BIO 141: Chapter 1
What are the five ways to approach gross anatomy
1. systematic anatomy: studies the anatomy of each functional body system 2. regional anatomy: examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body 3. comparative anatomy: examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different species 4. embryology: studies developmental changes from conception to birth
auricular
ear
Physiologists
examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances and abnormal circumstances
Anatomists
examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs
Physiology
examines how the body functions
orbital
eye
facial
face
Prone position
face down
supine position
face up
pes
foot
antebrachial
forearm
frontal
forehead
What are six common properties of all organisms?
1. All exhibit complex organization and order 2. All engage in metabolism, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body (anabolism, catabolism) 3. All grow and develop 4. All exhibit responsiveness, the ability to sense and react to stimuli 5. All exhibit regulation (adjust internal bodily function to environment changes to maintain homeostasis) 6. All reproduce
What are the six levels of organization?
1. Chemical level (atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and organelles) 2. Cellular level (consists of cells - the smallest living structures) 3. Tissue level (groups of similar cells performing common functions) 4. Organ level (two or more tissue types performing specific functions) 5. Organ system level (contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function) 6. Organismal level (the highest level of structural organization)
What are the four major planes?
1. Coronal (frontal) 2. Transverse (cross-sectional) 3. Sagittal (midsagittal divides equally) 4. Oblique
What are the eleven human organ systems?
1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Nervous system 5. Endocrine system 6. cardiovascular system 7. lymphatic system 8. respiratory system 9. Urinary system 10. digestive system 11. male and female reproductive systems
What two main regions is the human body partitioned into?
1. axial region 2. Appendicular region
What are the five subdisciplines that physiologists focus on?
1. cardiovascular physiology: the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood 2. Neurophysiology: the functioning of nerves and nervous system organs 3. respiratory physiology: the functioning of respiratory organs 4. reproductive physiology: the functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle 5. pathophysiology: the relationship between the function of an organ and disease or injury to the system
What are the two main divisions of microscopic anatomy?
1. cytology: the study of body cells and their internal structure 2. histology: the study of tissues
What are four types of tissues?
1. epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities 2. connective tissue protects, supports, and binds structures and organs 3. muscle tissue produces movement 4. nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses
Microscopic anatomy
1. examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye 2. Specimens examined under a microscope
Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)
1. investigates structures visible to the unaided eye 2. Specimens dissected for examination
What are the six characteristics of the anatomic position?
1. upright stance 2. feet parallel and flat on the floor 3. upper limbs at the sides of the body 4. palms face anteriorly (toward the front) 5. head is level 6. eyes look forward
What type of plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures?
A transverse plane
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy studies structure and form; physiology studies the function of body parts. Their study is intertwined
Transverse plane
Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
What does it mean if an organism is 'responsive', and how does this characteristic relate to the survival of the organism?
Responsiveness is the ability to sense and react to stimuli. The ability to make changes in response to the environment is crucial for survival
The term antebrachial refers to which body region?
The forearm (portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist
abdominal
abdomen
Form (______________) and function (______________) are interrelated
anatomy; physiology
tarsal
ankle
brachial
arm
axillary
armpit
dorsal
at the back side of the human body
ventral
at the belly side of the human body
cranial (cephalic)
at the head end
caudal
at the rear or tail end
lateral
away from the mid-line of the body
occipital
back of head
popliteal
back of knee
mammary
breast
gluteal
buttock
sural
calf
buccal
cheek
pectoral
chest
mental
chin
inferior
closer to the feet
superior
closer to the head
proximal
closest to point of attachment to the trunk
What subdiscipline of anatomy may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimpanzees?
comparative anatomy
What is included in the appendicular region
composed of the upper and lower limbs
perineal
diamond-shaped region between the legs that contains the anus and external reproductive organs
Sagittal plane
divides a structure into left and right structures at any number of sites
antecubital
front of elbow
Physiologists focus on the:
functions of organ systems
distal
furthest from point of attachment to the trunk
inguinal
groin
manus
hand
cephalic
head
What is included in the axial region?
head, neck and trunk. Forms the main vertical axis of the body
coxal
hip
plane
imaginary flat surface passing through the body
posterior
in back of; toward the back surface
Anterior
in front of; toward the front surface
Structure and function ______________
inseparable
patellar
kneecap
radial
lateral (thumb side) aspect of forearm
fibular
lateral aspect of the leg
crural
leg
lumbar
lower back
tibial
medial aspect of leg
ulnar
medial aspect of the forearm
oral
mouth
cervical
neck
nasal
nose
All organisms must exchange ______________, ______________, and ______________ to carry on metabolism
nutrients, wastes, and gases
deep
on the inside, internal to another structure
superficial
on the outside
palmar
palm
Oblique planes
pass through structures at an angle
olecranal
posterior aspect of the elbow
sacral
posterior region between the hip bones
Which directional term would be most appropriate in the sentence, the elbow is ______________ to the wrist?
proximal
Scientific method
refers to a systematic and rigorous process by which scientists 1. Examine natural events through observation 2. Develop a hypothesis for explaining phenomenon 3. Experiment and test hypothesis by collecting data 4. Determine if data support the hypothesis, or if the hypothesis should be rejected or modified
deltoid
shoulder
scapular
shoulder blade
section
slice or cut to expose internal anatomy
plantar surface
sole
vertebral
spinal column
sternal
sternum
Anatomy
studies the form and structure of the body
cranial
surrounding the brain
Which organ system is responsible for filtering the blood and removing the waste products of the blood in the form of urine?
the urinary system
femoral
thigh
digital
toe/finger
medial
toward the mid-line of the body
rostral
toward the nose or mouth
Coronal plane
vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Midsagittal plane
vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves
carpal
wrist
