Reading and Language Arts CKT 7812
What is the sociocognitive approach of language development?
In the 1970s, some researchers proposed that language development is a complex interaction of linguistic, social, and cognitive influences. This theory best explains the lack of language skills among children who are neglected, have uneducated parents, or lives in poverty.
What is critical comprehension
Involves prior knowledge and an understanding that written material, especially in nonfiction work, is the author's version of the subject. Critical comprehension includes analysis of meaning, evaluation, validation, questioning and recognizing the purpose, tone, point of view, themes, etc.
What is phonological awareness?
ability to perceive sound structures in spoken word, such as syllables and the individual phonemes within syllables
What is reading literacy
ability to read
What are phonological writing system
each letter stands for an individual sound and words are spelled just as they sound
The ability to separate, blend, and manipulate sounds is critical to developing
reading and spelling skills
What is a dependent clause fragment?
starts with a subordinating conduction
Usually flat characters are
static
Other writing systems
logographic (Chinese) and syllabic (Japanese)
What are parallel words?
the killer behaved coldly, cruelly, and inexplicably
What is style?
the manner in which a writer uses language in prose or poetry
What is point of view?
the perspective from which a story is told
What is a descriptive paragraph or essay?
Appeals to the five senses to describe a person, place or thing so that the readers can see the subject in their imagination
What are static characters?
characters that remain the same throughout the story
What is a euphemism?
"cover-up" word that avoids explicit meaning of an offensive or unpleasant term by substituting a vaguer image. Ex. expired instead of dead
What is process papers?
"how-to" that gives step by step directions on how to do something and the explanation paper that tells how an event occurred or how something works
What is a flexible grouping model?
"sandwich structure" Teacher give students shared-reading at beginning and end of lesson--- then differentiated instruction to two groups in the middle as they read the text (indirect guidance to students who can read independently, and direct support to struggling readers)
What is the learning approach of language development?
A theory that assumes that language is first learned by imitating the speech of adults. It is then solidified in school through drills about the rules of language structures
Curriculum Alignment
Act of teaching students concepts that they will eventually be tested on.
Examples of types of transitional words
Addition (Also, in addition, furthermore, then another), admitting a point (granted, although, while it is true that), cause and effect (since, so, consequently, as a result, therefore, thus), comparison (similarity, just as, in like manner, likewise), contrast (on the other hand, yet, nevertheless, despite, but, still), emphasis (indeed, in fact, without a doubt, certainly, to be sure), illustration (for example, for instance, in particular, specifically), purpose (in order to, for this purpose, for this to occur), spatial arrangement (beside, above, below, around, across, inside, near, far, to the left), summary or clarification (in summary, in conclusion, that is, in other words), time sequence (before, after, later, soon, next, meanwhile, suddenly, finally)
What is charades?
Another way to act out words and improve vocabulary skills
What is a bathos in regard to language use?
Attempt to evoke pity, sorrow or nobility that goes overboard and becomes ridiculous.
Ways a teacher can make listening experience rewarding for ESL students
Avoid colloquialism and abbreviated or slang terms that may be confusing to the ESL listener Make spoken English understandable by stopping to clarify points, repeating new or difficult words, and defining words that are unknown Support spoken words with visuals
What is a viewing guide?
Expectations to use the viewing center (before, during, and after using the center).
What is the linguistic approach of language development?
Championed by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s, this theory proposes that the ability to use a language is innate. This is a biological approach rather than one based cognition or social patterning
Examples of classroom activities that teach phonological awareness?
Clapping to sounds of individual words, names or all words in a sentence practicing saying blended phonemes singing songs that involve phoneme replacement (Name Game) reading poems, songs, and nursery rhymes out loud reading patterned and predictable texts out loud listening to environmental sounds or following verbal directions playing games with rhyming chants or finger plays reading alliterative texts out loud grouping objects by beginning sounds reordering words in a well-known sentence or making silly phrases by deleting words from a well-known sentence
What are round characters?
Complex personalities (like real people) More common in longer works such as novels or full length plays
What is malapropism?
Confusing one word with another, similar sounding word. Ex. saying cliff dweller instead of cliffhanger
What is the cognitive approach of language development?
Developed in 1970s and based on the work of Piaget, this theory states that children must develop appropriate cognitive skills before they can acquire language
What is style affected by?
Diction or word choices, sentence structure or syntax, types and extent of use of figurative language, patterns of rhythm or sound, and conventional or creative use of punctuation
What are flat characters?
Displays only a few personality traits and are based on stereotypes ex. lazy bum, bigoted redneck, asset minded professor
What are the three stages of writing?
Drawing, dictating and writing
Children's preparation levels entering formal education reflects their...
Family/community values and beliefs about literacy
What should a classroom viewing center have?
Magazines, CDs, books, videos, and pictures
Order of importance
Method of organization relies on a ranking determined by priorities.
Ways teaches can assist in language development
Modeling enriched vocabulary and teach new words Using questions and examples to extend a child's descriptive language skills Providing ample response time to encourage children to practice speech Asking for clarification to provide students with the opportunity to develop communication skills Promoting conversations among children Providing feedback to let children know they have been heard and understood, and providing further explanation when needed
Disadvantage of small-group method of reading
Most time is used for skill-instruction and too little time for students to read text
What is Hyperbole?
Phrase that exaggerates for effect ex. I thought I would die!
Order defined by genre
Pre-determined order structured according to precedent or professional guidelines, such as the order required for a specific type of research or lab report, a resume, or an application form
What are the three steps of listening lessons?
Pre-listening activity, the listening activity, and post-listening activity
What is a climax?
Process of building up to a dramatic highpoint through a series of phrases or sentences (most intense part of the story)
Strategies for teachers to use with students that have cultural and linguistic differences
Read-aloud often print in their native language permit mistakes during student attempt at using English Encourage students to reread books repeatedly plan activities entailing language use
What is assonance?
Repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, particularly in stressed syllables, in words in close proximity (a quiet bride cried)
What is alliteration?
Repetition of the first sounds or stressed syllables in words in close proximity (Chirp Chirp, said the chickadee)
Examples of tone
Serious, humorous, satiric, stoic, cynical, flippant, and surprised.
What are phonemes?
Sounds represented by the letters in the alphabet
What is Informal Reading Inventory or Qualitative Reading Inventory?
Survey used to assess the instructional needs of readers as individuals. Determine a reader's grade-level reading, fluency, comprehension, vocabulary, oral reading accuracy, word recognition, word meaning and reading strategies
What is a narrative paragraph or essay?
Tells a story. Who, what, where, when, why and how of an event Presented in chronological order
What is tone?
The attitude of a writer or narrator toward the theme of, subject of, or characters in a work (Sometimes stated but usually implied)
What is irony?
The difference between what is and what ought to be, or between what is said and what is meant. Irony can be an unexpected result in literature, such as a twist of fate. It is ironic that the tortoise beat the hare
What is the alphabetic principle?
The use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds. The way letters are combined and pronounced is guided by a system of rules that establishes relationships between written and spoken words and their letter sounds.
What is the relationship between oral and written language development?
They develop simultaneously Acquisition of one area supports the acquisition of skills in the other Oral language is not a prerequisite to written language
What is the purpose of using puppetry?
To generate ideas, encourage imagination, and foster language development
How is meaning interpreted?
We listen, decode their meaning though our own prejudices and perceptions. We emphasize importance of message based on what pertains to us.
What are parallel clauses?
We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the hills
First Person Point of View
a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself (I)
What is a fable?
a tale in which animals, plants, and forces of nature act like humans. Teaches a moral lesson. Ex. The Tortoise and the Hare.
Define literacy
ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute and use printed and written materials associated with varying context
What is a norm-referenced assessment?
assessment score is compared to a theoretical average score achieved by students of the same age or grade level.
What are dynamic characters?
characters that change or grow during the course of the narrative. They learn important lessons, fall in love, or take new paths
How can a teacher assist a child's language development
by building on what the child already knows, discussion relevant and meaningful events and experiences, teaching vocabulary and literacy skills, and providing opportunities to acquire more complex language
How can teachers promote language development?
by intensifying the opportunities a child has to experience and understand language
What is visualization?
calls upon the imagination and encourages concentration and bodily awareness
What is Written Language Development?
can occur without direct instruction can be taught through print-rich environment
What are the two main factors that must be considered when evaluating the appropriateness of assessment instruction and practices are..
curriculum alignment and cultural bias
Order of Interest
dependent on the level of interest the audience has in the subject
What is oral language development?
does not occur naturally, but does occur in a social context (include children in conversation)
Usually round characters are
dynamic
What is a tall tale?
exaggerated human abilities or describes unbelievable events as if the story were true. Ex. Paul Bunyan and Pecos Bill stories
What is illustrative paragraph or essay?
explains a general statement through the use of specific examples
What is a fairy tale?
fictional story involving humans, magical events, and usually animals. Plot is impossible and/or enchantment. Ex. Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, and Rumpelstilskin
What are drama activities?
fun learning experiences that capture a child's attention, engage the imagination and motivate vocabulary expansion
What is writing literacy?
includes spelling, grammar, and sentence structure
What is a fragment?
incomplete sentence
What is the dictation stage of writing?
learners tell their thought to a literate person who will write their words for the child Students recognize that written words on the page represent their thoughts an can recognize the beginning sounds of words they are saying (sight words too)
Third Person Point of View
omniscient (Knows everything) and limited (confined to what is known by a single character or al limited number of characters) (He, she, or they)
What is a coordinating conjunction?
one that can join two independent clauses by placing a comma and a ____ between them ex. and, but, or, nor, yet, for and so
What is a subordinating conduction?
one that joins a subordinate clause and an independent clause and establishes the relationship between them
Examples of parallelism
parallel words, parallel phrases, parallel clauses
Literacy Rich Classrooms help ELL/ESL students
participate in regular curriculum
What should be developed before the student has learned letter to sound correspondence?
phonological awareness
What are subsets of reading literacy?
phonological awareness, decoding, comprehension and vocabulary
Elements of a short story
plot, characters, and point of view
What are parallel phrases?
praised by comrades, honored by commanders , the soldier came home a hero
What is criterion-referenced assessment?
scored based on the student's individual ability to show mastery of specific learning standards.
What is the drawing stage of writing?
scribbles or pictures to convey their message When asked to read their drawing- they will use the picture to tell a story
What are onset sounds
sounds at the beginning of words
What is the writing stage of writing?
students are able to write their own thoughts in a way that can be recognized by others. both beginning and ending sounds are represented in words, along with some vowels. They can understand spacing between words and the idea of creating complete sentences
Disadvantage of Whole-Class reading
students who read above level are unchallenged and students who are below level are lost
What is parallelism?
subjects, objects, verbs, modifiers, phrases, and clauses can be structured in sentences to balance one with another through a similar grammatical pattern (highlight ideas while showing their relationship and giving style to writing)
What are rimes
syllable rhyme-same ending
What is literal comprehension?
the skills a reader uses to deal with the actual words in a text ex. of skills: identifying the topic sentence, main idea, important facts, supporting details, using context clues to determine meaning of a word, and sequencing events
What is a relative clause fragment?
these often start with who, whose, which, or that
How do children learn language?
through interacting with others, by experiencing language in daily and relevant context, and through understanding that speaking and listening are necessary for effective communication
What is an oxymoron?
two terms that are used together for contradictory effect, usually in the form of an adjective that doesn't fit the noun. Ex. jumbo shrimp, or a new classic
What are transitional words?
used to signal a relationship. Used to link thoughts and sentences
What is an onomatopoeia?
words that imitate sounds. Ex. hiss, buzz, burp, rattle, and pop
