BIO 141 The Skeletal System

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar.

# of vertebrae: Breakfast at 7, lunch at 12, dinner at 5.

Thoracic vertebrae

12 bones of the vertebral column that articulate with the ribs and located inferior to the cervical vertebrae; heart-shaped body

Rib cage

12 pairs of ribs that form much of the thoracic cage via posterior attachments to the thoracic vertebrae and anterior attachment to the sternum or to costal cartilage (excepting ribs 11 and 12)

Thoracic cage

A bony cage that encases the thoracic cavity; consists of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and the thoracic vertebrae.

Sutures

A fibrous joint structurally and synarthrosis functionally that is found between the bones of the skull; all skull bones are united in adults other than the lower jaw bone

Fontanels

A soft spot in the skull of a fetus and infant in which the cranial sutures have not yet fused; remain until cranial bones ossify between 18-24 months

Pollex

Anatomical name of the thumb

Hallux

Anatomical term for the big toe

pubis

Anteroinferior bone of the pelvis; smallest component of pelvic bone

Clavicle

Anterosuperior bone of the pectoral girdle that spans from the scapula to the sternum; supports upper limbs

Medial longitudinal arch

Arch that runs along medial side of the foot from the calcaneus to metatarsals I-III

Acromioclavicular joint

Articulation between the acromion of the scapula and the lateral portion of the clavicle; injuries here are common and result in separated shoulder

Zygomatic

Bone in the orbital cavity which forms the anterolateral wall

Sphenoid

Bone in the orbital cavity which forms the posterior wall

Maxilla

Bone in the orbital cavity which forms the posteroinferior wall with a small contribution from the palatine bone

Frontal bone

Bone in the orbital cavity which forms the superior and posterosuperior walls

Hyoid bone

Bone in the superior neck to which muscles and ligaments attach; not a skull bone

Depressions

Bone marking that allows blood vessels and nerves to travel along a bone, or provide a place where two bones can articulate (form a joint)

Openings

Bone marking that encloses delicate structures and allow them to travel through bone

Projections

Bone marking that provides sites to which ligaments and tendons attach or where bones articulate

Pectoral girdle

Bones that support the upper limbs and hold it in its proper position; consists of the clavicle and scapula.

Acetabulum

Bony socket formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis into which the femurs first to form the hip joint; bones fuse during childhood

Pelvic girdle

Bony structure that attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and that supports the weight of the upper body.

Pelvis

Bowl-shaped bony structure formed by the two coxal (hip) bones and the sacrum

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

Carpal bones: Some Lunchers Try Peppers That They Can't Handle

Costal cartilages

Cartilage that attaches the ribs to the sternum

Orbit

Cavity in the skull that houses the eyeball and its associated structures

Sternum

Central bone of the thoracic cage to which ribs attach

Bone markings

Collective term for bone surface features - depressions, openings and projections

Cervical curvature

Concave spinal curvature that extends from about C2 to T2, develops as an infant begs to lift the head and crawl; develop after fetal period - secondary curvature

Lumbar curvature

Concave spinal curvature that extends from about T12 to L5, as a child begins to walk; develop after fetal period - secondary curvature

Hand

Consists of the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Pectoral girdle

Consists of the clavicle and scapula; support the upper limbs, including humorous, and site of muscle attachments

Thoracic cage

Consists of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and the thoracic vertebrae; form the peripheral boundary of the thoracic cavity, and protect the heart, lungs and great blood vessels

Ankle and foot

Contain the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Sacral canal

Continuation of vertebral canal in the sacrum; contains nerve roots from spinal cord and surrounding connective tissue membranes

Parietal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Temporal, Occipital, Frontal.

Cranial bones: PEST OF 6

Orbits

Cranial cavity that contains eyeballs

Nasal cavity

Cranial cavity that houses sensory receptors for smell

Oral cavity

Cranial cavity that surrounds teeth and tongue

Lateral malleolus

Distal end of the fibula; lateral ankle bone

Medial malleolus

Distal end of tibia; medial ankle bone

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Distal row of carpals, lateral to medial

medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid

Distal tarsal bones from medial to lateral

Cranial bones

Eight bones of the skull that encase the brain; four single bones - frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones; two paired bones - temporal and parietal bones.

Vomer, Inferior nasal conchae, Nasal, Mandible, Maxillae, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.

Facial bones: Virgil Is Now Making My Pet Zebra Laugh.

Floating (vertebral) ribs

False ribs 11 and 12; lack attachment to the sternum

Vertebrochondral ribs

False ribs 8-10 that have costal cartilages that attach to the cartilage of the seventh rib; costal cartilage forms costal margin

Intervertebral disc

Fibrocartilage pad between two vertebrae that absorbs shock and supports the vertebral column; composed of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus

C1 (Atlas)

First cervical vertebra; no vertebral body or spinous process

Sacral vertebrae

Five fused vertebral bones column that articulate with the pelvic bones

Lumbar vertebrae

Five large, blocky bones of the vertebral column; kidney shaped body

Metatarsals

Five long bones of the foot; numbered I-V from medial to lateral

Transverse arch

Foot arch that runs along the middle of the foot, involves distal tarsal and bases of all five metatarsals

Vertebral column

Function: Protecting the spinal cord and supporting the head and trunk

Paranasal sinuses

Group of hollow cavities that are continuous with the nasal cavity; located within the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones; lined with mucous membranes

Foramen

Hole in a bone

Fossa

Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits

Cranial base

Inferior portion of the cranial cavity that cradles the brain; divided into three fossae

Nucleus pulposus

Inner, gelatinous, shock-absorbing portion of an intervertebral disc

Obturator foramen

Large hole in the anterior pelvis formed by the ilium and pubis

Trochanter

Large projection found only on the femur

Tuberosity

Large tubercle

Ilium

Largest bone of the pelvis that forms its superior, lateral and posterior walls

Radius

Lateral bone of the forearm

Glenoid cavity

Lateral depression of the scapula that articulates with the humerus at the shoulder joint

Fibula

Lateral leg bone; bears one-sixth of total weight; most commonly injured bone in ankle fractures

Lateral longitudinal arch

Less prominent foot arch that runs from lateral side of calcaneus to metatarsals IV and V

Phalanges

Long bone of the finger or toes

Metacarpals

Long bones of the hand; numbered I-V from lateral to medial

Groove (sulcus)

Long indentation along which a narrow structure travels

Line

Long, narrow ridge on a bone

Male

Male or female: Pelvis is narrower, longer, more robust

Female

Male or female? Pelvis is structured for childbirth; wider and shallower; lighter and less robust

Ulna

Medial bone of the forearm

Tibia

Medial leg bone; main weight-bearing bone; articulates with talus to form ankle joint

Fissure

Narrow slit in a bone or between adjacent parts of bones

Femur

Only bone in the thigh; largest and strongest in the body

Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Frontal, Lacrimal, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Palatine.

Orbital bones: Every Student Fancies Learning Zillions More Parts

Annulus fibrosus

Outer ring of fibrocartilage that helps hold the nucleus pulposus and vertebrae together

Protuberance

Outgrowth from a bone

Pubic symphysis

Pad of fibrocartilage between the two public bones

Frontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal, Maxillary.

Paranasal sinuses: For Easier Sinus Memorization

Costal facet

Point of articulation for ribs

Wrist

Portion of the upper limb that articulates proximally with the forearm and distally with the hand.

Calcaneus

Posterior tarsal bone; heel bone

Olecranon fossa

Posterior, proximal projection from the ulna; commonly known as the "elbow"

Ischium

Posteroinferior bone of the pelvis

Scapula

Posterolateral bone of the pectoral girdle that articulates with the humerus and clavicle

Process

Prominent bony projection

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Proximal row of carpals, lateral to medial

True ribs

Ribs 1-7; attach to sternum via their own costal cartilage

False ribs

Ribs 8-12; do not attach to the sternum directly

Crest

Ridge or projection on a bone

Head

Round projection from a bone's epiphysis

Condyle

Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone

C2 (Axis)

Second cervical vertebra; contains dens (odontoid process)

Patella

Sesamoid bone located within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle (group of four muscles in the anterior thigh)

Cervical vertebrae

Seven bones of the vertebral column located in the neck; small and oval, includes C1 and C2; contains transverse foramina

Tarsals

Seven short bones of the ankle and foot; connect the leg with the foot

Facet

Shallow convex or concave surface where two bones articulate

Fovae

Shallow pit

Spine

Sharp process on a bone

Vertebral column

Skeletal structure consisting of 24 individual vertebrae, 5 fused vertebrae of the sacrum, and 3-5 fused vertebrae of the coccyx; together encase the spinal cord and nerves within the vertebral cavity.

Skull

Skeleton's most complex structure consisting of 22 bones: 8 cranial, 14 facial

Epicondyle

Small projection usually proximal to a condyle on a bone

Tubercle

Small, rounded bony projection

Oral cavity

Space enclosed by the teeth anteriorly and laterally, the palate superiorly, the tongue inferiorly, and the oropharynx posteriorly; the first portion of the alimentary canal; first part of the digestive tract

Intercostal space

Space located between two ribs

Kyphosis

Spinal curvature abnormality characterized by an exaggerated thoracic curvature, giving a "hunchback" appearance

Scoliosis

Spinal curvature abnormality characterized by lateral curvatures in the vertebral column that give it a C or S shape when viewed from the posterior or anterior side

Lordosis

Spinal curvature abnormality commonly known as "swayback," is characterized by exaggerated cervical and lumbar curvatures

Appendicular skeleton

Structural division of the skeleton formed by the upper and lower limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdles; structured for motion

Axial skeleton

Structural division of the skeleton formed on the longitudinal axis of the body; consists of skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage; structured for protection

Skull

Superior portion of the axial skeleton that houses the brain and special sense organs; consists of the cranial and facial bones (22 bones + 6 auditory ossicles in ear)

Cranial vault (calvaria)

Superior portion of the cranial cavity

Dens

Superior projection from axis that fits inside the atlas to form the atlantoaxial joint.

False: A vertebral disc is composed of an outer anulus fibrosus and an inner nucleus pulposus

T/F: A vertebral disc is composed of an inner anulus fibrosus and an outer nucleus pulposus.

True

T/F: The cribriform plate is a component of the ethmoid bone.

False: The four paranasal sinuses include the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses

T/F: The four paranasal sinuses are the frontal, parietal, sphenoidal, and mandibular sinuses.

The most conspicuous feature of the occipital bone is the foramen magnum

T/F: The most conspicuous feature of the temporal bone is the foramen magnum.

False: The acetabulum articulates with the head of the femur at the hip joint.

T/F: The obturator foramen articulates with the head of the femur at the hip joint

True

T/F: The pelvic brim is the boundary between the greater and lesser pelvis.

True

T/F: The posterior projection from a vertebra is the spinous process.

False: The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae are fused in an adult.

T/F: The sacral, coccygeal, and cervical vertebrae are fused in an adult.

True

T/F: The sella turcica of the sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland.

False: The mastoid process of the temporal bone is a thick, posterior projection

T/F: The styloid process of the temporal bone is a thick, posterior projection.

True

T/F: The superior border of the pelvic bone is the iliac crest.

False: The thoracic and sacral curvatures are the vertebral column's convex curvatures

T/F: The thoracic and sacral curvatures are the vertebral column's concave curvatures.

False: The two public bones articulate at the pubic symphysis.

T/F: The two pubic bones articulate at the acetabulum.

True

T/F: The weight of the body in the sitting position is supported by the ischial tuberosities.

Talus

Tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint

Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, Cuboid.

Tarsals from proximal to distal: This College Needs Me In Lab Classes

Facial bones

The 14 bones of the skull that form the framework of the face; the paired maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchal bones, and unpaired mandible and vomer.

Carpals

The 8 short bones of the wrist

Acromion

The anterosuperior projection of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle

transverse, medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal

The arch(es) of the foot are the:

tibia, fibula, patella

The bones of the leg are the medial ___ and the lateral ___. The sesamoid bone that articulates with the distal femur is the ___.

Skeleton

The complete set of bones of the skeletal system; perform the common functions of protection, providing mechanical levers for movement, support, and housing hematopoietic tissue; approx. 206 bones

Leg

The distal portion of the lower limb that consists of the tibia and the fibula.

Forearm

The distal portion of the upper limb that consists of the radius and the ulna.

calcaneus

The heel bone is more properly known as the:

xiphoid process, manubrium, clavicle

The inferior portion of the sternum is the _____ . The superior portion of the sternum is the _____ , and it articulates with the _____ and the first rib.

C1 (Atlas) and atlanto-occipital joint

The joint and the bones that make up this joint that permit us to nod our heads 'yes' (neck flexion)

C2 (Axis) and atlanto-axial joint

The joint and the bones that make up this joint that permit us to shake our heads 'no' (lateral rotation of the head)

greater trochanter

The most lateral projection of the proximal epiphysis of the femur is the:

humerus, ulna, radius

The only bone of the arm is the ____. The forearm consists of the ____ medial and the lateral ____.

Humerus

The only bone of the upper arm

mandible

The only moveable bone in the adult skull is the:

Upper limb

The portion of the appendicular skeleton that consists of the arm, forearm, writs, and hand.

Lower limb

The portion of the appendicular skeleton that consists of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.

Thigh

The proximal portion of the lower limb that consists of the femur.

Arm

The proximal portion of the upper limb from the elbow to the shoulder that consists of the humerus.

b. perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. c. vomer.

The structure(s) that divide the nasal cavity into right and left sides is/are the: a. nasal bones. b. perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. c. vomer. d. Both a and b are correct. e. Both b and c are correct.

Fossae

The three divisions (anterior, middle, posterior) of the cranial base where the brain fits

sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoid

The two parietal bones are united at the ___ suture; they meet the frontal bone at the ___ suture, the temporal bones at the ___ sutures, and the occipital bone at the ___ suture.

Sacral foramina

The vertebral structure in the sacrum that serves as an exit for the spinal nerves.

Ethmoid, lacrimal, and palatine

Three bones in the orbital cavity which together form the medial wall

Coccygeal vertebrae

Three to five small, fused vertebrae of the inferior vertebral column

medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, transverse

Three types of foot arches that support the weight of the body and distribute this weight evenly during walking

Cervical

Transverse foramina are a characteristic of which kind of vertebra?

Canal (meatus)

Tunnel through a bone

tibia, fibula

Two bones that make up the leg

Thoracic and sacral curvatures

Two convex spinal curvatures that extends from T2 to T12, from the lumbosacral junction to the coccyx; present in fetus - primary curvature

Nasal

Two-sided cavity within the anterior skull that houses the sensory receptors for olfaction and serves as the first portion of the respiratory tract.

acromion

What portions of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?

c. Skull d. Vertebral column f. Thoracic cage

Which of the following are considered parts of the axial skeleton? a. Pectoral girdle b. Lower limb c. Skull d. Vertebral column e. Pelvic girdle f. Thoracic cage

a. Hamate

Which of the following is not a proximal carpal bone? a. Hamate b. Pisiform c. Scaphoid d. Lunate

true, false, true, floating

____ ribs (1-7) attach to the sternum by their own costal cartilage; ____ ribs (8-12) do not attach directly to the sternum. Ribs 8-10 attach to the costal cartilage of _____ ribs; ____ ribs (11-12) do not attach to the sternum at all.

sinuses

air filled membrane lined spaces

foramen

is the anatomical name for a hole in a bone.