Reading and Language Arts CKT 7812

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What is the sociocognitive approach of language development?

In the 1970s, some researchers proposed that language development is a complex interaction of linguistic, social, and cognitive influences. This theory best explains the lack of language skills among children who are neglected, have uneducated parents, or lives in poverty.

What is critical comprehension

Involves prior knowledge and an understanding that written material, especially in nonfiction work, is the author's version of the subject. Critical comprehension includes analysis of meaning, evaluation, validation, questioning and recognizing the purpose, tone, point of view, themes, etc.

What is phonological awareness?

ability to perceive sound structures in spoken word, such as syllables and the individual phonemes within syllables

What is reading literacy

ability to read

What are phonological writing system

each letter stands for an individual sound and words are spelled just as they sound

The ability to separate, blend, and manipulate sounds is critical to developing

reading and spelling skills

What is a dependent clause fragment?

starts with a subordinating conduction

Usually flat characters are

static

Other writing systems

logographic (Chinese) and syllabic (Japanese)

What are parallel words?

the killer behaved coldly, cruelly, and inexplicably

What is style?

the manner in which a writer uses language in prose or poetry

What is point of view?

the perspective from which a story is told

What is a descriptive paragraph or essay?

Appeals to the five senses to describe a person, place or thing so that the readers can see the subject in their imagination

What are static characters?

characters that remain the same throughout the story

What is a euphemism?

"cover-up" word that avoids explicit meaning of an offensive or unpleasant term by substituting a vaguer image. Ex. expired instead of dead

What is process papers?

"how-to" that gives step by step directions on how to do something and the explanation paper that tells how an event occurred or how something works

What is a flexible grouping model?

"sandwich structure" Teacher give students shared-reading at beginning and end of lesson--- then differentiated instruction to two groups in the middle as they read the text (indirect guidance to students who can read independently, and direct support to struggling readers)

What is the learning approach of language development?

A theory that assumes that language is first learned by imitating the speech of adults. It is then solidified in school through drills about the rules of language structures

Curriculum Alignment

Act of teaching students concepts that they will eventually be tested on.

Examples of types of transitional words

Addition (Also, in addition, furthermore, then another), admitting a point (granted, although, while it is true that), cause and effect (since, so, consequently, as a result, therefore, thus), comparison (similarity, just as, in like manner, likewise), contrast (on the other hand, yet, nevertheless, despite, but, still), emphasis (indeed, in fact, without a doubt, certainly, to be sure), illustration (for example, for instance, in particular, specifically), purpose (in order to, for this purpose, for this to occur), spatial arrangement (beside, above, below, around, across, inside, near, far, to the left), summary or clarification (in summary, in conclusion, that is, in other words), time sequence (before, after, later, soon, next, meanwhile, suddenly, finally)

What is charades?

Another way to act out words and improve vocabulary skills

What is a bathos in regard to language use?

Attempt to evoke pity, sorrow or nobility that goes overboard and becomes ridiculous.

Ways a teacher can make listening experience rewarding for ESL students

Avoid colloquialism and abbreviated or slang terms that may be confusing to the ESL listener Make spoken English understandable by stopping to clarify points, repeating new or difficult words, and defining words that are unknown Support spoken words with visuals

What is a viewing guide?

Expectations to use the viewing center (before, during, and after using the center).

What is the linguistic approach of language development?

Championed by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s, this theory proposes that the ability to use a language is innate. This is a biological approach rather than one based cognition or social patterning

Examples of classroom activities that teach phonological awareness?

Clapping to sounds of individual words, names or all words in a sentence practicing saying blended phonemes singing songs that involve phoneme replacement (Name Game) reading poems, songs, and nursery rhymes out loud reading patterned and predictable texts out loud listening to environmental sounds or following verbal directions playing games with rhyming chants or finger plays reading alliterative texts out loud grouping objects by beginning sounds reordering words in a well-known sentence or making silly phrases by deleting words from a well-known sentence

What are round characters?

Complex personalities (like real people) More common in longer works such as novels or full length plays

What is malapropism?

Confusing one word with another, similar sounding word. Ex. saying cliff dweller instead of cliffhanger

What is the cognitive approach of language development?

Developed in 1970s and based on the work of Piaget, this theory states that children must develop appropriate cognitive skills before they can acquire language

What is style affected by?

Diction or word choices, sentence structure or syntax, types and extent of use of figurative language, patterns of rhythm or sound, and conventional or creative use of punctuation

What are flat characters?

Displays only a few personality traits and are based on stereotypes ex. lazy bum, bigoted redneck, asset minded professor

What are the three stages of writing?

Drawing, dictating and writing

Children's preparation levels entering formal education reflects their...

Family/community values and beliefs about literacy

What should a classroom viewing center have?

Magazines, CDs, books, videos, and pictures

Order of importance

Method of organization relies on a ranking determined by priorities.

Ways teaches can assist in language development

Modeling enriched vocabulary and teach new words Using questions and examples to extend a child's descriptive language skills Providing ample response time to encourage children to practice speech Asking for clarification to provide students with the opportunity to develop communication skills Promoting conversations among children Providing feedback to let children know they have been heard and understood, and providing further explanation when needed

Disadvantage of small-group method of reading

Most time is used for skill-instruction and too little time for students to read text

What is Hyperbole?

Phrase that exaggerates for effect ex. I thought I would die!

Order defined by genre

Pre-determined order structured according to precedent or professional guidelines, such as the order required for a specific type of research or lab report, a resume, or an application form

What are the three steps of listening lessons?

Pre-listening activity, the listening activity, and post-listening activity

What is a climax?

Process of building up to a dramatic highpoint through a series of phrases or sentences (most intense part of the story)

Strategies for teachers to use with students that have cultural and linguistic differences

Read-aloud often print in their native language permit mistakes during student attempt at using English Encourage students to reread books repeatedly plan activities entailing language use

What is assonance?

Repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, particularly in stressed syllables, in words in close proximity (a quiet bride cried)

What is alliteration?

Repetition of the first sounds or stressed syllables in words in close proximity (Chirp Chirp, said the chickadee)

Examples of tone

Serious, humorous, satiric, stoic, cynical, flippant, and surprised.

What are phonemes?

Sounds represented by the letters in the alphabet

What is Informal Reading Inventory or Qualitative Reading Inventory?

Survey used to assess the instructional needs of readers as individuals. Determine a reader's grade-level reading, fluency, comprehension, vocabulary, oral reading accuracy, word recognition, word meaning and reading strategies

What is a narrative paragraph or essay?

Tells a story. Who, what, where, when, why and how of an event Presented in chronological order

What is tone?

The attitude of a writer or narrator toward the theme of, subject of, or characters in a work (Sometimes stated but usually implied)

What is irony?

The difference between what is and what ought to be, or between what is said and what is meant. Irony can be an unexpected result in literature, such as a twist of fate. It is ironic that the tortoise beat the hare

What is the alphabetic principle?

The use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds. The way letters are combined and pronounced is guided by a system of rules that establishes relationships between written and spoken words and their letter sounds.

What is the relationship between oral and written language development?

They develop simultaneously Acquisition of one area supports the acquisition of skills in the other Oral language is not a prerequisite to written language

What is the purpose of using puppetry?

To generate ideas, encourage imagination, and foster language development

How is meaning interpreted?

We listen, decode their meaning though our own prejudices and perceptions. We emphasize importance of message based on what pertains to us.

What are parallel clauses?

We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the hills

First Person Point of View

a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself (I)

What is a fable?

a tale in which animals, plants, and forces of nature act like humans. Teaches a moral lesson. Ex. The Tortoise and the Hare.

Define literacy

ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute and use printed and written materials associated with varying context

What is a norm-referenced assessment?

assessment score is compared to a theoretical average score achieved by students of the same age or grade level.

What are dynamic characters?

characters that change or grow during the course of the narrative. They learn important lessons, fall in love, or take new paths

How can a teacher assist a child's language development

by building on what the child already knows, discussion relevant and meaningful events and experiences, teaching vocabulary and literacy skills, and providing opportunities to acquire more complex language

How can teachers promote language development?

by intensifying the opportunities a child has to experience and understand language

What is visualization?

calls upon the imagination and encourages concentration and bodily awareness

What is Written Language Development?

can occur without direct instruction can be taught through print-rich environment

What are the two main factors that must be considered when evaluating the appropriateness of assessment instruction and practices are..

curriculum alignment and cultural bias

Order of Interest

dependent on the level of interest the audience has in the subject

What is oral language development?

does not occur naturally, but does occur in a social context (include children in conversation)

Usually round characters are

dynamic

What is a tall tale?

exaggerated human abilities or describes unbelievable events as if the story were true. Ex. Paul Bunyan and Pecos Bill stories

What is illustrative paragraph or essay?

explains a general statement through the use of specific examples

What is a fairy tale?

fictional story involving humans, magical events, and usually animals. Plot is impossible and/or enchantment. Ex. Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, and Rumpelstilskin

What are drama activities?

fun learning experiences that capture a child's attention, engage the imagination and motivate vocabulary expansion

What is writing literacy?

includes spelling, grammar, and sentence structure

What is a fragment?

incomplete sentence

What is the dictation stage of writing?

learners tell their thought to a literate person who will write their words for the child Students recognize that written words on the page represent their thoughts an can recognize the beginning sounds of words they are saying (sight words too)

Third Person Point of View

omniscient (Knows everything) and limited (confined to what is known by a single character or al limited number of characters) (He, she, or they)

What is a coordinating conjunction?

one that can join two independent clauses by placing a comma and a ____ between them ex. and, but, or, nor, yet, for and so

What is a subordinating conduction?

one that joins a subordinate clause and an independent clause and establishes the relationship between them

Examples of parallelism

parallel words, parallel phrases, parallel clauses

Literacy Rich Classrooms help ELL/ESL students

participate in regular curriculum

What should be developed before the student has learned letter to sound correspondence?

phonological awareness

What are subsets of reading literacy?

phonological awareness, decoding, comprehension and vocabulary

Elements of a short story

plot, characters, and point of view

What are parallel phrases?

praised by comrades, honored by commanders , the soldier came home a hero

What is criterion-referenced assessment?

scored based on the student's individual ability to show mastery of specific learning standards.

What is the drawing stage of writing?

scribbles or pictures to convey their message When asked to read their drawing- they will use the picture to tell a story

What are onset sounds

sounds at the beginning of words

What is the writing stage of writing?

students are able to write their own thoughts in a way that can be recognized by others. both beginning and ending sounds are represented in words, along with some vowels. They can understand spacing between words and the idea of creating complete sentences

Disadvantage of Whole-Class reading

students who read above level are unchallenged and students who are below level are lost

What is parallelism?

subjects, objects, verbs, modifiers, phrases, and clauses can be structured in sentences to balance one with another through a similar grammatical pattern (highlight ideas while showing their relationship and giving style to writing)

What are rimes

syllable rhyme-same ending

What is literal comprehension?

the skills a reader uses to deal with the actual words in a text ex. of skills: identifying the topic sentence, main idea, important facts, supporting details, using context clues to determine meaning of a word, and sequencing events

What is a relative clause fragment?

these often start with who, whose, which, or that

How do children learn language?

through interacting with others, by experiencing language in daily and relevant context, and through understanding that speaking and listening are necessary for effective communication

What is an oxymoron?

two terms that are used together for contradictory effect, usually in the form of an adjective that doesn't fit the noun. Ex. jumbo shrimp, or a new classic

What are transitional words?

used to signal a relationship. Used to link thoughts and sentences

What is an onomatopoeia?

words that imitate sounds. Ex. hiss, buzz, burp, rattle, and pop


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