BIO 140: Exam 3

The ecological niche of a giant panda is ___________.

A bamboo forest herbivore

Which of the following are examples of transpacific interactions? (Select all that apply.)

An adult mother polar bear chasing her full-grown young out of her territory, two stallions fighting over a mare.

Choose the situation that best represents a climax community.

An old-growth forest

In general, where is species diversity the greatest?

At the equator

Young animals disperse

Baby turtles hatch and coal in the ocean

The type of mimicry where a harmless animal looks harmful in order to avoid predation is termed _________ mimicry, whereas Müllerian mimicry occurs when two organisms look alike and are both harmful

Batesian

Mutualism

Both members benefit

The number of animals that can be supported in an environment is called _________.

Carrying Capacity

The two-word term has been used to describe the amount of people that earth can sustain, but it can be used more generally for the amount of biomass an environmental can support

Carrying capacity

Resources are partitioned between generations.

Caterpillars eat plants while butterflies drink nectar

A community that is stable for long periods of time and does not change is a(n) _______ community.

Climax

Physical change that occurs in a species as a response to its predator over thousands of years is ____________.

Coevolution

The zebra longing butterfly (Heliconius charitonius) has adapted to withstand the toxins and defenses in its host plant, the passion flower (Passiflora sp.) This back-and-forth response of adaptations between the butterfly and plant that has lasted thousands of years it ____________.

Coevolution

Ecological structure refers to patterns of spatial distribution and the relation of a particular species or ________ to its surroundings.

Community

_______ refers to the number of species in each trophic level.

Complexity

Which of the following is not an example of disturbance?

Disease

A(n) ___________ a force that disrupts community structure.

Disturbance

__________ is the number of unique species in a given area.

Diversity

How does species diversity change with latitude (moving from the equator toward the poles?)

Diversity decreases

If a scientist were tracking the birth rates, death, rates, and overall population fluctuations of mountain gorillas in Uganda, and then that scientist is studying the population _________ if this gorillas.

Dynamics

Density-Independent

Earthquake, Habitat Loss, Drought

The elimination of a keystone species may cause catastrophic change to the __________.

Ecosystem

___________ factors can limit where a species exists.

Environmental

Identity the type of growth patten seen in the first part of the graph represented by the J-curve.

Exponential

The type of population growth pattern that displays a J-shaped curve, and has no limit, is ____________ growth

Exponential

True or false: A habitat includes the role that an organism fills.

False

Identify the examples of a K-selected species. (Choose all that apply.)

Florida panthers, Gorillas

Once a population has been separated, the DNA structure of that population begins to diverge as a result of _________, which may lead to speciation. (Choose all the apply.)

Genetic drift, Random mutation

Adaption is the acquisition of advantageous traits. Theses traits must be _________, so that future generations may benefit.

Heritable

Type III

High mortality rates for juveniles

Type I

High survival rates for juveniles

Taxonomy is ________. (Choose all that apply)

Important in scientific research, the study of types of organisms

Termites have a protozoan symbiote in their gut that breaks down the cellulose in wood, allowing the termite to obtain nutrients from the wood while the protozoan is protected from the external environment. Therefore, the termite and the protozoan are ________.

Inseparable

When a population is affected by a population of another species, this is an example of a(n) __________ interaction.

Interspecific

Which of the following must be true in order for a mutation to be inherited?

It must occur in reproductive cells

Sea otters are a _______ species in the kelp forest of the Pacific coast. The overhunting of sea otters may cause catastrophic change in the kelp forest

Keystone

Choose the pioneer species from the following list.

Lichens and mosses

Identify the type of growth patter seen in the graph (line A).

Logistic

The type of population growth pattern that slows as the carrying is approached, and makes an S-Shaped curve on a graph, is ___________ growth.

Logistic

In a desert habitat, plant survivability is most limited by the amount of __________.

Moisture

When a version of an organism in a population has a useful trait that leads to a higher reproductive success, this is known as ___________.

Natural selection

The American carrion beetle, Necrophila Americana, is a decomposer that lives in march and forested areas in North America east of the Rockies. The role and location together are the _______ of the beetle.

Niche

Predation

One member benefits while the other is hurt

Commensalism

One member benefits while the other is not affected

Species abundant

Optimal range

Density-Dependent

Overcrowding, Disease

The saguaro cactus (Carnegiea) can only exist in environments that do not go below freezing. This would be an example of ________ limiting species distribution

Physiological stress

___________ ____________ describes that changes in population size over time.

Population dynamics

The graph indicates that density-dependent mechanisms affecting population growth may be a result of interactions between different __________.

Populations

If a bird lays her maximum clutch size of eggs and has 100% survival every session, the resulting gigantic population is an example of the bird's biotic ____________.

Potential

A lava flow would result in _________ succession while a forest fire would result in _________ succession

Primary, secondary

Primary ________ is the creation of biomass by photosynthesis

Productivity

Identify the examples of r-selected species. (Choose all that apply.)

Roach, Wildflower

Parents force offspring into new territory

Songbirds nature quickly and are unwelcome after they can feed themselves

The development of a new species ___________.

Speciation

_________ is the development of new species

Speciation

Specialist

Species that are extremely efficient in a particular habitat

Generalist

Species that tend to have large geographic ranges and thrive in a broad variety of habitats

Bacteria in your gut are part of your microbiome, and are only a few of the thousands of different organisms that live symbiotically with you. Choose three of the important functions of gut microorganisms

Supply hormones and neurotransmitters, Digestion of nutrients, Exclusion of pathogens

When the fate of two species are intimately linked, they share a __________ relationship.

Symbiotic

__________ is the study of types of organisms and their relationships. Scientists use it to classify and organize organisms

Taxonomy

Which of the following best describe the current understanding of how biologic communities change with time?

The exact composition of a community is not exactly predictable

In this graph, the orange line represents the carrying capacity and the red line represents moose population size. How many times is the carrying capacity exceeded? Choose the two correct answers from the list.

The population continues to increase but then decreases rapidly, three times

Which of the following best describes the rate at which new species arise?

The rates of speciation vary viruses can change within year, whereas, other species change over millions of years.

True or False: The sensitivity of damselfly larvae to a chemical pollutant may be used as an environmental indicator of habitat health.

True

True or false: Predation can affect competition

True

Which of the following are examples of infraspecific interactions? (Select all that apply.)

Two stallions fighting over mare, An adult mother polar bear chasing her full-grown young out of her territory

The type of spatial distribution that is usually a result of biological competition is _________

Uniform

Core Habitat

Uniform environment that is free of the influence of edges

Type II

Uniform mortality rate throughout life

Edge effects

Where communities meet, and environmental conditions blend

Species Absent

Zone of intolerance

Species Infrequent

Zone of physiological stress

Predation can affect a species population during _________ life stages of both predator and prey species

all

An earthquake creates a physical barrier that separates a population of cute mountain bunnies. Over many generations the two mountaintops have distinctly different types of bunnies. The type of speciation event is ________.

allopatric

Competition is a type of __________ relationship

antagonistic

In the arid grasslands of Africa, certain antelope need to drink water and therefore are limited to a 2-mile radius from a water source. The resulting spatial disturbution for the species would be _________

clustered

When two similar species occupy the same niche, competition will eventually eliminate one of the species from that niche. This is the principle of ________ __________.

competitive exclusion

Genetic isolation may lead to speciation because the separated populations build up genetic _________ over time.

differences

A(n) _______ is a force that disrupts community structure.

disturbance

Habitats such as the upland pinelands of Florida are subject to frequent fires. The flora and fauna must be able to handle frequent fires and other changes and are known as ________-adapted species

disturbance

Floods and fires are considered natural _________ that are essential for ecosystem health.

disturbances

The type of population growth pattern that displays a J-shaped curve, and has no limit, is ____________

exponential

An organism's ability to survive in a given area may be limited by the lead available resource, also known as the critical __________.

factor

Predation of one species on another is an example of an __________- specific interaction. A good example is between foxes and rabbits.

inter

Inorder for a new species to arise, there must be genetic __________.

isolation

Primary productivity is measured in terms of how _______ (in grams) is produced per unit area (square meters) in a given year.

much biomass

Selection pressure is a term that refers to factors that make certain ________ within a species advantageous.

mutations

Examples of environmental factors that cause physiological stress are ________ and __________.

pH, temperature

If houseflies were freed of predation and given unlimited food, this would result in extreme _________ growth.

population

The types of limitations that may affect a species' distribution are __________, _________, and (physiological) stress

predator, competition

A species that exhibits early maturity, rapid growth, and many offspring is a(n) _________ species.

r-selected

Under the right conditions and if there are no constraints, a population can ____________.

reach huge numbers

Natural selection refers to the process where individuals within a useful trait _________ more successfully than those without the trait. This a major driver of evolution.

reproduce

When a species utilizes a specific portion of a resource, such as eating ground-dwelling insects versus tree-climbing insects, this is ________.

resource partitioning

The difference between a habitat and a niche is that a niche includes the organism's _______ within a specific community.

role

A forest fire burns all of the vegetation to the soil and the seeds in the soil quickly sprout quickly and begin the succession process. This example is __________ succession.

secondary

The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Latin), has developed a chemical defense against predation from birds. This adaptation has led to increased survival from predators overall and therefore is driving natural

selection

Identify the example of competition

sheep and cows grazing in a field

Ecological, or community, structure is the pattern of ________ distribution of individuals within a community.

spatial

Diversity is the number of different _______ in an area

species

A species of moth has a range of mating times within the same forest, Over time, there is a divergence with moths other mating in the morning or in the late afternoon until the two groups no longer interbreed, leading to two unique species. This type of speciation is _________.

sympatric

Before a scientist can explore evolutionary relationships, behavior, ecology, and other aspects, he or she first must know the _______ of an organism.

taxonomy

Biologists use ________ to categorize and organize research collections so that work may be carried out in the future

taxonomy

Examples of environmental factors that cause physiological stress are _______ and ________.

temperature, pH

Abundance gives the number of individuals of _________ species in a particular area.

the same

Scientists use scientific names ________. (Choose all that apply.)

to avoid the confusion of common names, in order to avoid language barriers

A bird species fiercely guard a 5-meter radius surrounding its nest in a densely populated nesting ground. The resulting spatial disturbution for the species would be ________.

uniform