CH.16 - Adaptive Immunity

The 3rd line of defense includes ___ and the formation of ___.

lymphocytes, antibodies

___ defense mechanisms are the 1st and 2nd line of defense against infection.

non-specific

___ -Mediated Immunity:

...

Consequences of Antigen-Antibody Binding: 1. ___: Antibodies cause antigens (microbes) to clump together. a). ___: ___ of red blood cells. Used to determine ABO blood types and to detect ___ and ___ viruses. b). ___ (decavalent) is more effective that ___ (bivalent).

1. Agglutination a). Hemagglutination, Agglutination, ABO, influenza, measles b). IgM, IgG

1. Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated ___: a) Target cell is covered with ___, leaving ___ portion sticking outwards. b) ___ and other nonspecific cells that have receptors for ___ region are stimulated to kill targeted cells. c) Target organism is ____ by substances secreted by attacking cells. d) Used to destroy ____ organisms that cannot be ___.

1. Cytotoxicity a) antibodies, Fc b) Natural killer, Fc c) lysed d) large, phagocytosed

( True / False ) Primary Infection Response: 1. After initial exposure to antigen, antibodies can be found within the first few days. 2. A gradual increase in titer, first of IgM and then of IgG is observed. 3. Most T cells become plasma cells, but some become long living memory cells. 4. There is never a decline in antibodies.

1. F (takes several days or months) 2. T 3. F ( True of T-cells, not B-cells ) 4. F ( general decline of antibodies following infection )

(True/False) 1. Antibodies protect against pathogens and antigens that have entered the host cells? 2. Only cell-mediated immunity can cause reactions agains transplanted tissues.

1. False, they cannot protect once the pathogen has entered the cell. 2. False, both cell and antibody-mediated immunity can reject transplant tissue.

Antibody Structure: 1. ___ region: ___ of monomer only. Important because they can bind to complement or cells. 2. ___ regions: Two sections at the end of Y's arms. Contain the ___ ___ sites (Fab). Identical on the same antibody, but vary from one antibody to another. 3. ___ regions: Stem of monomer and lower parts of Y arms.

1. Fc, stem 2. Variable, antigen binding 3. Constant

1. T ___ Cells: Central role in immune response. 2. Most are ___ 3. Recognize ___ on the surface of presenting cells. 4. These activate ___ and Induce formation of ___ T cells. Also Stimulate B cells to produce ___.

1. Helper (TH) 2. CD4+ 3. antigens 4. Macrophages, Cytotoxic antibodies

1. Clonal ___: Lymphocytes that encounter stimulating ___ will proliferate into a large group of cells. 2. Why don't we produce antibodies against our own antigens? We have developed ___ to them. 3. Clonal ___: ___ and ___ cells that react against ___ ___ appear to be destroyed during ___ development. Process is poorly understood.

1. Selection, antigen 2. tolerance 3. Deletion, B, T, self-antigens, fetal

1. ___: The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens. 2. ___: Fraction of serum that contains most of the antibodies, known as (immunoglobulins). 3. ___: Disease caused by multiple injections of antiserum. Immune response to foreign ___. May cause ___, ___, and joint pain. Is this rare or common?

1. Serology 2. Gamma Globulins 3. Serum Sickness, proteins, fever, kidney problems, rare

( True / False ) 1. T Cells and Cell Mediated Immunity requires constant presence of antigen to remain effective. 2. Cell mediated immunity is transferred to the fetus from the mother.

1. T 2. F

( True / False ) Secondary Infection Response: 1. Subsequent exposure to the same antigen displays a faster and more intense antibody response. 2. Increased antibody response is due to the existence of memory cells, which rapidly produce T-cells upon antigen stimulation

1. T 2. F ( plasma cells, not T-cells )

1. Common animals used for creating antiserums are ___, ___, and ___. 2. Typical antigens used include ___, ___, and ___.

1. horses, rabbits, goats 2. snake venom, botulism, diphteria toxin

1. Most antigens are ___ or large ___ from a foreign organism. 2. True / False: Antigens are only found on microbes?

1. proteins, polysaccharides 2. False - Antigens such as pollen, egg white , red blood cell surface molecules, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue are non microbes,

How Are Antibodies Made?: 1. B cells develop from ___ cells in the ___ of adults ( or ___ of fetus ) 2. After maturation, B cells migrate to ___ organs such as ___ and the ___. 3. ___ ___: When a B cell encounters an antigen it recognizes, it is stimulated and divides into many clones called ___ cells, which actively secrete ___. 4. Each B cell produces antibodies that will recognize only one ___ ___.

1. stem, bone marrow, liver 2. lymphoid, lymph nodes, spleen 3. Clonal Selection, antigen, plasma, antibodies 4. antigenic determinant

True / False? 1. T Cells offer protection from bacteria and viruses that are inside host cells. 2. T Cells cannot recognize cancer cells, helminths, fungi, or protozoa.

1.True 2. False

___ Immunity: Immunity that an organism develops during lifetime. Not genetically determined. May happen ___ or ___.

Acquired, naturally, artificially

Naturally Acquired Immunity: Obtained in the course of daily life. Naturally Acquired ___ Immunity: ___ or pathogens enter body naturally. Body generates an ___ response Immunity to ___ or ___ may be temporary Immunity to ___ and ___ may be lifelong. ( passive, active, chickenpox, intestinal infections, influenza, mumps )

Active, Antigens, immune, influenza, intestinal infections, chickenpox, mumps

Artificially Acquired ___ Immunity: Antigens are introduced in vaccines (immunization). (T/F ?) Body does not generate an immune response to antigens. Immunity received from the oral polio vaccine can be ___. Immunity received from tetanus toxoid can be ___.

Active, False, lifelong, temporary

___: A measure of binding strength.

Affinity

___: Proteins that recognize and bind to a particular antigen with very high ___.

Antibodies, specificity

Immunological Memory: ___: The amount of antibody in the serum.

Antibody Titer

Consequences of Antigen-Antibody Binding: ___-dependent cell-mediated ___: Used to destroy ___ organisms such as ___. Target organism is coated with ___ and bombarded with ___ from ___ immune cells.

Antibody, cytotoxicity, large, worms, antibodies, chemicals, nonspecific

___: Serum containing ___ for a specific antigen(s). Obtained from injecting an ___ with the specific ___.

Antiserum, antibodies, animal, antigen

___ (Cell "suicide") Programmed cell death ("Falling away"). 1. Human body makes ___ lymphocytes every day. If an equivalent number doesn't die, person will develop ___. 2. ___ cells that do not encounter stimulating antigen will self-destruct and send signals to ___ to dispose of their remains. 3. Many virus infected cells will undergo ___. Why?

Apoptosis 1. 100 million, leukemia 2. B, phagocytes 3. apoptosis, To help prevent spread of the infection.

___ Acquired Immunity: Obtained by receiving a vaccine or immune serum.

Artificially

____ immune responses: 1. ____: Chemical messengers of immune cells. Over 100 have been identified. These stimulate and/or regulate the following immune responses. a) ____: Communication between WBCs b) ____: Protect against viral infections/replication c) ____: Attract WBCs to infected areas.

Cell mediated 1. Cytokines a) Interleukins b) Interferons c) Chemokines

___ Immunity: Involves specialized set of lymphocytes called ___ that recognize foreign antigens on the surface of cells, organisms, or tissues Two types of these cells: ___ and ___.

Cell-mediated, T cells, Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells

Consequences of Antigen-Antibody Binding: ___ ___: Both Ig_ and Ig_ trigger the ___ system which results in cell ___ and inflammation.

Complement Activation, IgG, IgM, complement, lysis

___ cells: Destroy target cells. Most are ___ Recognize antigens on the surface of ___ cells: ___ host cells that are infected with viruses or bacteria. Recognize and kill ____ cells. Recognize and destroy transplanted tissue. Release protein called ___ which forms a pore in target cell, causing lysis of infected cells. These undergo ___ when stimulating antigen is gone.

Cytotoxic T (Tc) CD8+, CD8- all kills cancer transplanted perforin apoptosis

___ Cells: ( __ cells ) Mostly ___ and a few ___ cells that are involved in some slower allergic reactions like ___ ___ and rejection of ___ tissue.

Delayed Hypersensitivity T (TD) Th, Tc Poison Ivy Transplanted

___: Small part of an antigen that interacts with an antibody.

Epitope

True / False: Antigens must have a molecular weight of 5,000 or higher to provoke an initial immune response.

False - 10,000 minimum

___ Immunity: 1. ___ that are stimulated will actively secrete antibodies. These cells then replicate ___ and ___ cells. 2. Antibodies are found in ___ fluids, and the surface of ___. 3. These defend against ___, ___ toxins, and ___ that circulate freely in body fluids, before they enter cells.

Humoral 1. B cells, plasma 2. extracellular, B cells 3. bacteria, bacterial, viruses

___ Immunity: Involves production of antibodies against foreign antigens. Antibodies are produced by a subset of ___ called ___.

Humoral, lymphocytes, B cells

The antibody passed through breast milk is ___ The antibody transferred across the placenta to the fetus is ___.

IgA, IgG

IgE Structure: ___ Percentage serum antibodies: ___% Location: Bound to ___ and ___ throughout body. and in ___. Half-life in serum: __ days Complement Fixation: __ Placental Transfer: __ Known Functions: ___ reactions. Possibly lysis of ___.

IgE Structure: Monomer Percentage serum antibodies: 0.002% Location: mast cells, basophils, Blood. Half-life in serum: 2 days Complement Fixation: No Placental Transfer: No Known Functions: Allergic, worms.

___: Third line of defense. Involves production of antibodies and generation of specialized lymphocytes against specific antigens. ___: "Antibody + Generating" Molecules from a pathogen or foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response. ___: "Free from burden". Ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens or antigens.

Immune Response, Antigen, Immunity

___ or ___ Immunity: Immunity an organism is born with. Genetically determined. May be due to lack of ___ or other molecules required for infection. Examples: a) human immunity to ___. b) Immunity of mice to ___.

Innate, Genetic, receptors, canine distemper, poliovirus

ANTIGENS: ___ and ___ are only antigenic when combined with ___ or ___.

Lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides

Antibody Structure: ___: A flexible Y-shaped molecule with ___ protein chains: __ identical ___ chains __ identical ___ chains

Monomer, four, light, heavy

Consequences of Antigen-Antibody Binding: ___: Antibody Ig_ inactivates viruses by binding to their ___, and neutralize toxins by blocking their ___ ___.

Neutralization, IgG, surface, active sites

___ Cellular Components: 1. ___ ___: Stimulated phagocytes. Stimulated by ingestion of antigen a) ___ and more effective phagocytes. b) Enhanced ability to eliminate ___ bacteria, virus-infected and ___ cells.

Nonspecific 1. Activated Macrophages a) Larger b) intracellular, cancerous

___ Cellular Components: 2. ___ Cells: Lymphocytes that destroy virus infected and tumor cells. ( True / False ) a) These require antigen stimulation. b) Phagocytic, must contact cell in order to lyse it.

Nonspecific 2. Natural Killer (NK) a) False ( non-specific, no antigen required ) b) False ( non-phagocytic, but must make contact )

Consequences of Antigen-Antibody Binding: ___: Antigen (microbe) is covered with antibodies that enhances its ___ and lysis by ___ cells.

Opsonization, ingestion, phagocytic

Naturally Acquired ___ Immunity: ___ pass from mother to fetus via ___ or breast feeding ___ is also known as breast milk. The child (does/does not) have immune response to antigens? Immunity usually lasts only __ to __. This offers protection until child's ___ ___ develops.

Passive, Antibodies, placenta, colostrum, does not, weeks, months, immune system

Artificially Acquired ___ Immunity: Preformed ___, known as an ___, are introduced into body by injection. ___ antivenom injection from horses or rabbits. What is the half-life of the injection? (True/False?) Host immune system responds to antigens.

Passive, antibodies, antiserum, injection, Snake, 3 weeks, False

___: Fluid that remains after blood has clotted and cells have been removed.

Serum

IgA: Structure: ___ Percentage serum antibodies: __-__ % Location: __, __, ___ Half-life in serum: __ days Complement Fixation: __ Placental Transfer: __ Known Functions: ___ protection of ___ surfaces. Provides immunity to an infant's ___ ___.

Structure: Dimer with secretory component Percentage serum antibodies: 10-15% Location: Secretions (tears, saliva, intestine, milk), blood and lymph. Half-life in serum: 6 days Complement Fixation: No Placental Transfer: No Known Functions: Localized, mucosal, digestive tract.

IgD: Structure: ___ Percentage serum antibodies: ___% Location: ___, ___, ___ Half-life in serum: ___ days Complement Fixation: ___ Placental Transfer: ___ Known Functions: In serum function is ___. On __ __ surface, IgD ___ immune response.

Structure: Monomer Percentage serum antibodies: 0.2% Location: blood, lymph, B-cell surface, Half-life in serum: 3 days Complement Fixation: No Placental Transfer: No Known Functions: unknown. B cell, initiates

IgG: Structure: ___ Percentage serum antibodies: ___% Location: ___, ___, ___ Half-life in serum: ___ days Complement Fixation: ___ Placental Transfer: ___ Known Functions: Enhances ___, neutralizes toxins and ___, protects ___ and newborn.

Structure: Monomer Percentage serum antibodies: 80% Location: Blood, lymph, intestine Half-life in serum: 23 days Complement Fixation: Yes Placental Transfer: Yes Known Functions: phagocytosis, viruses, fetus

IgM Structure: ___ Percentage serum antibodies: ___-___% Location: ___, ___, ___ Half-life in serum: ___ days Complement Fixation: ___ Placental Transfer: ___ Known Functions: Effective against ___ and ___ antigens. ( True / False ) IgM is the last antibody produced during an infection.

Structure: Pentamer Percentage serum antibodies: 5-10% Location: Blood, lymph, B cell surface (monomer) Half-life in serum: 5 days Complement Fixation: Yes Placental Transfer: No Known Functions: microbes, agglutinating FALSE: 1st antibodies produced during infection

Cellular Components of Immunity: ___ cells have an antigen receptor that recognizes and reacts to a specific antigen. These receptors only recognize antigens combined with ___ ____ proteins on the surface of cells. These are known as ___ proteins, and are separated into two classes: Class I: Found on ___ ( exception: ___ ). Class II: Found on ___ (antigen presenting cells) These are also called ___ Ag.

T histocompatability MHC all cells, Red Blood Cels phagocytes transplantation

Cell Mediated Immunity is Carried Out by __ ___.

T Lymphocytes

___ Cells: May shut down immune response.

T Suppressor (Ts)

___ regulate proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system. These also destroy ___ host cells.

T cells, abnormal

The Immune System is the ___ Line of Defense Against Infection

Third

___ of an antibody: Number of antigen binding sites. Most are ___.

Valence, bivalent

CH 16 quiz

Which of the following is NOT considered a component of the human immune system? Correct A. Pancreas B. Lymph node C. Appendix D. Thymus E. Peyer's patches in small intestine F. Spleen G. Bone marrow H. Tonsils Answer Key: A Question 2 of 9 Score: 1 (of possible 1 point) When a child receives maternal antibodies through the placenta, this is an example of: A. Naturally acquired active immunity B. Artificially acquired passive immunity C. None of these choices Correct D. Naturally acquired passive immunity E. Artificially acquired active immunity Answer Key: D Question 3 of 9 Score: 1 (of possible 1 point) Which of the following is NOT true of humoral immunity? A. Antibodies are found in body fluids B. All of these statements are correct C. Stimulated B cells undergo clonal selection D. Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes E. B cells are produced and mature in the bone marrow Correct F. Antibodies recognize antigens combined with MHC class I and II G. Antibodies are effective against extracellular antigens H. B cells that are not stimulated eventually undergo apoptosis Answer Key: F Review Check to review before finishing (will be flagged in Table of Contents) Question 4 of 9 Score: 1 (of possible 1 point) Which of the following is NOT true for Cell mediated immunity? A. All of these statements are correct B. T helper cells undergo clonal selection when stimulated C. T cells mature in the thymus Correct D. T helper cells recognize antigens combined with MHC Class I on the surface of all cells E. Effective against cancer cells and cells infected with viruses F. T cytotoxic cells release perforins which lyse target cells G. T helper cells can stimulate B cells, phagocytes, and T cytotoxic cells Answer Key: D Question 5 of 9 Score: 1 (of possible 1 point) Which of the following is a consequence of antibody-antigen binding? Correct A. All of these choices B. Opsonization C. Activation of complement D. Agglutination E. Antibody-dependent-cell-mediated cytotoxicity F. Neutralization of toxins Answer Key: A Question 6 of 9 Score: 2 (of possible 2 points) Match the immunoglobulin molecules to their properties: Choices - use a choice only once A. IgG B. IgA C. IgM D. IgD E. IgE Match each of the following to a choice 1. Crosses the placenta 2. Triggers the release of histamine 3. None of these choices 4. Protects mucosal surfaces 5. Decavalent antibody Answer Key: 1 - A, 2 - E, 3 - D, 4 - B, 5 - C Question 7 of 9 Score: 1 (of possible 1 point) An immunoglobulin molecule contains the following components: A. Two identical heavy chains and four identical light chains B. Four identical heavy chains and two identical light chains C. Two different heavy chains and two different light chains Correct D. Two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains E. None of these choices F. Two identical heavy chains and one identical light chain Answer Key: D Question 8 of 9 Score: 1 (of possible 1 point) Which immunoglobulins are capable of activating (fixing) complement? A. IgA and IgE B. IgA C. None of these choices D. IgM and IgE E. IgG and IgD F. IgA and IgM Correct G. IgM and IgG Answer Key: G Question 9 of 9 Score: 1 (of possible 1 point) Which of the following is true for an antigen? A. Antigens typically have a molecular weight of less than 10,000 Correct B. An antigen can be microbial or nonmicrobial C. Most antigens are lipids D. All humans recognize and have immune responses to the same antigens E. All microbial antigens have a singe epitope F. None of these choices Answer Key: B

Relationship Between Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity: a) ___ Antigens: b) Antibody production requires assistance from T ___ cells. c) A ___ cell ingests antigen and presents it to the ___ cell. d) That cell then stimulates __ cells specific for that antigen to replicate into ___ cells.

a) T-Dependent b) Helper c) Macrophage, TH d) B, plasma

Relationship Between Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity: a) ___ Antigens: Antibody production does not require assistance from T cells. b) Antigens are mainly ___ or ___ with repeating subunits ( Eg. bacterial ___ ). c) ( Weaker / Stronger ) immune response than for T-dependent antigens ?

a) T-Independent b) polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, capsules c) Weaker

One virus or microbe may have several ___ ___ sites, to which different ___ may bind.

antigenic determinant, antibodies

Any given antigen may have several ___. Each is recognized by a different ___.

epitopes, antibody

Antigens that stimulate T-cells and cell-mediated response are mainly extracellular or intracellular?

intracellular

Antigens are mainly ___ on viruses, bacteria, foreign red blood cells, and ___-carrier molecules.

proteins, hapten

The first line of defense includes the skin, ___ and ___.

secretions of the skin, mucous membranes

Antibodies belong to a group of ___ proteins called ___. The abbreviation is ___.

serum, immunoglobulins, Ig

___ defense mechanisms are the 3rd line of defense against infection. These are collectively known as the ___ ___.

specific, immune system

Each antibody has at least ___ identical antigen binding sites.

two