BIO 142 Chapter 20

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which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot

Femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, dorsalis pedis

What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale?

The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium.

What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth?

Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close

which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage?

Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels?

Superior mesenteric artery

during exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increase. which other blood flow changes occur?

blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases

the radius and ulnar vein fuse to form ___ veins; all of these are ___ veins

brachial, deep

the superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the ___ veins

brachiocephalic

the artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the

brachiocephalic artery

Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?

buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation

Because of their role in material exchanges, the _______________ are considered to be the functional units of the cardiovascular system.

capillaries

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the ___ and the tissues of the body

capillaries

the cardiac center of the brainstem includes the

cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend

Valves in veins

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction

The _____________ vein runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb and eventually drains into the axillary vein.

cephalic

high carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimlate

chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center

blood velocity is measured in ___ and is generally ___ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels

cm/second ;inversely

the end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the

common iliac arteries

Which is the most common type of capillary?

continuous

As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure

decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.

Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood

deoxygenated

the pulmonary trunk carries

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle towards the lungs

superior phrenic arteries supply the___ and emerge from the ___

diaphragm; descending thoracic aorta

oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by the way of

diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration

____ arteries emerge from the superficial and deep palmar arches to supply the fingers.

digital

peripheral resistance is

directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius

The function of a post capillary venule is to

drain the capillary bed

most of the venous blood of the cranium drains through the large vessels known as the ___ venous sinuses

dural

The largest arteries of the body are classified as

elastic arteries

the vessels that supply the lower limbs are the

external iliac arteries

A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed

false

An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow

false

During a dangerous situation, the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction, raising systemic blood pressure. This is an example of the myogenic response.

false

Of the three artery types, the elastic arteries have the greatest ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate.

false

The great saphenous vein is a deep vein and the popliteal vein is a superficial vein.

false

although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand) the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar

false

filtration and reabsoprtion are processes that involve water (a solvent) but not solutes

false

increases in angiotesin II levels causes decrease in blood pressure

false

the azygos vein is located on the left side of the vertebrae

false

As the popliteal vein travels up the leg, it curves to the anterior portion of the thigh and is renamed the ________________ vein.

femoral

___ capillaries have pores within each endothelial cell.

fenestrated

which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption

filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blod

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins

get larger

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries

get smaller

The driving force propelling blood through the circulatory system is the difference between in blood pressure from the beginning of a blood vessel to its end. This difference is known as the blood pressure ___

gradient

which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava

hepatic veins

an increase in blood flow that follows a temporary disruption of blood flow is known as reactive ___

hyperemia

systolic blood pressure is recorded

in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction

excitation of the vasomotor center results in

increased sympathetic activity and predominately more vasoconstriction than vasodiltion

increased cardiac output ___ the blood pressure

increases

the left renal vein, right renal vein, right supraprenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the

inferior vena cava

the respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires

intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases

aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ___ effects on blood pressure

opposite

the femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it

passes above the inguinal ligament

The hepatic ______________ system is a venous network that drains the GI tract and delivers blood to the liver.

portal

the arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the ___ and ___ arteries

radial; ulnar

considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary bed, the lymphatic system is needed to

reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.

tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can

stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator

At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor

stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow

Among the advantages of the cerebral arterial circle is the presence of collateral channels of blood flow to the brain should a supply artery become blocked.

true

Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

true

Branches of the subclavian arteries carry blood on the way to the brain, neck and shoulder muscles, and mammary glands.

true

Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.

true

Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction.

true

The left suprarenal and gonadal veins differ from the right suprarenal and gonadal veins in how directly they get to the inferior vena cava.

true

The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein.

true

The stomach needs the celiac artery blood supply in order to receive blood.

true

When blood flow increases stretch of specific arterioles in the kidney, the arterioles reflexively contract to keep blood pressure from getting too high. This is an example of the myogenic response.

true

epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure

true

pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart

true

some large molecules, such as fatty acids, are transported between capillaries and tissue by vesicular tranposrt

true

the contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in veins

true

the higher degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow

true

The ___ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

tunica intima

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is

tunica media

The ___ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells

tunica media

Formed primarily of tunica intima and strengthened by elastic and collagen fibers, the _________________ in veins prevent blood from pooling.

valves

A network of small arteries called the ___ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels

vasa vasorum

angiotensin II causes

vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst

When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, the veins demonstrate

vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs

atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates

vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure

The cyclical process of contracting and relaxing of the precapillary sphincters is called _______

vasomotion

blood pressure is lowest in

veins

In the fetus, the blood from the umbilical vein is shunted away from the liver and sent to the inferior vena cava through the ductus ___

venosus

pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is

low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries maximizing gas exchange

Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their watery blood would have

low viscosity and therefore have low resistance

the branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the ___ artery

maxillary

at the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the ___ artery arises to supply the sacrum and the coccyx

median sacral

concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries

more fluid is filtered than reabsorped

Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae

muscular arteries

net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

net hydrostatic pressure minus net colloid osmotic pressure

the hepatic portal system allows for the processing of

nutrients and toxins absorbed from gastrointestinal system into the blood

The umbilical cord contains _____ umbilical vein(s) and _____ umbilical artery(ies).

one; two

Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood

systemic veins

blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption

To prevent excessive blood blood loss following tissue damage, local chemical such as

thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction

statement that best describes total blood flow

total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels

the inferior mesentric artery supplies blood to the

transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

In the figure showing the veins of the lower extremity, which number indicates the great saphenous vein?

1

A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ___ micrometers

100

In the figure showing an anterior view of the arteries, which number indicates the left internal carotid artery?

2

if someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be

50 mmHg

if someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial (MAP) would be

80 mmHg

Which fetal circulatory structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?

Ductus arteriosus

tendons and ligaments have

a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing

the braciocephalic arteries formed by the a: internal jugular veins b: right sigmoid sinus c: left sigmoid sinus d: subclavian veins e: traight sinus

a, d

Which are found in the capillary wall a: endothelium b: subendothelial layer c: internal elastic lamina d: intracellular clefts e: external elastic lamina f: basement membrane

a, d, f

Sinusoids are found in a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestines d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin

a,b,e

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be

above normal

Precapillary sphincters will

all of the answers are correct

angiogenesis

allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue

In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show

an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in relative amount of elastic fibers

The formation of new blood vessels is a process known as

angiogenesis

renin converts

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

the anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the

anterior cerebral arteries

the aorta contains specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to stretch of the vessel wall. these pressure-sensitive structures are called aortic arch ___

baroreceptors

imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. what reflex will result?

baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase

the artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the ___ artery

basilar

the ___ run(s) adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein

basilic

If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, their net filtration pressure would

be higher than normal

the force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel

is called the blood pressure

Blood flow is

is directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance

A portal system

is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart

the popliteal artery supplies the

knee joint

In the figure showing an anterior view of the veins, number 4 indicates the

left cephalic vein

what branches arise from the celiac trunk?

left gastric, spleenic, common hepatic arteries

After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the

ligamentum teres.

If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be

regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle

Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)

simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ

the velocity of blood flow through capillaries is

slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues

the azygos vein emerges with the ___ vena cava

superior

the internal thoracic artery will become the ___, which carries blood to the superior abdominal wall

superior epigastric artery

the artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior the the celiac trunk is the ___ artery

superior mesentric

atherosclerosis involves a

sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow


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