BIO 141: Chapter 1

What are the five ways to approach gross anatomy

1. systematic anatomy: studies the anatomy of each functional body system 2. regional anatomy: examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body 3. comparative anatomy: examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different species 4. embryology: studies developmental changes from conception to birth

auricular

ear

Physiologists

examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances and abnormal circumstances

Anatomists

examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs

Physiology

examines how the body functions

orbital

eye

facial

face

Prone position

face down

supine position

face up

pes

foot

antebrachial

forearm

frontal

forehead

What are six common properties of all organisms?

1. All exhibit complex organization and order 2. All engage in metabolism, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body (anabolism, catabolism) 3. All grow and develop 4. All exhibit responsiveness, the ability to sense and react to stimuli 5. All exhibit regulation (adjust internal bodily function to environment changes to maintain homeostasis) 6. All reproduce

What are the six levels of organization?

1. Chemical level (atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and organelles) 2. Cellular level (consists of cells - the smallest living structures) 3. Tissue level (groups of similar cells performing common functions) 4. Organ level (two or more tissue types performing specific functions) 5. Organ system level (contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function) 6. Organismal level (the highest level of structural organization)

What are the four major planes?

1. Coronal (frontal) 2. Transverse (cross-sectional) 3. Sagittal (midsagittal divides equally) 4. Oblique

What are the eleven human organ systems?

1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Nervous system 5. Endocrine system 6. cardiovascular system 7. lymphatic system 8. respiratory system 9. Urinary system 10. digestive system 11. male and female reproductive systems

What two main regions is the human body partitioned into?

1. axial region 2. Appendicular region

What are the five subdisciplines that physiologists focus on?

1. cardiovascular physiology: the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood 2. Neurophysiology: the functioning of nerves and nervous system organs 3. respiratory physiology: the functioning of respiratory organs 4. reproductive physiology: the functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle 5. pathophysiology: the relationship between the function of an organ and disease or injury to the system

What are the two main divisions of microscopic anatomy?

1. cytology: the study of body cells and their internal structure 2. histology: the study of tissues

What are four types of tissues?

1. epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities 2. connective tissue protects, supports, and binds structures and organs 3. muscle tissue produces movement 4. nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses

Microscopic anatomy

1. examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye 2. Specimens examined under a microscope

Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

1. investigates structures visible to the unaided eye 2. Specimens dissected for examination

What are the six characteristics of the anatomic position?

1. upright stance 2. feet parallel and flat on the floor 3. upper limbs at the sides of the body 4. palms face anteriorly (toward the front) 5. head is level 6. eyes look forward

What type of plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures?

A transverse plane

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy studies structure and form; physiology studies the function of body parts. Their study is intertwined

Transverse plane

Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)

What does it mean if an organism is 'responsive', and how does this characteristic relate to the survival of the organism?

Responsiveness is the ability to sense and react to stimuli. The ability to make changes in response to the environment is crucial for survival

The term antebrachial refers to which body region?

The forearm (portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

abdominal

abdomen

Form (______________) and function (______________) are interrelated

anatomy; physiology

tarsal

ankle

brachial

arm

axillary

armpit

dorsal

at the back side of the human body

ventral

at the belly side of the human body

cranial (cephalic)

at the head end

caudal

at the rear or tail end

lateral

away from the mid-line of the body

occipital

back of head

popliteal

back of knee

mammary

breast

gluteal

buttock

sural

calf

buccal

cheek

pectoral

chest

mental

chin

inferior

closer to the feet

superior

closer to the head

proximal

closest to point of attachment to the trunk

What subdiscipline of anatomy may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimpanzees?

comparative anatomy

What is included in the appendicular region

composed of the upper and lower limbs

perineal

diamond-shaped region between the legs that contains the anus and external reproductive organs

Sagittal plane

divides a structure into left and right structures at any number of sites

antecubital

front of elbow

Physiologists focus on the:

functions of organ systems

distal

furthest from point of attachment to the trunk

inguinal

groin

manus

hand

cephalic

head

What is included in the axial region?

head, neck and trunk. Forms the main vertical axis of the body

coxal

hip

plane

imaginary flat surface passing through the body

posterior

in back of; toward the back surface

Anterior

in front of; toward the front surface

Structure and function ______________

inseparable

patellar

kneecap

radial

lateral (thumb side) aspect of forearm

fibular

lateral aspect of the leg

crural

leg

lumbar

lower back

tibial

medial aspect of leg

ulnar

medial aspect of the forearm

oral

mouth

cervical

neck

nasal

nose

All organisms must exchange ______________, ______________, and ______________ to carry on metabolism

nutrients, wastes, and gases

deep

on the inside, internal to another structure

superficial

on the outside

palmar

palm

Oblique planes

pass through structures at an angle

olecranal

posterior aspect of the elbow

sacral

posterior region between the hip bones

Which directional term would be most appropriate in the sentence, the elbow is ______________ to the wrist?

proximal

Scientific method

refers to a systematic and rigorous process by which scientists 1. Examine natural events through observation 2. Develop a hypothesis for explaining phenomenon 3. Experiment and test hypothesis by collecting data 4. Determine if data support the hypothesis, or if the hypothesis should be rejected or modified

deltoid

shoulder

scapular

shoulder blade

section

slice or cut to expose internal anatomy

plantar surface

sole

vertebral

spinal column

sternal

sternum

Anatomy

studies the form and structure of the body

cranial

surrounding the brain

Which organ system is responsible for filtering the blood and removing the waste products of the blood in the form of urine?

the urinary system

femoral

thigh

digital

toe/finger

medial

toward the mid-line of the body

rostral

toward the nose or mouth

Coronal plane

vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Midsagittal plane

vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves

carpal

wrist