Human Growth & Development Exam #2 (Ch 5-8)

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: 3-year-old Felana pays more attention to salient aspects of her environment.

Information Processing

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: 4-year-old Jasper is more susceptible to suggestion than his 8-year-old brother.

Information Processing

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: Amalia, who is three, has a shorter memory span that her 7-year-old sister.

Information Processing

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: Atlas can use multiple perspectives to solve a problem.

Information Processing

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: Dr. Ngo studies the effects of executive attention & sustained attention in completing tasks.

Information Processing

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: Yovani has several thinking strategies, & chooses the most appropriate depending on the situation.

Information Processing

Who was the theorist who developed a theory that involved three levels of moral development?

Kohlberg

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: Elena is confused when she is nice to Alexa, but Alexa is mean to her.

Level 1: Preconventional Level

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: If Kevin asked why he shouldn't steal, he says "Because my mom will spank me."

Level 1: Preconventional Level

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: Individuals pursue their own interests but let others do the same.

Level 1: Preconventional Level

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: Moral thinking is tied to punishment.

Level 1: Preconventional Level

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: If Emory is asked why she shouldn't steal, she says "Because only bad girls steal."

Level 2: Conventional Level

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: If Justin is asked why he shouldn't steal, he says, "Because it is illegal."

Level 2: Conventional Level

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: Individuals value caring, trust, & loyalty to others as a basis for moral judgements.

Level 2: Conventional Level

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: Moral judgements are based on understanding of the social order, law, justice & duty.

Level 2: Conventional Level

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: Ja admits that he would steal food to feed his family, if stealing was the only way to get it.

Level 3: Postconventional Level

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: Values, rights, & principles are seen as transcending the law.

Level 3: Postconventional Level

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: When faced with a dilemma between law & conscience, and individual conscience is followed.

Level 3: Postconventional Level

Please match the descriptions to the corresponding level of Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development: Yasuko thinks that, even though the death penalty is legal, it is wrong to kill someone.

Level 3: Postconventional Level

Critics of Baumrind note that her parenting style categories reflect only a ______ view of child development.

North American

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Accommodation

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Assimilation

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Classification

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Cognition directs language

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Cognitive constructivist

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Conservation

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Education refines cognitive skills children have developed

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Language plays a minor role

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Little emphasis on sociocultural context

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Operations

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Schema

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Strong emphasis on stages

Piaget

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Teacher provides support for children to discover knowledge

Piaget

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: Amalia has difficulty distinguishing between human & nonhuman perspectives.

Piaget

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: Dr. Hernandez believes that cognition primarily directs language.

Piaget

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: Dr. Morse believes that children undergo cognitive development in distinct stages which occur in a fixed sequence.

Piaget

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: Felana isn't aware of any other view of the world besides her own.

Piaget

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: Kestral uses symbols to think about real events, without actually experiencing them.

Piaget

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: Madison calls all four-legged animals "dogs".

Piaget

Please match the statements to the corresponding theory of development: When Esme's father hides her favorite toy, she looks for it.

Piaget

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

domain theory

Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle and late childhood.

anxiety

Charlene, a three-year old girl, demonstrates that she lacks an understanding of the concept of conservation when she is presented with Piaget's classic Liquid test. 3-year-old Charlene argues that the transformation from short glass to tall glass has somehow altered the essence of the juice, now making it "more" than it was. This demonstrates

appearance reality distinction problems

Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, required that all students with disabilities be given a free and ______ public education.

appropriate

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are

arbitrary & can be changed by consensus

In contrast to lower-socioeconomic status parents, higher-socioeconomic status parents

are less directive & more conversational with their children

Around what age do most children develop self-conscious emotions?

around 18 months

Stimulant medication can be an effective way to help improve ______ in children with ADHD.

attention

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called ______.

attention

Select the type of abuse based on the case examples: "mommy got hit by daddy & has a cut"

domestic abuse

Which type of learning disability is specifically related to an impairment in the ability to read and spell?

dyslexia

______ habits are important aspects of development during early childhood that affect skeletal growth, body shape, and susceptibility to disease.

eating

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video. The best definition of emotion regulation is

effortful control of emotions, attention & behavior

A child playing hide-and-seek thinks he can't be seen just because he can't see the person looking for him. This is an example of the thought limitation of ______.

egocentrism

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is called ______.

egocentrism

Identify the disorder that consists of serious, persistent problems involving relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. Approximately eight percent of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan fall into this classification.

emotional & behavioral disorders

Select the type of abuse based on the case examples: "I hate when my mom calls me stupid & fat"

emotional abuse

What are the important characteristics of sibling relationships?

emotional quality, familiarity & intimacy, variation

Young children learn in early childhood that certain situations are likely to evoke particular ______.

emotions

Young children learn in early childhood that certain situations are likely to evoke particular _______.

emotions

Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as _______.

empathy

______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.

empathy

When Jeremy tells himself that he is a good person, he is reflecting self-_________; when he tells himself that he is good at math, he is reflecting on self-__________.

esteem; concept

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?

ethnic origin & nutrition

Consciously managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self control is accomplished by ______ function..

executive

In early childhood, _______ functioning involves developmental advances in cognitive flexibility, goal-setting, and cognitive inhibition.

executive

______ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their ______ attention.

executive; sustained

child neglect

failure to provide for a child's basic needs

True or false: A person's mental age is always the same as chronological age.

false

True or false: By 3 years of age, children have improved their fine motor skills enough to complete a jigsaw puzzle without forcing the pieces.

false

True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.

false

True or false: In middle and late childhood, children become less skeptical and more accepting of claims made by others, particularly those that involve social desirability.

false

True or false: Prosocial behavior occurs more often in childhood than in adolescence.

false

True or false: The number of children diagnosed with ADHD has decreased in recent decades.

false

True or false: When children are demonstrating knowledge of the rules of morphology, overgeneralization DOES NOT occur.

false

True or false: While having friends can be fun for children, it is not an important part of their development.

false

Here, we watch three girls participate in an art activity with their preschool teacher. Which skills are the girls exhibiting as they paste the shapes?

fine motor

A five-year-old child's ability to move his or her hand, arm, and body with accurate eye coordination demonstrates improved

fine motor skills

Dweck (2006) described what she called the _______ mindset, in which children believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change.

fixed

Micaela believes she is not doing well in science because she is simply not good in science, and that any effort she makes would be wasted. She is exhibiting a ______ mindset.

fixed

In children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid brain growth takes place in the ______ lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks.

frontal

What part of the brain grows at the highest rate in early childhood (between the ages of 3 and 6)?

frontal lobe

In Bronstein's research it was found many parents continue to foster behaviors and perceptions that stay with traditional ______ role norms.

gender

What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"?

gender identity

Which developmental theory states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender?

gender schema theory

A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a

gender stereotype

______ _______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

gender typing

______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

gender typing

Select the type of abuse based on the case examples: "I am hungry & I don't have a lunch"

general neglect

Self-esteem refers to ______ self evaluations, whereas self-concept refers to domain-______ evaluations.

global; specific

An early adolescent talks about the quality of her relationship with both her parents. She describes the relationship as good and attributes this to "doing things together." Watch the video and answer the following questions: In this clip, 11-year-old Ally talks about her relationship with her parents. She says she has a ________ relationship with her parents.

good

Neo-Piagetians believe that Piaget

got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video. The best general description of the changes in motor skills across childhood is that they involve

gradual refinement & elaboration of skills

Abigail is 10 years old and is learning to play tennis. Which of the following changes in development are related to her ability to learn the sport?

greater coordination

According to Dweck (2006), some children have a _______ mindset, in which they believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort.

growth

Natalie is not doing well in her Spanish class, but she is sure she can improve. She has decided to spend more time studying and has even asked her parents if they would arrange for a tutor to help her. Natalie is exhibiting a ______ mindset.

growth

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video: Seven-month old Amalia does not touch her nose when a spot of rouge is placed on it and she is allowed to look at herself in a mirror. This suggests that Amalia

has not yet developed self-recognition

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video. Young children, when compared to older children

have different body proportions, with larger heads & chubbier bodies

Project _____ ______ is a U.S. government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.

head start

Eleven-year-old Meagan has some doubts about Ian's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. What is this likely due to?

her increased skepticism regarding other's claims

Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.

heteronomous

Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the _______ morality stage.

heteronomous

Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with

higher levels of aggression later in childhood & adolescence

What does it mean if a person's IQ is 115?

his/her mental age is higher than his/her chronological age

A four-year-old boy shows developed fine motor skills as he skillfully holds a colored marker between his thumb and fingers. In this clip, we see 4-year-old Sal drawing. He draws a

hurricane

A child who seems to constantly be in motion and shows high levels of physical activity is illustrating what characteristic of ADHD?

hyperactivity

Alex is a 10-year-old boy in 5th grade. He cannot sit still in class. He frequently squirms in his chair or gets up and moves around within the classroom. He wiggles and squirms in some form or fashion for the majority of the class period. Which characteristic of ADHD is Alex displaying?

hyperactivity

______ is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.

immanent justice

Children who have difficulty curbing their reactions and are unable to do a good job thinking before they act are demonstrating what characteristic of ADHD?

impulsivity

Karen is an 8-year-old girl who is constantly getting in trouble in her classroom for blurting out answers without raising her hand. She interrupts others repeatedly. She frequently engages in unsafe behaviors and doesn't think before she acts. What characteristic of ADHD is Karen demonstrating?

impulsivity

According to Kohlberg, how to children in the preconventional level view good and bad?

in terms of external consequences

Ben is an 8-year-old boy who is described by his teacher as having a difficult time completing his work in class. He is easily distracted by noise in the classroom. Which characteristic of ADHD is Ben displaying?

inattention

The ______ of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) applies to children who get bored with a task after only a few minutes.

inattentive subtype

sexual abuse

incest, rape, or fondling genitals

The number of children diagnosed with ADHD has ______ since the 1990s.

increased

During their preschool years, young children demonstrate ______.

increasing attention spans

What can an intelligence test identify?

individual differences

According to Baumrind, children raised by _______ parents never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.

indulgent

According to Baumrind, the _______ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.

indulgent

According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?

indulgent

physical abuse

infliction of physical injury

The ______ _______ approach is a cognitive model that focuses on children's attention, memory, and problem-solving abilities.

information processing

The contemporary theory of cognitive development that focuses on a child's attention, memory, and problem-solving skills is called

information processing

Vygotsky asserted that language and thought ______.

initially develop independently of each other & then merge

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?

initiative versus guilt

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called _______ versus _______.

initiative; guilt

Almost one-third of all African American and Latino students attend _____ schools, which continue to be racially segregated, grossly underfunded, and do not provide adequate learning opportunities.

inner-city

A(n) ______ test aims to indicate whether a given student can reason better than others who have taken the same test.

intelligence

Alfred Binet developed one of the earliest _______ tests.

intelligence

Which of the following concepts encompasses problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to experiences?

intelligence

________ is the ability to solve problems as well as learning from and adapting to experiences.

intelligence

_________ quotient is a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by one hundred.

intelligence

If we look at Madeline's mental age and divide it by her chronological age and then multiply it by 100, we are calculating her ________.

intelligence quotient

Match the occupation with the corresponding type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner: Teacher

interpersonal

Match the occupation with the corresponding type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner: Theologian

intrapersonal

The intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner that involves the ability to understand oneself is called ________ intelligence.

intrapersonal

The preoperational thought substage that is called ______ thought is considered the period when children seek answers to all sorts of questions.

intuitive

The preoperational thought substage that is called ________ thought is considered the period when children seek answers to all sorts of questions.

intuitive

When preschoolers seem confident in their knowledge and understanding of the world, yet are not aware of how they know this information, Piaget states that they are in the ______ substage of preoperational thought.

intuitive thought

Identify a characteristic of autobiographical memory.

it involves memory of significant events and experiences in one's life

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video: One of the reasons that putting on a jacket is a challenging task for Felana is that

it requires the coordination of both fine & gross motor skills

In a diverse fourth-grade classroom, children are divided into collaborative learning groups in which each group has to construct a different part of a project to reach a common goal. This is an example of a _________ classroom.

jigsaw

Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are ______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents.

just as likely to be

The largest number of children to be provided help in special-education programs are those who have

learning disabilities

A(n) _______ ________ includes difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics.

learning disability

According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child

learns what is considered appropriate for males & females

_______-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a sustained period of time.

long

One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to

manage behavior, emotions, & thoughts

In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as

managers

For some children, autism spectrum disorder can be detected as early as

1 to 3 years of age

Researchers have found that there are more than _____ genes that affect intelligence.

1,000

Rank the following causes of death among young children from the highest incidence to lowest, with the cause having the highest incidence at the top. - cancer - cardiovascular disease - accidents

1. accidents 2. cancer 3. cardiovascular disease

On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every

10 minutes

By the time children are 11 years old, their vocabulary has increased to approximately

10,000 words

An intelligence quotient (IQ) of ______ would be calculated if the person's mental age is the same as his or her chronological age.

100

In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of Multiple choice question.

12

By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom.

12,000

By the time children enter first grade, it is estimated they know about ______ words.

14,000

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

16 years & up

Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV)

2.5 to 7.5 years

What percentage of same-sex couples are raising children in the United States?

20%

Children grow an average of ____ to ____ inches per year during the elementary school years.

2; 3

Boys are classified as learning disabled ______ times as often as girls.

3

By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?

3 years

Match each activity with the appropriate age at which it can be achieved: - hopping & jumping

3 years old

After calling Child Protective Services to make a child abuse report the reporting party must submit a written report within ____ hrs?

36

In 1971, Diana Baumrind presented ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.

4 types

Match each activity with the appropriate age at which it can be achieved: - climbing a low jungle gym

4 years old

A national study found that ______ of children's meals exceed recommendations for saturated and trans fats.

45%

Between what ages do sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency?

5 to 7 years of age

Match each activity with the appropriate age at which it can be achieved: - running races with friends

5 years old

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)

6 to 16 years

In relation to the cognitive development theory, Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from approximately _____ years of age.

7 to 11

In 2018 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines children and adolescents as obese when their body mass index (BMI) is at or above the ______ percentile.

97th

Child Abuse Reporters are called __________ reporters?

mandated

Match the occupation with the corresponding type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner: Engineer

mathematical

The retention of information over time is defined as _______.

memory

_______ age is Binet's measure of an individual's level of intellectual development compared with that of others.

mental

Changes that occur in terms of information processing during middle and late childhood include memory, thinking, and

metacognition

Knowing about knowing or thinking about thought is called ________.

metacognition

When schools pay attention to helping students develop skills that entail knowing about their own knowing, those schools are fostering

metacognition

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video. Children in middle childhood are more likely to use mnemonic strategies - such as repeating words to themselves - when asked to remember a list of words. At this age, they better understand how their memory system works. In other words, they have better

metamemory

Which term describes knowledge about one's own memory, such as a student's ability to know whether she has studied enough for a test?

metamemory

________ is knowledge about memory and includes general knowledge about memory, such as knowing that recognition tests are easier than recall tests.

metamemory

Long-term memory increases with age during

middle & late childhood

While a little girl who is playing with a doll in a park might find new friends who want to play with her, a little boy who plays with a doll

might be made fun of by other children

The theory of _____ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

mind

According to Carol Dweck, by emphasizing hard work and determination rather than innate ability, parents and teachers can positively influence a child's

mindset

Dweck (2006) described the importance of children's ________, which she defined as the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves.

mindset

The _______ approach emphasizes children's free choice and spontaneity when engaging in educational activities.

montessori

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

moral

______ reasoning focuses on ethical issues and rules of right and wrong.

moral

_______ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

moral

What was the basis of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

moral development is based on learning the perspective of others

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation: Conventional

moral judgements are based on law & social order

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation: Postconventional

moral judgements are based on universal human rights

According to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development.

moral reasoning

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation: Preconventional

moral reasoning is primarily interpreted in terms of rewards & punishments

Children's _______ skills become smoother and more coordinated in middle and late childhood.

motor

Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those that have been involved in how many parental divorces?

multiple

The process by which nerve cells are coated with insulation that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system is known as _______.

myelination

______ increases the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system, and helps children develop abilities such as hand-eye coordination.

myelination

Match the occupation with the corresponding type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner: Landscaper

naturalist

According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?

authoritarian

Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.

authoritarian

Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.

authoritarian

The ______ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.

authoritarian

The parenting style used by some Asian American parents, while appearing to be ______, actually reflects concern and involvement in their children's lives and is best seen as a type of training.

authoritarian

Lucy frequently spanks her children, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward them when those rules are broken. Her children are unhappy and have weak communication skills. Lucy also pressurizes them to eat when they are already full. In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, Lucy is most likely a(n)

authoritarian parent

According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ______ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, socially responsible, and achievement oriented.

authoritative

According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior?

authoritative

The _______ parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.

authoritative

What is the name of the family of disorders that is characterized by problems in social interaction, problems in verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors?

autism spectrum disorders

A child who considers a person's intentions, as well as the consequences of a given action, is in Piaget's _______ morality stage, which is the second stage in his theory.

autonomous

______ is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.

autonomous morality

There is nothing particularly unusual about Ramon. He gets along pretty well with most of his classmates; he is liked and disliked by an equal amount of peers. In terms of peer status, Ramon can be described as a(n) ________ child.

average

Why can children in middle and late childhood understand the appropriate use of comparatives (shorter, deeper) and subjectives ("If you were president...")?

because of improvements in logical reasoning & analytical skills

Many of the problems experienced by children of divorced parents begin ______ the divorce.

before

Research has shown that utilizing a combination of medication and ______ can improve the way children with ADHD act, more than medication alone.

behavior management

Research indicates that many recent immigrants to the U.S. adopt a(n) ______ orientation, selecting characteristics of American culture that help them survive and advance, while still retaining aspects of their culture of origin.

bicultural

When recent immigrants keep parts of their own culture while selecting elements of US culture to help them survive and advance, they may be said to be developing a _______ orientation.

bicultural

The ability to speak two languages has a positive effect on children's cognitive development and is known as what?

bilingualism

Which factor does NOT significantly contribute to child maltreatment?

birth order

In a(n) _______ stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.

blended

Match the occupation with the corresponding type of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner: Dancer

bodily-kinesthetic

Relative to gender differences in learning disabilities, (boys/girls) are more likely than (boys/girls) to be classified as having a learning disability.

boys; girls

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video: Like Amalia, most children show a gradually emerging sense of the self. What underlies this new ability?

brain maturation

Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.

nature

Television watching during mealtimes has a ______ effect on a child's eating habits.

negative

The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child ______.

neglect

In terms of peer status, a(n) _______ child, receives few nominations of any kind, is seldom nominated as a best friend, but is not actively disliked.

neglected

Which peer status best describes Connie, who is shy and has low interaction with her classmates?

neglected

According to Baumrind, the ______ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.

neglectful

Children raised by ______ parents tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.

neglectful

Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?

neglectful

Research has revealed ______ gender differences in general intellectual ability.

no

Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are ______ than children of heterosexual parents to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual when they grow up.

no more likely

Observing or hearing domestic violence of a parent is _________ ?

not reportable child abuse

Children and adolescents above the BMI's 97th percentile are classified as ________, whereas children and adolescents in the 95th or 96th percentile are considered overweight.

obese

Moral reasoning asserts that rules are

obligatory, widely accepted, & somewhat impersonal

According to Feeney, Moravcik, and Nolte (2019), Follari (2019), and Gestwicki (2017), competent early childhood programs should focus

on cognitive development & socioemotional development

Only _____ of stepfamily couples stay remarried.

one-third

According to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform _____, which are defined as reversible mental actions.

operations

A study of U.S. 2- and 3-year-olds found that ______ were the vegetable they were most likely to consume.

potatoes

______ intelligence involves the ability to use, apply, and implement ideas.

practical

________ intelligence involves the ability to use, apply, and implement ideas.

practical

The ______ effect is the worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short time frame.

Flynn

Play therapy allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a non-threatening environment. This most closely resembles _______ views of play.

Freud & Erikson's

According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of ________ development.

proximal

emotional abuse

psychological, verbal, or mental acts or omissions that could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems

Approximately 80% of children with a learning disability have ________ problems.

reading

Approximately 80% of children with a learning disability have what type of problems in school?

reading

Most learning disability interventions usually aim to help children increase their ______ ability.

reading

The development of self-________, in middle and late childhood allows the development of social competence and achievement to occur.

regulation

In terms of peer status, ________ children are seldom nominated by others and are actively disliked by their peers.

rejected

Current research has found that differences between intelligence scores of identical and fraternal twins is

relatively low

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video. In preadolescence, both boys and girls experience a growth spurt

but girls experience it earlier than boys

The amount of brain material in some areas ______ within a year in children.

can nearly double

In contrast with Kohlberg's theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) _____ perspective, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

care

Child-_____ kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.

centered

The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called ________.

centration

Dr. Robert Emery (University of Virginia) provides advice on how parents can help children cope with divorce. Watch the video and answer the following questions: Which of the following does Dr. Emery mention is a myth about children and divorce?

children are unable to adapt after divorce

Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

children in middle & late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation

Child Abuse Reporters have immunity from ___________ for reporting suspected child abuse?

civil & criminal liability

Neo-Piagetians put greater emphasis than Piaget did on all of the following elements, EXCEPT

classification

An early adolescent talks about the quality of her relationship with both her parents. She describes the relationship as good and attributes this to "doing things together." Watch the video and answer the following questions: The place in her life where Ally's parents are most active is

coaching her on sports teams

In the context of theories of cognitive development, unlike Vygotsky, Piaget believed that _____.

cognition primarily directs language

Early education programs for disadvantaged children positively affect the children's social and _________ (physical/cognitive) development.

cognitive

The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood.

cognitive

The longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their

cognitive development

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video: Felana shows an increased ability to successfully complete self-care activities as she gets older. This is likely because Felana is developing increased ________, __________, and ________ skills.

cognitive; sensory; motor

In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to

compare themselves with others

In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social

comparison

"I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self-______.

concept

Piaget proposed that the ________ operational stage lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age.

concrete

Piaget defined the _______ stage as a time when children can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific examples.

concrete operational

Children who understand morphology rules use all of the following parts of speech, EXCEPT

conjunctions

Charlene, a three-year old girl, demonstrates that she lacks an understanding of the concept of conservation when she is presented with Piaget's classic Liquid test. In this clip, we see 3-year-old Charlene performing a Piagetian task called

conservation

The awareness that an object does NOT change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as ______.

conservation

According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men.

contrasting

According to Kohlberg, people in the _____ reasoning stage of moral development abide by the standards of others.

conventional

________ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

conventional

During middle and late childhood, some control is transferred from parent to child. This gradual process produces what is referred to as _________ rather than control by either the child or the parent alone.

coregulation

What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?

corporal punishment

_______ intelligence consists of the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine.

creative

A test that is familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds and has items that are at least familiar to students taking the test is an example of what type of test?

culture-fair

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video. One of the reasons that emotion regulation is important is because

cultures have rules about acceptable emotional expressions, & emotion regulation helps children follow those rules

Peer bullying and harassment on the Internet is known as

cyberbullying

Which type of bullying is a new source of concern?

cyberbullying

As a preschool child grows older, the increase in the child's weight and height each year in terms of percentage ______.

decreases

Overweight children show similar medical problems as seen in overweight adults including _________, high cholesterol, and hypertension.

diabetes

Two contemporary approaches to student learning are the ______ approach (a structured, teacher-centered approach), and the constructivist approach (a learner-centered approach).

direct instruction

Dr. Robert Emery (University of Virginia) provides advice on how parents can help children cope with divorce. Watch the video and answer the following questions: Which of the following is one of the largest issues parents face after divorce?

disciplining children

Dr. Robert Emery (University of Virginia) provides advice on how parents can help children cope with divorce. Watch the video and answer the following questions: You are working as a divorce counselor and need to help a divorcing couple learn to be good parents after their separation. Which of the following would you advise in order to provide good parenting?

discuss discipline tactics together to provide consistency

40% of children born to married parents in the U.S. will experience their parents' ______

divorce

Self-esteem reflects perceptions that ________ reality.

do not always

What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?

doing nothing at all

In the ________ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

domain

A gender _____ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.

role

Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______ learning.

rote

As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor's ability in this area grows. This is an example of ________.

scaffolding

The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to ________, another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.

scaffolding

Three siblings play a board game: Chutes and Ladders. Ten-year-old Laura, the oldest, directs the younger two. She also consoles the youngest, three-year-old Angela, after she slides down a ladder. Watch the video and answer the following questions: Laura's instruction and support of what her younger brother and sister can do in terms of the game are considered by Rogoff and Vygotsky to be

scaffolding

Ted is in a Tools of the Mind classroom. His teacher guides him in planning his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Ted then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he says the word. Finally, he writes on the lines, trying to represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is called

scaffolding writing

Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture and develop gender _____ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.

schemas

The ability of preschool children to control and sustain their attention is related to

school readiness & focus

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video: Behaviors such as brushing your teeth, getting dressed, & brushing your hair are best described as

self-care activities

Domain-specific evaluations of the self are known as ______.

self-concept

After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 15 to 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?

self-conscious

What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?

self-conscious

According to Bandura, the concept of ______-_________ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

self-efficacy

Ten-year-old Blake tells his classmate, "I know I can figure out this math problem if I work at it." Blake is demonstrating high

self-efficacy

Donna perceives herself as a good person. She has high _______.

self-esteem

The term ______-________ refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.

self-esteem

_____ is also called self-worth or self-image.

self-esteem

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is FALSE?

self-esteem reflects accurate, objective assessments of one's achievements & short-comings compared to others

Vygotsky believed that ______ is central to the transition from external to internal speech.

self-talk

Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of

self-understanding

Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of _____, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as length.

seriation

Select the type of abuse based on the case examples: "It's too hot in the car don't leave me in here"

severe neglect

Select the type of abuse based on the case examples: "My uncle touches my private parts"

sexual abuse

Freud believed preschool children developed a ______ the opposite-sex parent.

sexual attraction to

What type of impact does television have on children's development?

significant impact

Research has shown that in general, girls and women have ______ verbal skills than boys and men.

slightly better

As children develop their sense of self in middle and late childhood, they are increasingly likely to define themselves in terms of __________ groups or alliances. For example, a boy might describe himself as a Cub Scout.

social

In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?

social cognition

______ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.

social conventional reasoning

According to Vygotsky, children who use a lot of private speech are more _____ than those who don't.

socially competent

Some experts believe that early childhood education programs should focus on both cognitive development and ______ development in order to meet all of a child's needs.

socioemotional

Which of the following is not a characteristic of sibling relationships?

stability

Five-year-old Billy should like to rough-house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender ______.

stereotypes

Public Law 94-142 is the education act that provided free and appropriate public education to which group of students?

students with all disabilities

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to ______.

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions

According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought is the _______ _______ substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

symbolic function

Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of ________, which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.

syntax

Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in

syntax

Comer's approach to improving relationships among ethnically diverse students is to view the school and community as a _________, where both work together to educate children.

team

Which of these programs for educating children involves: (1) a governance and management team that develops a comprehensive school plan, assessment strategy, and staff development plan; (2) a mental health or school support team; and (3) a parent's program?

the Comer Project for Change

What is a major milestone of early childhood?

the ability to control one's emotions

The reading instruction approach that emphasizes teaching the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds is called ______.

the phonics approach

Three siblings play a board game: Chutes and Ladders. Ten-year-old Laura, the oldest, directs the younger two. She also consoles the youngest, three-year-old Angela, after she slides down a ladder. Watch the video and answer the following questions: In this clip, 10-year-old Laura, her 8-year-old brother Jared, and her three-year-old sister Angela are playing Chutes and Ladders. Angela helps her brother do the math required to play. Vygotsky would have argued that this was the best way to learn, as instruction is taking place in

the zone of proximal development

Awareness and understanding of mental processes of others is called ______ ______ _______.

theory of mind

Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others?

theory of mind

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

there is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior

Which statement best describes the influence of peers on gender behavior?

they reward children for engaging in sex-appropriate play

An early adolescent talks about the quality of her relationship with both her parents. She describes the relationship as good and attributes this to "doing things together." Watch the video and answer the following questions: One of the key factors 11-year-old Ally cites regarding her relationship with her parents is that

they spend a lot of time together

Vygotsky's theory maintained that language and ________ develop independently before merging.

thought

Around the age of _____, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.

three

Ruth Chao suggests that the authoritarian child-rearing style is best conceptualized as a type of ______ in Asian American parenting.

training

If children show high verbal abilities, Gardner might suggest they consider an occupation such as a ______.

translator

Robert Sternberg's ______ theory of intelligence claims that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

triarchic

True or false: Children who have parents diagnosed with ADHD are at a greater risk of also developing ADHD.

true

True or false: Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood.

true

True or false: Compared to Piaget's theory of children's cognitive development, Vygotsky's theory posits children as social creatures who develop their thinking through social interaction.

true

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.

true

True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.

true

_______ is the most influential traditional type of mass media on young children.

tv

An analysis of stepfamilies found that _____ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems.

twenty-five

Compared to men, women have about ______ the body fat.

twice

When you are an intern or volunteer you are _________?

typically not a mandated reporter but reporting to a supervisor is encouraged

The psychoanalytic theory purports that gender typing occurs ______.

unconsciously

A four-year-old boy shows developed fine motor skills as he skillfully holds a colored marker between his thumb and fingers. Unlike the 3-year-old from the last clip, in this one, 4-year-old Sal demonstrates

use of color

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video. One of the reasons that young children do not have a good memory for stimuli, such as lists of words, is because they tend not to

use rehearsal strategies

An increase in height and an increase in _______ are the two most obvious physical changes that occur during early childhood years.

weight

At Jackson Elementary, children are taught to read by making them learn to recognize entire words and sentences and to use the context of the words that are given in the text to guess their meaning. Their reading material consists of stories, poems, newspapers, and magazines. This school is using the _____ approach to reading instruction.

whole-language

________ is a mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.

working memory

What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children?

zone of proximal development

Two siblings, Laura (10) and Jared (8), are asked to describe themselves. Watch the video and answer the following questions: In this clip, ten-year-old Laura and her 8-year-old brother Jared discuss, "How would you describe yourself?" Laura lists all of the following EXCEPT - "I work hard at school." - "I try as best I can at things." - "I am very social." - "I don't talk much."

"I don't talk much."

The preoperational thought limitation called animism is best described by which statements? Select all that apply: - "thunder is mad & yelling at us" - "the sunshine is happy" - "the tree has deep roots & long branches" - "spring showers make the flowers grow"

- "thunder is mad & yelling at us" - "the sunshine is happy"

Which of the following is a stimulant medication that can be effective in improving attention in children diagnosed with ADHD? - Prednisone - Albuterol - Adderall - Promethazine

- Adderall

When Asian and American parents were surveyed, what were their attitudes toward math achievement? Select all that apply: - there was little difference in responses from either group of parents - Asian parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of effort - American parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of innate talent - Asian parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of innate talent - American parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of effort

- Asian parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of effort - American parents were more likely to view math achievement as the result of innate talent

What did the cross-cultural research by Stevenson and colleagues comparing achievement in the United States and several Asian countries find? Select all that apply: - Asian teachers spent less time teaching mathematics - Asian students consistently outperformed American students - Asian teachers spent more time teaching mathematics - Asian & American teachers spent the same amount of time teaching mathematics

- Asian students consistently outperformed American students - Asian teachers spent more time teaching mathematics

Dana and Delma are discussing gender and the identification of learning disabilities. Dana believes that there is evidence that supports that gender does play a role in identifying learning disabilities, whereas Delma opposes this view. Which of the following statements, if true, would support Dana's view? - Girls are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment than boys. - Learning disabilities are more difficult to detect in boys than girls. - Boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities than girls. - Girls' education is given priority in schools & homes.

- Boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities than girls.

Which of the following statements is TRUE? - Because children are learning so much new information in middle & late childhood, they have more difficulty sustaining attention. - Children's abilities in short-term memory continue to improve in middle & late childhood. - Boys are better at retaining information in long-term memory than girls. - Children's abilities in long-term memory continue to improve in middle & late childhood.

- Children's abilities in long-term memory continue to improve in middle & late childhood.

Which of the following is a government program that provides lower socioeconomic status children in the United States with skills for school success? - Reggio Emilia - No Child Left Behind - Montessori - Head Start

- Head Start

Which of the following statements are true about the Montessori approach to early childhood education? Select all that apply: - Montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities - a Montessori teacher has a dual role as director and facilitator - the philosophy of the Montessori approach has gained popularity in the United States - Montessori children are encouraged to become self-regulating problem solvers

- Montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities - the philosophy of the Montessori approach has gained popularity in the United States - Montessori children are encouraged to become self-regulating problem solvers

Members of which TWO of the following groups are MOST likely to be enrolled in academic college preparatory programs? Select all that apply: - African Americans - Non-Latino Whites - Asian Americans - Latinos

- Non-Latino Whites - Asian Americans

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years? Select all that apply: - Reggio Emilia's theory - Piaget's theory - information processing theory - Vygotsky's theory

- Piaget's theory - information processing theory - Vygotsky's theory

All of the following factors help children adjust better to divorce, EXCEPT - a cordial relationship between divorced parents - fewer behavioral problems - social maturity - a difficult temperament

- a difficult temperament

Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers based on conformation to gender roles? - a little boy playing with a doll - a little girl in boy's clothing - a little girl carrying a baseball mitt - a little boy playing with a toy truck

- a little boy playing with a doll

Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions? - acceptance - creativity - demand - control - responsiveness

- acceptance - demand - control - responsiveness

Which of the following statements best describe the concept of private speech? Select all that apply: - according to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help with difficult problem-solving tasks - Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development - according to Vygotsky, children who use private speech exhibit improved attention & performance - Piaget agreed with Vygotsky that private speech was a sign of maturity

- according to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help with difficult problem-solving tasks - Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development - according to Vygotsky, children who use private speech exhibit improved attention & performance

Which of the following statements best describe the concept of private speech? Select all that apply: - Piaget agreed with Vygotsky that private speech was a sign of maturity - according to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help with difficult problem-solving tasks - according to Vygotsky, children who use private speech exhibit improved attention and performance - Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development

- according to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help with difficult problem-solving tasks - according to Vygotsky, children who use private speech exhibit improved attention and performance - Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development

Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize higher-SES parents? - acting more directive & less conversational with children - relying less on physical punishment - creating more of an equal, collaborative home atmosphere regarding rule setting - having concerns about developing a child's initiative & delayed gratification

- acting more directive & less conversational with children

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Wechsler Intelligence Scales? - there is no overlap in age between the 3 different intelligence scales - the scales begin at the kindergarten age - an adolescent could take either the WISC-IV or the WAIS-IV - the Wechsler scales stop measuring intelligence at adolescence

- an adolescent could take either the WISC-IV or the WAIS-IV

Which of the following indexes is NOT part of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales? - verbal comprehension index - working memory index - analytical index - processing speed index

- analytical index

Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents? - anxiety about comparing themselves with others - immaturity & lack of self-control - failure to initiate activity - weak communication skills - unhappiness & fear

- anxiety about comparing themselves with others - failure to initiate activity - weak communication skills - unhappiness & fear

Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity? - average - bullying - popular - neglected - controversial - rejected

- average - popular - neglected - controversial - rejected

Nutrition and eating habits affect which of the following aspects in early childhood? Select all that apply: - body shape - parental attachment - susceptibility to disease - skeletal growth

- body shape - susceptibility to disease - skeletal growth

Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics? Select all that apply: - cheerfulness & self-control - friendliness with peers - cooperativeness with adults - may skip school when a teenager - good stress-coping skills - self-reliance & achievement orientation - have unsatisfactory relationships with peers - egocentric behavior due to inflated self-worth

- cheerfulness & self-control - friendliness with peers - cooperativeness with adults - good stress-coping skills - self-reliance & achievement orientation

Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens? Select all that apply: - child-centered kindergartens emphasize play - child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. - child-centered kindergartens downplay firsthand experiences - child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth

- child-centered kindergartens emphasize play - child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. - child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth

Vygotsky's theory of child development includes which of the following premises? Select all that apply: - children develop cognitive skills through societal tools - children actively construct their knowledge and understanding - children's cultural environment influences their thinking process - children primarily develop cognitive skills through their interactions with the physical world

- children develop cognitive skills through societal tools - children actively construct their knowledge and understanding - children's cultural environment influences their thinking process

Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? Select all that apply: - children form stable concepts and begin to reason - children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs - children are able to use words to describe their world - children are able to understand the concept of reversibility

- children form stable concepts and begin to reason - children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs - children are able to use words to describe their world

Identify each of the key factors in vocabulary developments in young children. Select all that apply: - passive learners acquire vocabulary more effectively - children learn better when grammar and vocabulary are connected - children learn words of items that interest them - children learn words they hear frequently

- children learn better when grammar and vocabulary are connected - children learn words of items that interest them - children learn words they hear frequently

Which of the following is NOT a key principle in young children's vocabulary development? - children learn words when they are disconnected from grammar - children learn the words they hear most often - children learn best when they access clear information about word meanings - children learn words for things and events that interest them

- children learn words when they are disconnected from grammar

In the context of children's development, which of the following is true of children's friendships? - throughout childhood, friends are more dissimilar than similar in terms of sex - children's friendships are typically characterized by similarity - children's friendships are typically alike - friends usually have different achievement orientations

- children's friendships are typically characterized by similarity

Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood? Select all that apply: - climbing - jumping - assembling a jig-saw puzzle - running

- climbing - jumping - running

Recent research has shown that aerobic exercise can improve which of the following cognitive skills in children? Select all that apply: - moral behavior - creativity - memory - attention - goal-directed behavior

- creativity - memory - attention - goal-directed behavior

Research has shown some but not the majority of children from divorced families are more likely to have __________. Select all that apply: - depression - academic problems - anxiety - high self worth - secure attachments - drug issues

- depression - academic problems - anxiety - drug issues

Around the age of five, children will do which of the following? Select all that apply: - develop an interest in the ability to use reason - understand how they know what they know - inquire why things are the way they are - use the "why" question to understand their environment

- develop an interest in the ability to use reason - inquire why things are the way they are - use the "why" question to understand their environment

Which of the following are contemporary approaches to student learning? Select all that apply: - direct instruction - social cognitive - constructivist - socioemotional

- direct instruction - constructivist

According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing? Select all that apply: - biological differences between the sexes - division of labor - social hierarchy - emotion-dismissing parents

- division of labor - social hierarchy

Two siblings, Laura (10) and Jared (8), are asked to describe themselves. Watch the video and answer the following questions: In this clip ten-year-old Laura and her eight-year-old brother Jared discuss, "How would you describe yourself?" Which of the following does Jared use to describe himself? - doesn't talk very much - outgoing - likes rough play - not very good at school

- doesn't talk very much

Which of the following elements did Vygotsky emphasize and Piaget minimize as playing a role in shaping thought? Select all that apply: - education - sociocultural context - language - cognition

- education - sociocultural context - language

What do childhood friends often have in common? Select all that apply: - educational aspirations - attitudes toward school - number of siblings - achievement orientations

- educational aspirations - attitudes toward school - achievement orientations

Which of the following factors are common in overweight children? Select all that apply: - elevated blood cholesterol levels - low self-esteem - lower likelihood of being teased by peers - diabetes - hypertension - normal cholesterol levels

- elevated blood cholesterol levels - low self-esteem - diabetes - hypertension

Which of the following terms refers to responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings? - modeling - anxiety - empathy - coaching

- empathy

What are the two aspects of attention that develop in early childhood? Select all that apply: - novel attention - executive attention - extended attention - sustained attention

- executive attention - sustained attention

Which of the following is an aspect of social-emotional learning that the Second Step program focuses on in pre-K? - communication skills - problem-solving skills - decision-making skills - executive function skills

- executive function skills

Kohlberg believed that an individual's development from one moral stage to the next is fostered by which TWO of the following factors? Select all that apply: - experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning & a higher level - taking on the perspective of others - learning better emotional coping strategies - experiencing a life-changing traumatic event

- experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning & a higher level - taking on the perspective of others

Which of the following has NOT been identified as a possible cause of autism spectrum disorders? - family socialization - missing or duplicated pieces of DNA of chromosome 16 - brain dysfunction - genetic factors

- family socialization

Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion? - guilt - shame - fear - embarrassment - pride

- fear

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by indulgent parents? - noncompliance - lack of respect for others - egocentric & domineering behavior - difficulty with self-control - fear & low self-esteem

- fear & low self-esteem

Students who attended the Perry Preschool program, an alternative to the Head Start programs, were found to have which of the following long-term outcomes, when compared to a control group from the same background who did not attend Perry? Select all that apply: - higher juvenile arrest rates - fewer teen pregnancies - higher high school graduation rates - a greater likelihood of being in the workplace after age 40

- fewer teen pregnancies - higher high school graduation rates - a greater likelihood of being in the workplace after age 40

Which of the following characteristics and variables tend to be related to greater height in U.S. children? Select all that apply: - firstborn - middle-socioeconomic status - urban - low-socioeconomic status

- firstborn - middle-socioeconomic status - urban

In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following? Select all that apply: - lower levels of emotional regulation - lower levels of anxiety - lower level of internalized symptoms - lower levels of depression

- lower levels of anxiety - lower level of internalized symptoms - lower levels of depression

In the context of children's friendships, which of the following represents the function of social comparison served by friendship? - friendship provides children with a warm, close, & trusting relationship with another individual - friendship provides children with interesting information, excitement & amusement - friendship provides resources & assistance - friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-á-vis others & whether the child is doing okay

- friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-á-vis others & whether the child is doing okay

Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel? - gender bias - gender development - gender identity - gender roles

- gender roles

Which of the following fuels gender typing? - gender identity - gender bias - gender mismatch - gender schema

- gender schema

According to research studies by Maccoby (1998, 2002), which of the following statements is true of how boys and girls interact in same-sex groups? - girls are more likely to act in a reciprocal manner - boys are more likely to avoid rough-&-tumble play - boys are more likely to engage in collaborative discourse - girls are more likely to engage in ego display

- girls are more likely to act in a reciprocal manner

Literacy development among children is helped when children... Select all that apply: - have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking, and listening - already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write - practice reading only at school with trained literacy professionals and never at home - can learn to read and write in supportive environments

- have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking, and listening - already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write - can learn to read and write in supportive environments

Which of the following has NOT been identified as a possible cause of ADHD? - brain damage during prenatal development - low birth weight - having two working parents - cigarette & alcohol exposure during prenatal development

- having two working parents

Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Select all that apply: - he concerned himself too much with the are perspective - he developed only eight stages of development across the life span, & many think this is too few - he based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior - he did not adequately take the influences of culture & family into account

- he based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior - he did not adequately take the influences of culture & family into account

Regarding growth in early childhood, which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply: - head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy -there is slow, steady increase in the percentage of body fat - there is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat - girls are significantly smaller than boys in early childhood

- head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy - there is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat

The Women, Infants, and Children federal program provides grants to states for which of the following to low-income families with infants and children up to five years of age? Select all that apply: - health-care referrals - nutritional information - family planning services - healthy supplemental foods

- health-care referrals - nutritional information - healthy supplemental foods

Obesity and a low level of physical activity in children has been linked to which of the following serious health problems? Select all that apply: - marasmus - hypertension - colon cancer - type 2 diabetes

- hypertension - type 2 diabetes

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of intelligence discussed in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? - analytical intelligence - creative intelligence - imaginative intelligence - practical intelligence

- imaginative intelligence

Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder include which of the following? Select all that apply: - inattention - focused attention - hyperactivity - impulsivity

- inattention - hyperactivity - impulsivity

Which of the following are aspects of the development of self-understanding in middle and late childhood? Select all that apply: - increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description - increased skepticism about other's claims - increased recognition of social aspects of self - a general lack of ability to understand the intentions of others - increasing social comparison

- increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description - increased recognition of social aspects of self - increasing social comparison

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by neglectful parents? - immaturity - social incompetence - low self-esteem - alienation - independence

- independence

What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation? Select all that apply: - intervening & helping resolve - doing nothing - admonishing or threatening - using physical punishment

- intervening & helping resolve - doing nothing - admonishing or threatening

Which characteristics are associated with lower height? Select all that apply: - middle-socioeconomic status - urban - later-born - rural

- later-born - rural

Alexis is a 9-year-old girl in 4th grade. She is having difficulty with reading comprehension, spelling, and understanding mathematical concepts. Her teacher is concerned and has referred her to the special education teacher for evaluation. Which of the following special needs will Alexis most likely be diagnosed with? - mathematical disability - learning disability - visual disability - hearing disability

- learning disability

Baumrind argued that parents should NOT ______. Select all that apply: - leave children to make their own rules - show affection to their children - develop rules for their children - be punitive or aloof

- leave children to make their own rules - be punitive or aloof

Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true according to the textbook? Select all that apply: - men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders - women & men are equally as likely to develop physical disorders - women are more likely than men to develop physical disorders - men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders - women are more likely than men to develop mental disorders - women & men are equally as likely to develop mental disorders

- men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders - men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders

Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children? Select all that apply: - modeling healthy eating habits - maintaining a breakfast, lunch, & dinner routine - allowing the child to bring a favorite toy to the table - preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups - having the television on during dinner

- modeling healthy eating habits - maintaining a breakfast, lunch, & dinner routine - preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups

What does the role of parents as managers involve? Select all that apply: - monitoring & encouraging academic progress - directing every aspect of the child's life - structuring the family environment - giving orders & making sure they are followed - setting up routines & schedules

- monitoring & encouraging academic progress - structuring the family environment - setting up routines & schedules

Autism is associated with abnormalities in which of the following? Select all that apply: - brain weight - neurotransmitters - the connectivity between brain regions - brain structure

- neurotransmitters - the connectivity between brain regions - brain structure

Which of the following statements describes the balance of control in middle and late childhood? - parents retain control over children, without significant co-regulation - there is a major shift in autonomy between parents & children - peers coregulate behavior during this stage - parents exercise general supervision & control, while children engage in moment-to-moment self regulation

- parents exercise general supervision & control, while children engage in moment-to-moment self regulation

Which of the following family problems contribute to lower achievement among low-income students? Select all that apply: - parents who don't set high educational standards - parents who can't read - siblings who overachieve in school & monopolize family resources - family's lack of money for educational materials & experiences

- parents who don't set high educational standards - parents who can't read - family's lack of money for educational materials & experiences

Identify which of the following are separate indexes included on the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. Select all that apply: - processing speed - emotional intelligence - working memory - verbal comprehension

- processing speed - working memory - verbal comprehension

Research by Bronstein shows that fathers tend to do which of these? Select all that apply: - promote their sons intellectual development - engage in more activities with their sons - show more attention to their sons - engage in more activities with their daughters - show more attention to their daughters

- promote their sons intellectual development - engage in more activities with their sons - show more attention to their sons

Which of the following activities factor into children's literacy abilities? Select all that apply: - reading - listening - talking - sleeping - writing

- reading - listening - talking - writing

Interventions with children who have learning disabilities often focus on improving which of the following? - speech impairments - reading ability - math abilities - behavioral issues

- reading ability

Which of the following child-rearing practices does not characterize lower-SES parents? - having concern that children conform to society's expectations - having clear authority - acting more directive & less conversational - relying less on physical punishment

- relying less on physical punishment

Which of the following statements are true regarding early childhood education? Select all that apply: - research indicates that universal early childhood education decreases the dropout rate - research indicates that universal early childhood education results in less need for remedial services, which is cost-effective in the long term - research indicates that universal early childhood education has benefits but overall is cost-prohibitive - research indicates that universal early childhood education can prepare a child for school

- research indicates that universal early childhood education decreases the dropout rate - research indicates that universal early childhood education results in less need for remedial services, which is cost-effective in the long term - research indicates that universal early childhood education can prepare a child for school

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for using books effectively with pre-school children? - reward children with sweets or prizes for reading books - use what and why questions - use books to initiate conversation with young children - encourage children to ask questions about stories

- reward children with sweets or prizes for reading books

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autism spectrum disorders? - problems in social interaction - problems in verbal & nonverbal communication - repetitive behaviors - severe intellectual disability in all types

- severe intellectual disability in all types

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences? - psychoanalytic theory of gender - social role theory - social cognitive theory of gender - social biological theory

- social biological theory

What are the three proposed social theories of gender? Select all that apply: - social construct theory - social cognitive theory - social role theory - psychoanalytic theory

- social cognitive theory - social role theory - psychoanalytic theory

According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master ______.

anxieties & conflicts

Which of the following statements best describe the curriculum controversy in early childhood education? Select all that apply: - some experts advocate for a focus on a both cognitive and socioemotional development, not just cognitive development - some experts advocate for a child-centered, constructivist approach - some experts believe the programs do not put enough pressure on children to achieve - one side advocates for a focus on academics through the direct instruction approach

- some experts advocate for a focus on a both cognitive and socioemotional development, not just cognitive development - some experts advocate for a child-centered, constructivist approach - one side advocates for a focus on academics through the direct instruction approach

Which of the following are some of Gardner's proposed types of intelligences? - sensory - spatial - verbal - auditory - interpersonal - mathematical - musical

- spatial - verbal - interpersonal - mathematical - musical

Which of the following are the THREE most common types of stepfamily structures? Select all that apply: - stepfather - integrated - blended - stepmother - simple

- stepfather - blended - stepmother

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement? - physical support - stimulation - social comparison - ego support

- stimulation

Which factors have been most closely associated with child maltreatment? Select all that apply: - strong support systems - substance abuse - social isolation - poverty

- substance abuse - social isolation - poverty

Which of the following dramatic changes does a young child's brain undergo within as little as a year? Select all that apply: - the amount of the brain material in some areas can nearly double, followed by a drastic loss of unnecessary brain cells - the brain purges a dramatic amount of tissue, without adding additional cells - the size of the brain material in some areas can nearly double, with no loss on the cellular level - the brain increases in size while reorganizing itself

- the amount of the brain material in some areas can nearly double, followed by a drastic loss of unnecessary brain cells - the brain increases in size while reorganizing itself

Which of the following are possible disadvantages of schools in low-income areas? Select all that apply: - they are more likely to have older teachers - they are more likely to have low achievement test scores - they are more likely to encourage rote learning - they may have environments that aren't conducive to learning - the buildings are more likely to be older & in disrepair

- they are more likely to have low achievement test scores - they are more likely to encourage rote learning - they may have environments that aren't conducive to learning - the buildings are more likely to be older & in disrepair

In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, which of the following is a characteristic of parents following an indulgent parenting style? - they let their children do what they want - they show pleasure in response to their children's constructive behavior - they allow little verbal exchange & place firm limits on their children - they are uninvolved in their children's lives

- they let their children do what they want

Which of the following are important aspects of thinking? Select all that apply: - thinking creatively - executive function - critical thinking - fuzzy trace thinking - thinking universally

- thinking creatively - executive function - critical thinking

In Piaget's theory, children will construct knowledge by doing which of the following? - transforming & organizing - transforming & socializing - organizing & collaborating - organizing & socializing

- transforming & organizing

Books are a positive tool for communication skill development with children. Identify all of the effective strategies of using books with preschool children. Select all that apply: - use books to start conversations - ask them to imagine themselves as the book's character - ask the child what they think the outcome of the story will be - use books that use rhymes - limit their questions until the end of the story

- use books to start conversations - ask them to imagine themselves as the book's character - ask the child what they think the outcome of the story will be - use books that use rhymes

Children with poor nutrition in low-income families commonly do not obtain essential amounts of which of the following? Select all that apply: - salt - vitamins - iron - protein

- vitamins - iron - protein

According to Vygotsky, which of these statements concerning the development of internal and external speech are true? Select all that apply: - when self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing - children communicate externally before developing internal speech - the transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age - children communicate internally before developing external speech

- when self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing - children communicate externally before developing internal speech - the transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age

Which of the following is NOT an advance in language skills that takes place in middle and late childhood? - vocabulary increases dramatically - children can think about their language, understand what words are, and even define them - complex grammar is more easily understood - written language skills improve prior to oral language skills

- written language skills improve prior to oral language skills

What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood? Select all that apply: - young children are able to present competent narratives - young children struggle with cultural issues related to speech - young children can adapt their speech based on their setting - young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations

- young children are able to present competent narratives - young children can adapt their speech based on their setting - young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations

Identify the disability in which individuals consistently show problems in one or more of these areas: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

ADHD

Who is credited with the development of the first intelligence test?

Alfred Binet

Please fill in the table with the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children. Parenting Style: neglectful thanking

Description: parent is very uninvolved with child's life Likely result: child is socially incompetent, lacks self-control

Please fill in the table with the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children. Parenting Style: indulgent parenting

Description: parent places few demands or restrictions on child, but is highly involved with child Likely result: child is socially incompetent, lacks self-control

Please fill in the table with the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children. Parenting Style: authoritative parenting

Description: parent places limits, but still encourages child's independence Likely result: child is socially competent

Please fill in the table with the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children. Parenting Style: authoritarian parenting

Description: restrictive parenting style with little verbal exchange Likely result: child is socially incompetent

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and substandard education for young children in the United States through

Project Head Start

Three-year-old Sharon can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own but needs her parents' help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles?

Sharon mastering 4-piece puzzles

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Constructivism

Vygotsky

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Dialogue

Vygotsky

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Education is very important

Vygotsky

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Give children opportunities to learn with teacher & more skilled peers

Vygotsky

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Language shapes thought

Vygotsky

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: No general stages of development

Vygotsky

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Strong emphasis on sociocultural context

Vygotsky

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Tools of the culture

Vygotsky

Please match the correct parenting styles, descriptions of those styles, and potential outcomes for children to either Piaget or Vygotsky: Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky

The _____ not only provide an overall IQ score but also yield several composite indexes that allow the examiner to quickly determine the areas in which a child is strong or weak.

Wechsler scales

Marta feels sorry for the white crayon because no one ever uses it and she thinks it must be sad. This is an example of Piaget's theory of ________.

animism

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video: By 18 months of age, Amalia demonstrates self-recognition by touching her nose when looking at herself in a mirror after a spot of rouge is placed on it. What is the best description of self-recognition?

a conscious knowledge of the self as a distinct, identifiable being

Between 18 months and 6 years of age, there is consistent development in vocabulary at a rate of about

a new word every waking hour

Aiden has been disliked by his peers since kindergarten. In terms of peer status, the best description of Aiden is that he is

a rejected child

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.

acceptance; demand

The main cause of death in children ages 1 through 4 is ______.

accidents

When given appropriate cues and prompts, young children demonstrate that they can ______.

accurately remember a large quantity of information

A recent research review concluded that ______ exercise is linked to children's cognitive skills.

aerobic

Madeleine is about equally liked and disliked by the children in her class. In terms of peer status, she is best described as

an average child

______ intelligence refers to the ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

analytic

Males report experiencing and expressing more _____ than do females.

anger

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video. When asked to remember a list of words, 12-year-old Hanani groups the items into conceptual categories (e.g. animals, school supplies). This mnemonic strategy is known as

organization

A four-year-old boy shows developed fine motor skills as he skillfully holds a colored marker between his thumb and fingers. What shape does 4-year-old Sal draw?

oval

Here, we watch three girls participate in an art activity with their preschool teacher. The girls in this video are working with tissue cut different ways to help with fine motor skills. Which of the following also helps with fine motor skills?

painting

Abuse perpetuated against children is usually perpetrated by a

parent

Most child maltreatment in the U.S. is done by whom?

parents

Developmentalists have distinguished five _________ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

peer

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school

peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important

In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more

personal

The term _______ _______ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

perspective taking

What is defined as the ability to understand or be empathetic to another person?

perspective taking

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings?

perspective taking

________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

perspective taking

In the traditional ______ approach to reading instruction, the main focus is learning the rules for translating written symbols (the printed alphabet) into sounds.

phonetic

Jim, a 3-year-old boy, gets a box of colorful blocks as a birthday gift from his uncle. He is excited to see the gift and demands to play with the blocks immediately. In the context of physical and cognitive development in early childhood, when playing with the blocks, Jim is most likely to

place each block on top of the other with intense concentration

According to Piaget, ______ provides the perfect setting to exercise cognitive structures.

play

According to Piaget, what allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way?

play

In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.

popular

In terms of peer status, the ________ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers.

popular

Mr. Xiong, a fifth-grade teacher, encourages his students to share their worries, successes, failures, coping strategies, and interests with each other in his diverse classroom. Which strategy is Mr. Xiong using to promote cooperation among diverse groups of students?

positive personal contact

________ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

postconventional

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of

pragmatics

_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.

preconventional

ADHD in which children demonstrate a high level of physical activity and do not do a good job of thinking before they act is ADHD with

predominantly hyperactivity/impulsivity

Between the ages of 7 and 30, researchers have found less diffusion and more focal activation in the _______cortex area of the brain.

prefrontal

Which area of the brain shows an increase in brain pathways and circuitry during middle and late childhood?

prefrontal cortex

Engagement in pretend play and the ability to represent objects that are not present are associated with the symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the _______ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the

preoperational stage

The stage of Piagetian development that can be divided into the symbolic function substage and intuitive thought substage is called

preoperational thought

According to the research of Zigler and colleagues (2006), quality universal _______ programs could prepare all U.S. children for both school readiness and academic success.

preschool

Watch the following Milestones video and answer the multiple-choice questions as they appear throughout the video. Which of the following is the best example of emotion regulation?

pretending to be happy when you get a present you don't actually like

What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage?

primitive reasoning

A meta-analysis of studies in 14 countries by Mares and Pan (2013) found that children's shows such as Sesame Street

produced positive outcomes in the area of social reasoning

School has a ______ influence on children's development.

profound

The study of ______ behavior puts more emphasis on the behavioral aspects of moral development.

prosocial