BIO 141 The Skeletal System
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar.
# of vertebrae: Breakfast at 7, lunch at 12, dinner at 5.
Thoracic vertebrae
12 bones of the vertebral column that articulate with the ribs and located inferior to the cervical vertebrae; heart-shaped body
Rib cage
12 pairs of ribs that form much of the thoracic cage via posterior attachments to the thoracic vertebrae and anterior attachment to the sternum or to costal cartilage (excepting ribs 11 and 12)
Thoracic cage
A bony cage that encases the thoracic cavity; consists of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and the thoracic vertebrae.
Sutures
A fibrous joint structurally and synarthrosis functionally that is found between the bones of the skull; all skull bones are united in adults other than the lower jaw bone
Fontanels
A soft spot in the skull of a fetus and infant in which the cranial sutures have not yet fused; remain until cranial bones ossify between 18-24 months
Pollex
Anatomical name of the thumb
Hallux
Anatomical term for the big toe
pubis
Anteroinferior bone of the pelvis; smallest component of pelvic bone
Clavicle
Anterosuperior bone of the pectoral girdle that spans from the scapula to the sternum; supports upper limbs
Medial longitudinal arch
Arch that runs along medial side of the foot from the calcaneus to metatarsals I-III
Acromioclavicular joint
Articulation between the acromion of the scapula and the lateral portion of the clavicle; injuries here are common and result in separated shoulder
Zygomatic
Bone in the orbital cavity which forms the anterolateral wall
Sphenoid
Bone in the orbital cavity which forms the posterior wall
Maxilla
Bone in the orbital cavity which forms the posteroinferior wall with a small contribution from the palatine bone
Frontal bone
Bone in the orbital cavity which forms the superior and posterosuperior walls
Hyoid bone
Bone in the superior neck to which muscles and ligaments attach; not a skull bone
Depressions
Bone marking that allows blood vessels and nerves to travel along a bone, or provide a place where two bones can articulate (form a joint)
Openings
Bone marking that encloses delicate structures and allow them to travel through bone
Projections
Bone marking that provides sites to which ligaments and tendons attach or where bones articulate
Pectoral girdle
Bones that support the upper limbs and hold it in its proper position; consists of the clavicle and scapula.
Acetabulum
Bony socket formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis into which the femurs first to form the hip joint; bones fuse during childhood
Pelvic girdle
Bony structure that attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and that supports the weight of the upper body.
Pelvis
Bowl-shaped bony structure formed by the two coxal (hip) bones and the sacrum
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
Carpal bones: Some Lunchers Try Peppers That They Can't Handle
Costal cartilages
Cartilage that attaches the ribs to the sternum
Orbit
Cavity in the skull that houses the eyeball and its associated structures
Sternum
Central bone of the thoracic cage to which ribs attach
Bone markings
Collective term for bone surface features - depressions, openings and projections
Cervical curvature
Concave spinal curvature that extends from about C2 to T2, develops as an infant begs to lift the head and crawl; develop after fetal period - secondary curvature
Lumbar curvature
Concave spinal curvature that extends from about T12 to L5, as a child begins to walk; develop after fetal period - secondary curvature
Hand
Consists of the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Pectoral girdle
Consists of the clavicle and scapula; support the upper limbs, including humorous, and site of muscle attachments
Thoracic cage
Consists of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and the thoracic vertebrae; form the peripheral boundary of the thoracic cavity, and protect the heart, lungs and great blood vessels
Ankle and foot
Contain the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Sacral canal
Continuation of vertebral canal in the sacrum; contains nerve roots from spinal cord and surrounding connective tissue membranes
Parietal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Temporal, Occipital, Frontal.
Cranial bones: PEST OF 6
Orbits
Cranial cavity that contains eyeballs
Nasal cavity
Cranial cavity that houses sensory receptors for smell
Oral cavity
Cranial cavity that surrounds teeth and tongue
Lateral malleolus
Distal end of the fibula; lateral ankle bone
Medial malleolus
Distal end of tibia; medial ankle bone
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Distal row of carpals, lateral to medial
medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid
Distal tarsal bones from medial to lateral
Cranial bones
Eight bones of the skull that encase the brain; four single bones - frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones; two paired bones - temporal and parietal bones.
Vomer, Inferior nasal conchae, Nasal, Mandible, Maxillae, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
Facial bones: Virgil Is Now Making My Pet Zebra Laugh.
Floating (vertebral) ribs
False ribs 11 and 12; lack attachment to the sternum
Vertebrochondral ribs
False ribs 8-10 that have costal cartilages that attach to the cartilage of the seventh rib; costal cartilage forms costal margin
Intervertebral disc
Fibrocartilage pad between two vertebrae that absorbs shock and supports the vertebral column; composed of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus
C1 (Atlas)
First cervical vertebra; no vertebral body or spinous process
Sacral vertebrae
Five fused vertebral bones column that articulate with the pelvic bones
Lumbar vertebrae
Five large, blocky bones of the vertebral column; kidney shaped body
Metatarsals
Five long bones of the foot; numbered I-V from medial to lateral
Transverse arch
Foot arch that runs along the middle of the foot, involves distal tarsal and bases of all five metatarsals
Vertebral column
Function: Protecting the spinal cord and supporting the head and trunk
Paranasal sinuses
Group of hollow cavities that are continuous with the nasal cavity; located within the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones; lined with mucous membranes
Foramen
Hole in a bone
Fossa
Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits
Cranial base
Inferior portion of the cranial cavity that cradles the brain; divided into three fossae
Nucleus pulposus
Inner, gelatinous, shock-absorbing portion of an intervertebral disc
Obturator foramen
Large hole in the anterior pelvis formed by the ilium and pubis
Trochanter
Large projection found only on the femur
Tuberosity
Large tubercle
Ilium
Largest bone of the pelvis that forms its superior, lateral and posterior walls
Radius
Lateral bone of the forearm
Glenoid cavity
Lateral depression of the scapula that articulates with the humerus at the shoulder joint
Fibula
Lateral leg bone; bears one-sixth of total weight; most commonly injured bone in ankle fractures
Lateral longitudinal arch
Less prominent foot arch that runs from lateral side of calcaneus to metatarsals IV and V
Phalanges
Long bone of the finger or toes
Metacarpals
Long bones of the hand; numbered I-V from lateral to medial
Groove (sulcus)
Long indentation along which a narrow structure travels
Line
Long, narrow ridge on a bone
Male
Male or female: Pelvis is narrower, longer, more robust
Female
Male or female? Pelvis is structured for childbirth; wider and shallower; lighter and less robust
Ulna
Medial bone of the forearm
Tibia
Medial leg bone; main weight-bearing bone; articulates with talus to form ankle joint
Fissure
Narrow slit in a bone or between adjacent parts of bones
Femur
Only bone in the thigh; largest and strongest in the body
Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Frontal, Lacrimal, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Palatine.
Orbital bones: Every Student Fancies Learning Zillions More Parts
Annulus fibrosus
Outer ring of fibrocartilage that helps hold the nucleus pulposus and vertebrae together
Protuberance
Outgrowth from a bone
Pubic symphysis
Pad of fibrocartilage between the two public bones
Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal, Maxillary.
Paranasal sinuses: For Easier Sinus Memorization
Costal facet
Point of articulation for ribs
Wrist
Portion of the upper limb that articulates proximally with the forearm and distally with the hand.
Calcaneus
Posterior tarsal bone; heel bone
Olecranon fossa
Posterior, proximal projection from the ulna; commonly known as the "elbow"
Ischium
Posteroinferior bone of the pelvis
Scapula
Posterolateral bone of the pectoral girdle that articulates with the humerus and clavicle
Process
Prominent bony projection
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Proximal row of carpals, lateral to medial
True ribs
Ribs 1-7; attach to sternum via their own costal cartilage
False ribs
Ribs 8-12; do not attach to the sternum directly
Crest
Ridge or projection on a bone
Head
Round projection from a bone's epiphysis
Condyle
Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone
C2 (Axis)
Second cervical vertebra; contains dens (odontoid process)
Patella
Sesamoid bone located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle (group of four muscles in the anterior thigh)
Cervical vertebrae
Seven bones of the vertebral column located in the neck; small and oval, includes C1 and C2; contains transverse foramina
Tarsals
Seven short bones of the ankle and foot; connect the leg with the foot
Facet
Shallow convex or concave surface where two bones articulate
Fovae
Shallow pit
Spine
Sharp process on a bone
Vertebral column
Skeletal structure consisting of 24 individual vertebrae, 5 fused vertebrae of the sacrum, and 3-5 fused vertebrae of the coccyx; together encase the spinal cord and nerves within the vertebral cavity.
Skull
Skeleton's most complex structure consisting of 22 bones: 8 cranial, 14 facial
Epicondyle
Small projection usually proximal to a condyle on a bone
Tubercle
Small, rounded bony projection
Oral cavity
Space enclosed by the teeth anteriorly and laterally, the palate superiorly, the tongue inferiorly, and the oropharynx posteriorly; the first portion of the alimentary canal; first part of the digestive tract
Intercostal space
Space located between two ribs
Kyphosis
Spinal curvature abnormality characterized by an exaggerated thoracic curvature, giving a "hunchback" appearance
Scoliosis
Spinal curvature abnormality characterized by lateral curvatures in the vertebral column that give it a C or S shape when viewed from the posterior or anterior side
Lordosis
Spinal curvature abnormality commonly known as "swayback," is characterized by exaggerated cervical and lumbar curvatures
Appendicular skeleton
Structural division of the skeleton formed by the upper and lower limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles; structured for motion
Axial skeleton
Structural division of the skeleton formed on the longitudinal axis of the body; consists of skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage; structured for protection
Skull
Superior portion of the axial skeleton that houses the brain and special sense organs; consists of the cranial and facial bones (22 bones + 6 auditory ossicles in ear)
Cranial vault (calvaria)
Superior portion of the cranial cavity
Dens
Superior projection from axis that fits inside the atlas to form the atlantoaxial joint.
False: A vertebral disc is composed of an outer anulus fibrosus and an inner nucleus pulposus
T/F: A vertebral disc is composed of an inner anulus fibrosus and an outer nucleus pulposus.
True
T/F: The cribriform plate is a component of the ethmoid bone.
False: The four paranasal sinuses include the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses
T/F: The four paranasal sinuses are the frontal, parietal, sphenoidal, and mandibular sinuses.
The most conspicuous feature of the occipital bone is the foramen magnum
T/F: The most conspicuous feature of the temporal bone is the foramen magnum.
False: The acetabulum articulates with the head of the femur at the hip joint.
T/F: The obturator foramen articulates with the head of the femur at the hip joint
True
T/F: The pelvic brim is the boundary between the greater and lesser pelvis.
True
T/F: The posterior projection from a vertebra is the spinous process.
False: The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae are fused in an adult.
T/F: The sacral, coccygeal, and cervical vertebrae are fused in an adult.
True
T/F: The sella turcica of the sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland.
False: The mastoid process of the temporal bone is a thick, posterior projection
T/F: The styloid process of the temporal bone is a thick, posterior projection.
True
T/F: The superior border of the pelvic bone is the iliac crest.
False: The thoracic and sacral curvatures are the vertebral column's convex curvatures
T/F: The thoracic and sacral curvatures are the vertebral column's concave curvatures.
False: The two public bones articulate at the pubic symphysis.
T/F: The two pubic bones articulate at the acetabulum.
True
T/F: The weight of the body in the sitting position is supported by the ischial tuberosities.
Talus
Tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint
Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, Cuboid.
Tarsals from proximal to distal: This College Needs Me In Lab Classes
Facial bones
The 14 bones of the skull that form the framework of the face; the paired maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchal bones, and unpaired mandible and vomer.
Carpals
The 8 short bones of the wrist
Acromion
The anterosuperior projection of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle
transverse, medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal
The arch(es) of the foot are the:
tibia, fibula, patella
The bones of the leg are the medial ___ and the lateral ___. The sesamoid bone that articulates with the distal femur is the ___.
Skeleton
The complete set of bones of the skeletal system; perform the common functions of protection, providing mechanical levers for movement, support, and housing hematopoietic tissue; approx. 206 bones
Leg
The distal portion of the lower limb that consists of the tibia and the fibula.
Forearm
The distal portion of the upper limb that consists of the radius and the ulna.
calcaneus
The heel bone is more properly known as the:
xiphoid process, manubrium, clavicle
The inferior portion of the sternum is the _____ . The superior portion of the sternum is the _____ , and it articulates with the _____ and the first rib.
C1 (Atlas) and atlanto-occipital joint
The joint and the bones that make up this joint that permit us to nod our heads 'yes' (neck flexion)
C2 (Axis) and atlanto-axial joint
The joint and the bones that make up this joint that permit us to shake our heads 'no' (lateral rotation of the head)
greater trochanter
The most lateral projection of the proximal epiphysis of the femur is the:
humerus, ulna, radius
The only bone of the arm is the ____. The forearm consists of the ____ medial and the lateral ____.
Humerus
The only bone of the upper arm
mandible
The only moveable bone in the adult skull is the:
Upper limb
The portion of the appendicular skeleton that consists of the arm, forearm, writs, and hand.
Lower limb
The portion of the appendicular skeleton that consists of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
Thigh
The proximal portion of the lower limb that consists of the femur.
Arm
The proximal portion of the upper limb from the elbow to the shoulder that consists of the humerus.
b. perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. c. vomer.
The structure(s) that divide the nasal cavity into right and left sides is/are the: a. nasal bones. b. perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. c. vomer. d. Both a and b are correct. e. Both b and c are correct.
Fossae
The three divisions (anterior, middle, posterior) of the cranial base where the brain fits
sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoid
The two parietal bones are united at the ___ suture; they meet the frontal bone at the ___ suture, the temporal bones at the ___ sutures, and the occipital bone at the ___ suture.
Sacral foramina
The vertebral structure in the sacrum that serves as an exit for the spinal nerves.
Ethmoid, lacrimal, and palatine
Three bones in the orbital cavity which together form the medial wall
Coccygeal vertebrae
Three to five small, fused vertebrae of the inferior vertebral column
medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, transverse
Three types of foot arches that support the weight of the body and distribute this weight evenly during walking
Cervical
Transverse foramina are a characteristic of which kind of vertebra?
Canal (meatus)
Tunnel through a bone
tibia, fibula
Two bones that make up the leg
Thoracic and sacral curvatures
Two convex spinal curvatures that extends from T2 to T12, from the lumbosacral junction to the coccyx; present in fetus - primary curvature
Nasal
Two-sided cavity within the anterior skull that houses the sensory receptors for olfaction and serves as the first portion of the respiratory tract.
acromion
What portions of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?
c. Skull d. Vertebral column f. Thoracic cage
Which of the following are considered parts of the axial skeleton? a. Pectoral girdle b. Lower limb c. Skull d. Vertebral column e. Pelvic girdle f. Thoracic cage
a. Hamate
Which of the following is not a proximal carpal bone? a. Hamate b. Pisiform c. Scaphoid d. Lunate
true, false, true, floating
____ ribs (1-7) attach to the sternum by their own costal cartilage; ____ ribs (8-12) do not attach directly to the sternum. Ribs 8-10 attach to the costal cartilage of _____ ribs; ____ ribs (11-12) do not attach to the sternum at all.
sinuses
air filled membrane lined spaces
foramen
is the anatomical name for a hole in a bone.
