BIO 142 Chapter 20
which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot
Femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, dorsalis pedis
What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale?
The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium.
What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth?
Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close
which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage?
Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery
several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels?
Superior mesenteric artery
during exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increase. which other blood flow changes occur?
blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases
the radius and ulnar vein fuse to form ___ veins; all of these are ___ veins
brachial, deep
the superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the ___ veins
brachiocephalic
the artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the
brachiocephalic artery
Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?
buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation
Because of their role in material exchanges, the _______________ are considered to be the functional units of the cardiovascular system.
capillaries
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the ___ and the tissues of the body
capillaries
the cardiac center of the brainstem includes the
cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend
Valves in veins
cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction
The _____________ vein runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb and eventually drains into the axillary vein.
cephalic
high carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimlate
chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center
blood velocity is measured in ___ and is generally ___ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels
cm/second ;inversely
the end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the
common iliac arteries
Which is the most common type of capillary?
continuous
As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure
decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.
Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood
deoxygenated
the pulmonary trunk carries
deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle towards the lungs
superior phrenic arteries supply the___ and emerge from the ___
diaphragm; descending thoracic aorta
oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by the way of
diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration
____ arteries emerge from the superficial and deep palmar arches to supply the fingers.
digital
peripheral resistance is
directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius
The function of a post capillary venule is to
drain the capillary bed
most of the venous blood of the cranium drains through the large vessels known as the ___ venous sinuses
dural
The largest arteries of the body are classified as
elastic arteries
the vessels that supply the lower limbs are the
external iliac arteries
A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed
false
An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow
false
During a dangerous situation, the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction, raising systemic blood pressure. This is an example of the myogenic response.
false
Of the three artery types, the elastic arteries have the greatest ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate.
false
The great saphenous vein is a deep vein and the popliteal vein is a superficial vein.
false
although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand) the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar
false
filtration and reabsoprtion are processes that involve water (a solvent) but not solutes
false
increases in angiotesin II levels causes decrease in blood pressure
false
the azygos vein is located on the left side of the vertebrae
false
As the popliteal vein travels up the leg, it curves to the anterior portion of the thigh and is renamed the ________________ vein.
femoral
___ capillaries have pores within each endothelial cell.
fenestrated
which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption
filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blod
As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins
get larger
As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries
get smaller
The driving force propelling blood through the circulatory system is the difference between in blood pressure from the beginning of a blood vessel to its end. This difference is known as the blood pressure ___
gradient
which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava
hepatic veins
an increase in blood flow that follows a temporary disruption of blood flow is known as reactive ___
hyperemia
systolic blood pressure is recorded
in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction
excitation of the vasomotor center results in
increased sympathetic activity and predominately more vasoconstriction than vasodiltion
increased cardiac output ___ the blood pressure
increases
the left renal vein, right renal vein, right supraprenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the
inferior vena cava
the respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires
intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases
aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ___ effects on blood pressure
opposite
the femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it
passes above the inguinal ligament
The hepatic ______________ system is a venous network that drains the GI tract and delivers blood to the liver.
portal
the arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the ___ and ___ arteries
radial; ulnar
considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary bed, the lymphatic system is needed to
reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.
tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can
stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator
At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor
stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow
Among the advantages of the cerebral arterial circle is the presence of collateral channels of blood flow to the brain should a supply artery become blocked.
true
Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
true
Branches of the subclavian arteries carry blood on the way to the brain, neck and shoulder muscles, and mammary glands.
true
Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.
true
Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction.
true
The left suprarenal and gonadal veins differ from the right suprarenal and gonadal veins in how directly they get to the inferior vena cava.
true
The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein.
true
The stomach needs the celiac artery blood supply in order to receive blood.
true
When blood flow increases stretch of specific arterioles in the kidney, the arterioles reflexively contract to keep blood pressure from getting too high. This is an example of the myogenic response.
true
epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure
true
pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart
true
some large molecules, such as fatty acids, are transported between capillaries and tissue by vesicular tranposrt
true
the contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in veins
true
the higher degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow
true
The ___ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
tunica intima
In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is
tunica media
The ___ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells
tunica media
Formed primarily of tunica intima and strengthened by elastic and collagen fibers, the _________________ in veins prevent blood from pooling.
valves
A network of small arteries called the ___ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels
vasa vasorum
angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst
When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, the veins demonstrate
vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs
atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates
vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure
The cyclical process of contracting and relaxing of the precapillary sphincters is called _______
vasomotion
blood pressure is lowest in
veins
In the fetus, the blood from the umbilical vein is shunted away from the liver and sent to the inferior vena cava through the ductus ___
venosus
pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is
low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries maximizing gas exchange
Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their watery blood would have
low viscosity and therefore have low resistance
the branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the ___ artery
maxillary
at the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the ___ artery arises to supply the sacrum and the coccyx
median sacral
concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries
more fluid is filtered than reabsorped
Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae
muscular arteries
net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the
net hydrostatic pressure minus net colloid osmotic pressure
the hepatic portal system allows for the processing of
nutrients and toxins absorbed from gastrointestinal system into the blood
The umbilical cord contains _____ umbilical vein(s) and _____ umbilical artery(ies).
one; two
Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood
systemic veins
blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to
the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption
To prevent excessive blood blood loss following tissue damage, local chemical such as
thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction
statement that best describes total blood flow
total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels
the inferior mesentric artery supplies blood to the
transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
In the figure showing the veins of the lower extremity, which number indicates the great saphenous vein?
1
A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ___ micrometers
100
In the figure showing an anterior view of the arteries, which number indicates the left internal carotid artery?
2
if someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be
50 mmHg
if someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial (MAP) would be
80 mmHg
Which fetal circulatory structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?
Ductus arteriosus
tendons and ligaments have
a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing
the braciocephalic arteries formed by the a: internal jugular veins b: right sigmoid sinus c: left sigmoid sinus d: subclavian veins e: traight sinus
a, d
Which are found in the capillary wall a: endothelium b: subendothelial layer c: internal elastic lamina d: intracellular clefts e: external elastic lamina f: basement membrane
a, d, f
Sinusoids are found in a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestines d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin
a,b,e
If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be
above normal
Precapillary sphincters will
all of the answers are correct
angiogenesis
allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue
In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show
an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in relative amount of elastic fibers
The formation of new blood vessels is a process known as
angiogenesis
renin converts
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
the anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the
anterior cerebral arteries
the aorta contains specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to stretch of the vessel wall. these pressure-sensitive structures are called aortic arch ___
baroreceptors
imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. what reflex will result?
baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase
the artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the ___ artery
basilar
the ___ run(s) adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein
basilic
If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, their net filtration pressure would
be higher than normal
the force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel
is called the blood pressure
Blood flow is
is directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance
A portal system
is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart
the popliteal artery supplies the
knee joint
In the figure showing an anterior view of the veins, number 4 indicates the
left cephalic vein
what branches arise from the celiac trunk?
left gastric, spleenic, common hepatic arteries
After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the
ligamentum teres.
If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be
regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle
Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)
simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ
the velocity of blood flow through capillaries is
slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues
the azygos vein emerges with the ___ vena cava
superior
the internal thoracic artery will become the ___, which carries blood to the superior abdominal wall
superior epigastric artery
the artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior the the celiac trunk is the ___ artery
superior mesentric
atherosclerosis involves a
sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow
