ways an individual might satisfy their ____ needs.

social

Workers who work at home and are connected to the workplace by computers and telephones are called ______.

telecommute

Mayo's findings in the Hawthorne studies revealed that workers were responding to ______.

the attention they received

McGregor's humanistic view of management is called

theory x

According to Maslow, the difference between satisfied and unsatisfied needs is that ______.

unsatisfied needs continue to motivate

Job enlargement is a job design strategy ______.

where more tasks are added to a job

According to McGregor, Theory X managers view employees as ______.

wishing to avoid responsibility

The Hawthorne studies were originally designed to study the relationship between ______.

workplace conditions and productivity

The job design strategy that involves adding more tasks to a job is called _____.

job enlargement

Choose all of the benefits associated with flextime scheduling strategies. (Select all that apply)

1. Better recruitment and retention of workers 2. Better customer service due to increased hours of coverage 3. Better utilization of facilities

Goal-setting theory assumes which three of the following? (Select all that apply)

1. Goals direct employee efforts toward an outcome. 2. Goals help employees develop consistent behavior patterns. 3. Goals act as motivators.

Select the three organizational outcomes of high morale?

1. High levels of productivity 2. High employee loyalty 3. High returns to stakeholders

Which three are job design strategies used to improve employee motivation?

1. Job enrichment 2. Job rotation 3. Flexible scheduling

In his classical theory of motivation, Frederick Taylor proposed two things that he thought would improve worker productivity. What were they?

1. Linking pay to output 2. Job specialization

Why should managers be concerned with the study of human relations?

1. Motivated employees achieve organizational objectives efficiently and effectively. 2. Effectively motivating employees keeps them engaged in their work. 3. Positive interpersonal relationships among employees are related to high morale and motivation in the workplace.

Select assumptions made by Theory X managers about people. (Select all that apply)

1. People are motivated to avoid punishment. 2. People must be controlled and forced to work. 3. People prefer to avoid work.

What three assumptions are made by a Theory Y manager about people?

1. People like to work. 2. People are motivated by a variety of rewards. 3. People seek responsibility.

Select three examples of intrinsic rewards.

1. Personal satisfaction 2. Feeling that your work contributes to society 3. Feeling that your work contributes to the company

Job enrichment incorporates which three motivational factors into the design of the job?

1. Recognition 2. Advancement 3. Achievement

Rank Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the order in which people strive to satisfy them. The first need that people attempt to satisfy should be at the bottom of your list and the highest developed need should be at the top of your list.

1. Self-actualization needs 2. Esteem needs 3. Social needs 4. Security needs 5. Physiological needs

What two examples are characteristic of a manager with a Theory X mentality?

1. Telling people what to do and how to do it 2. Very busy checking others

According to Herzberg, hygiene factors at work would include ______. (select all that apply)

1. job security 2. good working conditions

According to equity theory, in order to restore equity or fairness of a work situation a worker may ______. (select all that apply)

1. try to increase his or her own outputs 2. try to have the inputs of coworkers increased

Reinforcement theory is associated with which of the following?

Behavior modification

In the workplace, which of the following would most relate to esteem needs?

Competition

What theory is based on the idea that employees try to maintain fairness or balance between inputs and outputs as compared to others in similar positions?

Equity

True or false: The initial result of the Hawthorne studies demonstrated that no matter what the levels of light and noise were, worker productivity increased simply because the workers liked the attention they received by being part of a study.

True

True or false: With job sharing, the company has the benefit of the skills of two people for one job.

True

Which of the following is a characteristic of an engaged worker?

Works with a commitment to the organization

Allowing workers to work full-time hours in fewer than five days is called ______.

a compressed workweek

Flextime can be described as ______.

a program that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times, provided that they are at work during a specified core period

Lee works 40 hours per week, typically working 10 hours per day Monday through Thursday, and taking a three-day weekend. Lee works a ______ workweek

compressed

An employee who feels emotional involvement and commitment to their work is said to be ______.

engaged

Job ______ adds more tasks to a job instead of treating each task as separate.

enlargement

Job _____ incorporates opportunities for achievement, recognition, and responsibility into a job, giving workers not only more tasks, but more control and authority over the job.

enrichment

______ theory states that employees look for fairness in the workplace as compared to others before deciding to perform.

equity

Victor Vroom's ______ theory states that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it.

expectancy

The basis of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is that motivation and effort is affected by ______.

expectations of achieving a desirable outcome

Benefits and/or recognition that you receive from someone else such as a bonus or award certificate is a(n) ______ reward.

extrinsic

Greg's team was given the task of updating the company's invoice and billing system. They completed the project ahead of schedule and came in way under budget. As a result, everyone on the team received a bonus. This is an example of a(n) ______ reward.

extrinsic

Something given to you by someone else in recognition of good work is referred to as a(n) ______ reward.

extrinsic

Flextime, compressed workweeks, job sharing, part-time work, and telecommuting are all ______ scheduling strategies.

flexible

A program that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times, as long as they are at work during a specified core period, is called ______.

flextime

Managers who strive to understand how to boost workplace morale, maximize productivity, and motivate employees to be more effective are concerned with the study of ______.

human relations

The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings is referred to as _____.

human relations

The rationale behind job enlargement is that jobs are more interesting and satisfying as the number of tasks performed by an individual _____.

increases

In equity theory, a worker's contribution to the organization is referred to as his or her _______, while rewards offered by the organization are referred to as _______.

inputs; outputs

After working for months to learn how to use a drill press, Taryn finally mastered the use of the tool. She is pleased that her hard work paid off. This is an example of a(n) ______ reward.

intrinsic

The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals refers to a(n) ______ reward.

intrinsic

An example of Maslow's hierarchy is when a person has eaten a six-course meal and ______.

is no longer motivated by hunger

Job rotation, job enrichment, and flexible scheduling are examples of ______.

job design strategies