BIO 148 (Mirabito) Exam 1
In biology, "fitness" is defined as the relative ability of an individual to survive long enough to produce surviving offspring (pass on its genes) in a given environment relative to others of the same species. According to this definition, which of the following is the most fit? *Surviving = survives until reproductive age - A beetle who reproduces three times, lives a long life and has 9 offspring. - A beetle who reproduces twice, has 5 surviving offspring, and lives to old age - A beetle who reproduces once, has 10 surviving offspring, then dies
A beetle who reproduces once, has 10 surviving offspring, then dies
In biology, "fitness" is defined as the relative ability of an individual to survive long enough to produce surviving offspring (pass on its genes) in a given environment relative to others of the same species. According to this definition, which of the following is the most fit? *Surviving = survives until reproductive age - A beetle who reproduces twice, has 5 surviving offspring, and lives to old age - A beetle who reproduces three times, lives a long life and has 9 offspring. - A beetle who reproduces once, has 10 surviving offspring, then dies
A beetle who reproduces once, has 10 surviving offspring, then dies
Who is most likely to have the highest fitness? - A cow who has one calf that dies after 3 days - A cow who has triplets but does not survive the birth to care for her three calves - A cow that had twins but does not have enough milk to feed both calves (so the two calves are undernourished) - A cow that has one calf that is healthy until reproductive age
A cow that has one calf that is healthy until reproductive age
Yeast infection are caused by a fungus. What type of anti-fungal drug would be useful to treat a year infection but not harm the cells of a person? - A drug that inhibits chitin synthesis - A drug that inhibits mitosis - A drug that inhibits mitochondria function - A drug that inhibits linear chromosome replication
A drug that inhibits chitin synthesis (Chitin is found in fungi, but not in humans.)
In which of the following situations is evolution by natural selection most likely to occur? - A population of island birds that possesses no genetic variation - A population of mountain gorillas in which individuals with genes for long hair survive the cold better - A population of howler monkey in which all members produce the same number of offspring - A population of snails with unlimited resources and no predators
A population of mountain gorillas in which individuals with genes for long hair survive the cold better (The population has a trait that varies (hair length) that affects survival, so natural selection can act on the individuals in that population.)
In which of the following situations is evolution by natural selection most likely to occur? - A population of island birds that possesses no genetic variation - A population of mountain gorillas in which individuals with genes for long hair survive the cold better - A population of snails with unlimited resources and no predators - A population of howler monkey in which all members produce the same number of offspring
A population of mountain gorillas in which individuals with genes for long hair survive the cold better (The population has a trait that varies (hair length) that affects survival, so natural selection can act on the individuals in that population.)
Which of the following is TRUE about all living things? - All living things are made of cell(s) with a nucleus - Al living things make proteins using ribosomes - All living things breathe. - None of these is true about all living things - All living things require oxygen.
Al living things make proteins using ribosomes
Choose the true statements. - Prokaryotic cells use the same genetic code as humans - All prokaryotic cells contain DNA and RNA. - All currently living prokaryotic cells came from other cells. - Prokaryotic cells contain ribosomes - All prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane.
All are true.
What statement is TRUE about cells on Earth today? - All cells come from pre-existing cells. - All living things are made up of many cells. - All cells contain a nucleus. - All cells have organelles
All cells come from pre-existing cells. (This is one of the tenets of cell theory.)
What statement is TRUE about cells on Earth today? - All cells have organelles - All cells contain a nucleus. - All cells come from pre-existing cells. - All living things are made up of many cells.
All cells come from pre-existing cells. (This is one of the tenets of cell theory.)
Which of the following is a characteristic shared by all living things? Choose the most complete correct answer. - All living things contain many cells - All living things use RNA as the hereditary material and all living things are made up of many cells - All living things contain many cells and all living things use ribosomes to make proteins - All living things use RNA as hereditary information - All living things use ribosomes to make proteins
All living things use ribosomes to make proteins
Which of the following features could be shared between a fungus and an insect (arthropod)? - both heterotrophy and eukaryotic cells - heterotrophy - eukaryotic cells - multicellularity - All of these features
All of these features (Fungi and insects are both eukaryotes. They both eat food (rather than making their own), so they are both heterotrophic. All insects and some fungi are multicellular.)
Which of the following facts about coronaviruses indicate that they CANNOT be classified as living organisms based on the definition you learned in class? - They don't contain ribosomes and don't make their own proteins - Viruses populations change over time - All of these indicate that coronaviruses are not living - They do not contain a nucleus - Both the facts that coronaviruses don't contain a nucleus and don't contain ribosomes indicate that they are not living
All of these indicate that coronaviruses are not living
According to the phylogeny, which of these is true? - Amphibians are equally related to primates and birds - Amphibians are more closely related to primates than birds - Amphibians are less closely related to primates than to birds
Amphibians are equally related to primates and birds
Based on the phylogeny above, which of these is true? - Amphibians are more related to ray-finned fish than primates. - Amphibians are equally related to ray-finned fish and primates. - Amphibians are not related to either ray-finned fish or primates. - Amphibians are more related to primates than ray-finned fish.
Amphibians are more related to primates than ray-finned fish.
The smallest clade that includes all Protists and Archaea would also include: - Animals only - Animals, Fungi and Bacteria Bacteria - Animals and Fungi - Fungi only
Animals and Fungi (A clade that includes protists would include all eukaryotes. Animals and fungi are nested in the eukaryote clade.)
How are animals different from fungi? - Animals are heterotrophs, fungi are autotrophs - Animals are a clade, fungi are paraphyletic - Animals have no cell walls, fungi have cell walls made of chitin - Animals are eukaryotic, fungi are not
Animals have no cell walls, fungi have cell walls made of chitin
Which are evolutionarily more closely related according to the tree of life below? - Bacteria and Eukarya - Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea are equally related - Bacteria and Archaea - Archaea and Eukarya
Archaea and Eukarya
Which are evolutionarily more closely related? - Bacteria and Archaea - Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea are equally related - Bacteria and Eukarya - Archaea and Eukarya
Archaea and Eukarya
Which taxon is more closely related to Arthropoda: Chordata or Molluska? Note; all three taxa are circled. - Arthropoda is more closely related to Molluska than Chordata - Arthropoda is more closely related to Chordata than Molluska - Arthropoda is equally closely related to Chordata and Molluska
Arthropoda is more closely related to Molluska than Chordata
Which letter below represents the most recent common ancestor of the bullfrog and the leopard frog? - C - D - B - A
B
Which of the following groups contains members that are heterotrophs? - Protists only - Bacteria, animals and protists - Bacteria only - Animals only
Bacteria, animals and protists (Heterotrophs consume food, rather than making their own.)
Which statement is true? - Cats are equally related to people as they are to salmon - People are most distantly related to goldfish - Cats are more closely related to Salmon than to Goldfish - Cats are most closely related only to people
Cats are most closely related only to people
Which of the following describes the structure of DNA in photosynthetic eukaryotes? - Circular - linear - Linear in mitochondria and chloroplasts, circular in nuclei - Circular in mitochondria and chloroplasts, linear in nuclei
Circular in mitochondria and chloroplasts, linear in nuclei
Which of the following describes the structure of DNA in photosynthetic eukaryotes? - Linear in mitochondria and chloroplasts, circular in nuclei - linear - Circular in mitochondria and chloroplasts, linear in nuclei - Circular
Circular in mitochondria and chloroplasts, linear in nuclei
Which of the following were present in the common ancestor of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya? - DNA, RNA, and proteins - proteins only - DNA and proteins only - DNA only - DNA and RNA only
DNA, RNA, and proteins
You discover a single celled organism. Its cells have a single circular chromosome, plasmids, and a cell wall with a small amount of peptidoglycan. Its DNA is not contained inside a nucleus. When you place the cells in Gram stain, the cells stain pink. How would you categorize this organism? - Domain Bacteria - either Bacteria or Archaea - Domain Eukarya - Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Your professor gives you an organism to study. You determine that the organism contains DNA and ribosomes, has a plasma (cell) membrane and can reproduce sexually. To which group could this organism belong? - The organism could belong to any of these groups - Eukarya - Bacteria - Archaea
Eukarya (Only eukaryotes reproduce sexually.)
Which of the following describes a major difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? - Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not. - Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells. - Prokaryotes include bacteria and protists; eukaryotes include all other organisms - All eukaryotes are multicellular; all prokaryotes are unicellular.
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.
Which of the following describes a major difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? - Prokaryotes include bacteria and protists; eukaryotes include all other organisms - All eukaryotes are multicellular; all prokaryotes are unicellular. - Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not. - Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.
All cells are the same size and shape... - True - False
False
An individual can evolve... - True - False
False
Living things must be made up of many cells... - True - False
False
All organisms breathe... - True - False
False (Not a shared characteristic of all life forms! The only characteristics that ALL living things share are in the reading.)
Which of the following is a major difference between fungi and plants? - All plants have a vascular system, while fungi do not - Fungi are unicellular and plants are multicellular - Plants have a cell wall, fungi do not. - Fungi are heterotrophic; plants are autotrophic
Fungi are heterotrophic; plants are autotrophic
The graph at above depicts the results of a study of the immune response to exposure to the tetanus bacteria in a population of birds. Which of the following can be directly inferred from the data in the graph? - Birds with a stronger immune response have greater fitness than those with a weaker immune response - all of these are true - This population will undergo evolution with respect to the immune response trait - Immune response to tetanus is a heritable trait in this population
Immune response to tetanus is a heritable trait in this population
Which of the following is TRUE? - Individuals with adaptations have higher fitness than those without the adaptation - Adaptation to the environment does not require heritable traits - A trait can be an adaptation regardless of its effect on fitness - Adaptations can either increase or decrease fitness in a given environment
Individuals with adaptations have higher fitness than those without the adaptation
Which feature is shared by Archaea and Bacteria but not found in any member of Eukarya? - Lack of a nucleus - all of the answers are correct - Peptidoglycan cell walls - Unicellularity - lack of a nucleus and unicellularity - lack of a nucleus and peptidoglycan cell walls
Lack of a nucleus
Which feature is shared by Archaea and Bacteria but not found in any member of Eukarya? - Unicellularity - lack of a nucleus and peptidoglycan cell walls - Peptidoglycan cell walls - lack of a nucleus and unicellularity - Lack of a nucleus - all of the answers are correct
Lack of a nucleus
Which of the following groups includes all the descendants from a common ancestor? - Protists only - Land plants and animals - Land plants only - All of these groups - Animals only
Land plants and animals (Both of these groups are clades.)
According to the phylogeny below, which group(s) is/are most closely related to frogs? (Choose the most complete answer.) - lizards - Lizards and humans are equally related to frogs - Fish, lizards, and humans are all equally related to frogs - humans - fish
Lizards and humans are equally related to frogs (Lizards and humans both share the same last common ancestor with frogs.)
The variation natural selection operates on is due to random mutations. Which of the following statements about natural selection is TRUE? - Natural selection is a directed process based on the desires of the individuals in the population. - Natural selection is also a random process. - Natural selection will operate randomly on some mutations and non-randomly on other mutations. - Natural selection is a directed (non-random) process—the likelihood one variant will be favored in a given environment over another is predictable, even if the origin of the variation is not.
Natural selection is a directed (non-random) process—the likelihood one variant will be favored in a given environment over another is predictable, even if the origin of the variation is not. (Mutations are random, but natural selection pushes evolution in a certain direction.)
The variation natural selection operates on is due to random mutations. What does this imply about natural selection? - Natural selection is a directed process based on the desires of the individuals in the population. - Natural selection will operate randomly on some mutations and non-randomly on other mutations. - Natural selection is also a random process. - Natural selection is a directed (non-random) process—the likelihood one variant will be favored in a given environment over another is predictable, even if the origin of the variation is not.
Natural selection is a directed (non-random) process—the likelihood one variant will be favored in a given environment over another is predictable, even if the origin of the variation is not. (Mutations are random, but natural selection pushes evolution in a certain direction.)
A synapomorphy that defines the protists is: - The presence of a cell membrane - Multicellularity - None of these answer is a synapomorphy that defines protists - All of these answers - Heterotrophy
None of these answer is a synapomorphy that defines protists (There isn't a synapomorphy for protists because they don't form a clade.)
Which of the following is TRUE about all living things? - All living things require oxygen. - None of these is true about all living things - All living things breathe. - All living things are made of cell(s) with a nucleus
None of these is true about all living things
Which of the following about prokaryotes is FALSE? - Prokaryotes perform meiosis to make gametes - Prokaryotes divide by fission - Some prokaryotes can perform photosynthesis - Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes - The shape and size of prokaryotic cells varies
Prokaryotes perform meiosis to make gametes (Meiosis is used to create gametes for sexual reproduction, so prokaryotes would not use meiosis.)
A single-celled organism that has chloroplasts but no cell wall could be a: - Protist - Bacteria - Any of these - Plants - Archaea
Protist (All the other choices always have cell walls, while some protists do not have cell walls.)
Which of the following taxa include organisms with cells that divide by meiosis (sexual reproduction)? - Protists - Bacteria, Archaea and Protists - Archaea - Bacteria and Archaea - Bacteria
Protists (Protists are eukaryotes, and only eukaryotes have cells divide by meiosis because they are the only taxa to reproduce sexually.)
Which of the following is NOT a monophyletic group? - Archaea - Eukarya - All these groups are monophyletic - Protists - Bacteria
Protists (Protists do not form a clade. For example, amoeba are more closely related to animals than they are to most other protists.)
Based on the phylogenetic tree below, which of the following groups has a bony skeleton? - Sharks - Ray finned fish and amphibians - Amphibians - Ray finned fish
Ray finned fish and amphibians (Bony skeletons evolved before the common ancestor of both ray-finned fish and amphibians.)
Tardigrades, also called water bears, are microscopic segmented animals with eight legs. They are normally about 70 percent body water, but they can survive extreme dehydration (to just a few percent body water) for up to 10 years! After a decade you can add water and the tardigrades will start swimming around.You enter a lab and your new boss gives you five dehydrated tardigrades and asks you to demonstrate that the tardigrades are alive in their dehydrated state. How would you demonstrate this? - Record their movement, because movement is characteristic of all life. - None of the options listed demonstrate that the dehydrated tardigrades are alive - Record their temperature, because all living organisms maintain body temperatures different from their environment. - Record their energy use, because all living organisms acquire and use energy.
Record their energy use, because all living organisms acquire and use energy.
Which of the following features are not found strictly in the eukaryotes? - Nuclear envelope - Multicellularity - Sexual reproduction - Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Which of the following features are not found strictly in the eukaryotes? - Ribosomes - Sexual reproduction - Nuclear envelope - Multicellularity
Ribosomes
Which taxa are more closely related, Spriochaetes and Actinobacteria OR Spirochaetes and Chlamydiae? - Spirochaetes and Chlamydiae - Spirochaetes is equally related to both of them - Spriochaetes and Actinobacteria
Spirochaetes and Chlamydiae
What is the problem with this grouping system? - Taxonomic groups do not reflect similarity due to relatedness - Taxonomic groups do not represent single clades - There is no logic behind this grouping system - There are too many taxonomic groups
Taxonomic groups do not represent single clades
One individual in a population fathers more offspring than all the other males in that population. Which statement best describes this situation? - That male will evolve better than other males and females - That male has a greater fitness than the other males - That male will live longer than other males - That male will evolve better than the other males
That male has a greater fitness than the other males (Producing the most surviving offspring is the definition of greater fitness.)
One individual in a population fathers more offspring than all the other males in that population. Which statement best describes this situation? - That male will live longer than other males - That male has a greater fitness than the other males - That male will evolve better than other males and females - That male will evolve better than the other males
That male has a greater fitness than the other males (Producing the most surviving offspring is the definition of greater fitness.)
What does it mean to say that a characteristic of an individual organism is heritable? - The characteristic does not evolve - The characteristic is advantageous to the organism - The characteristic does not vary among individuals in a population - The characteristic can be passed on to offspring
The characteristic can be passed on to offspring
What does it mean to say that a characteristic of an individual organism is heritable? - The characteristic is advantageous to the organism - The characteristic can be passed on to offspring - The characteristic does not vary among individuals in a population - The characteristic does not evolve
The characteristic can be passed on to offspring
A population is a group of individuals of the same species. According to the theory of natural selection, what is likely to happen to a population when a change occurs in its environment (for example, the amount of rainfall decreases or the temperature increases)? - Because all individuals of the same species have the same traits, one individual would never have an advantage over another in its population. They would either all survive or all die. - Some of the individuals would try to develop new traits so that they could survive and reproduce, and the other individuals would die. - All of the individuals would try to develop new traits so that they could survive and reproduce in the changed environment. - The individuals that have traits better suited to the changed environment would be more likely to survive and reproduce than those with less suitable traits.
The individuals that have traits better suited to the changed environment would be more likely to survive and reproduce than those with less suitable traits. (Natural selection would act to increase survival and reproduction in individuals who have traits that are better adapted to their environment.)
A population is a group of individuals of the same species. According to the theory of natural selection, what is likely to happen to a population when a change occurs in its environment (for example, the amount of rainfall decreases or the temperature increases)? - Because all individuals of the same species have the same traits, one individual would never have an advantage over another in its population. They would either all survive or all die. - The individuals that have traits better suited to the changed environment would be more likely to survive and reproduce than those with less suitable traits. - All of the individuals would try to develop new traits so that they could survive and reproduce in the changed environment. - Some of the individuals would try to develop new traits so that they could survive and reproduce, and the other individuals would die.
The individuals that have traits better suited to the changed environment would be more likely to survive and reproduce than those with less suitable traits. (Natural selection would act to increase survival and reproduction in individuals who have traits that are better adapted to their environment.)
Which of the following supports the infolding theory to explain the origin of the nuclear envelope? - DNA inside the nuclear envelope is linear - The nuclear envelope is a double membrane - Ribosomes are found within the nuclear envelope - The nuclear envelope resembles a prokaryotic cell wall
The nuclear envelope is a double membrane
Given our current understanding of the tree of life, which of the following is FALSE? - Fungi are more closely related to animals than they are to plants - Prokaryotes are not a monophyletic group - The clade that includes all protists also includes all plants, animals and fungi - The nucleus evolved multiple time during evolution
The nucleus evolved multiple time during evolution
You identify a multicellular organism with mitochondria and chloroplasts but no nucleus. What type of organism could it be? -The organism can't be classified as any of the above - Plant - Archaea - Protist - Bacteria
The organism can't be classified as any of the above (Only eukaryotes have mitochondria and chloroplasts, but all eukaryotes should have a nucleus, so the organism you discovered is truly unique.)
A synapomorphy that defines the domain Eukarya is... - The presence of a cell membrane - The presence of a cell wall multicellularity - the presence of a cell membrane and the presence of a nuclear membrane - The presence of a nuclear membrane
The presence of a nuclear membrane
A synapomorphy that defines the domain Eukarya is... - The presence of a cell membrane - the presence of a cell membrane and the presence of a nuclear membrane - multicellularity - The presence of a cell wall - The presence of a nuclear membrane
The presence of a nuclear membrane
A synapomorphy that defines the domain Eukarya is... - the presence of a cell membrane and the presence of a nuclear membrane - multicellularity - The presence of a cell membrane - The presence of a cell wall - The presence of a nuclear membrane
The presence of a nuclear membrane
Use the tree of life below to determine which of the following statements is FALSE. - The slash at A indicates where features that are common to all life on Earth evolved. - The slash at B indicates where peptidoglycan cell walls evolved - The slash at D indicates where circular chromosomes evolved. - The slash at C indicates where more complex ribosomes evolved.
The slash at D indicates where circular chromosomes evolved.
Which of the following is a characteristic shared by all living things? (Choose the most complete answer.) - They contain ribosomes - They are composed of one or more cells. - They are composed of one or more cells, they contain ribosomes AND they use proteins as their genetic material. - They use proteins as their genetic material. - They are composed of one or more cells AND they contain ribosomes
They are composed of one or more cells AND they contain ribosomes
Which of the following is a characteristic shared by all living things? (Choose the most complete answer.) - They use proteins as their genetic material. - They contain ribosomes - They are composed of one or more cells. - They are composed of one or more cells, they contain ribosomes AND they use proteins as their genetic material. - They are composed of one or more cells AND they contain ribosomes
They are composed of one or more cells AND they contain ribosomes
Which of the following is a characteristic shared by all living things? (Choose the most complete answer.) - They are composed of one or more cells, they contain ribosomes AND they use proteins as their genetic material. - They are composed of one or more cells. - They are composed of one or more cells AND they contain ribosomes - They contain ribosomes - They use proteins as their genetic material.
They are composed of one or more cells AND they contain ribosomes (they have both)
A moth learns to visit nectar-filled white flowers, and the good food source allows it to lay more eggs and have more surviving offspring than other moths in the area. Which of the following can you conclude? - This moth has high fitness - This moth has evolved. - The ability to find nectar-filled flowers is heritable - This moth has white coloration
This moth has high fitness (The moth is adapted to her environment, which increases her fitness (i.e the number of surviving offspring she produces).)
Heritable variation is necessary for natural selection to occur... - True - False
True
Which of the following is TRUE about the tree of life? - Two of the three domains of life consist of prokaryotic organisms - Many organisms living today cannot be grouped into one of the three domains - All prokaryotes and their common ancestor make up a clade - Archaea are more closely related to Bacteria than they are to Eukarya - There is no common ancestor of all life forms living today
Two of the three domains of life consist of prokaryotic organisms (This is indeed true! Archaea and Eubacteria are both prokaryotic.)
Which structure is common to plant and animals cells? - chloroplasts, mitochondria and a cell membrane - chloroplasts only - a cell membrane only mitochondria only - a cell membrane and mitochondria
a cell membrane and mitochondria (All eukaryotes have a cell membrane and mitochondria.)
Which of the following could be present in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell? - a circular chromosome, ribosomes and a circular plasmid - a circular chromosome and ribosomes - ribosomes only - a circular plasmid only - a circular chromosome only
a circular chromosome, ribosomes and a circular plasmid (Prokaryotes keep their DNA (both genomic and plasmid) in circular form, and ribosomes are needed by all organisms to create proteins.)
The bacteria M. tuberculosis causes the disease tuberculosis. Normal M. tuberculosis bacteria can be killed by the antibiotic rifampin. Some individuals of the species are resistant to rifampicn and resistance is a heritable trait. In the absence of rifampin, the resistant bacteria produce fewer offspring than normal bacteria. Biologically speaking, some M. tuberculosis individuals have the ___________ that allows them to survive exposure to rifampin, but these individuals have reduced ___________ in the absence of rifampin. - fitness, adaptability - adaptation, evolution - fitness, evolution - adaptation, fitness
adaptation, fitness
The MRCA of all protists probably had... - mitochondria - endoplasmic reticulum - all of these - all but one of these - a cell membrane - chloroplasts
all but one of these
Based on the currently accepted theories for the evolution of eukaryotic cells, which of the following cell structures currently found in Green Algae evolved from the plasma membrane of an ancestral cell? - the outer membrane of chloroplasts - the endoplasmic reticulum - the nuclear envelope - all of these - the outer membrane of - mitochondria
all of these
Which group of eukaryotes contains members that can be multicellular? - protists only - fungi only - fungi and plants only - all of these groups - plants only
all of these groups (Examples of multicellular eukaryotes: mushrooms (fungi) brown algae (protists) all plants)
Which of the following pieces of evidence would support the endosymbiotic theory? - Mitochondria have double membranes - Mitochondria have their own circular genomes - all of these would support the endosymbiotic theory - Mitochondria have their own ribosomes that are similar in structure to those of bacteria - Mitochondria reproduce by fission (like bacteria)
all of these would support the endosymbiotic theory
Fungi are most closely related to: - plants - archaea - bacteria - animals
animals
Which of the following groups do NOT contain members with a cell wall? - fungi - plants - animals - bacteria - archaea
animals (Animals, and some protists, are the only groups that lack a cell wall.)
An organism with cells that include a cell wall could be a ____... - prokaryote only - any of these - fungus only - only a plant or prokaryote - only a fungus or plant - plant only
any of these
Which of the phylogenetic trees below shows an evolutionary relationship that is different from the other three? - d - c - a - b
b (this tree has a different topology than the other trees.)
The fur of the snowshoe hare changes color depending on the length of the day. When days are long (in the summer), the fur is brown to help the hare camouflage itself in the forest. When the days are short, the fur changes color, turning white. This helps the hare camouflage itself in snow-covered environments. A hare's timing of color change is heritable, and there is some variation in timing of color change within populations. Which of the following has the highest fitness? - A snowshoe hare that produces 6 fertile offspring in her lifetime and turns white too late in the winter - A snowshoe hare that produces 5 fertile offspring in her lifetime and turns brown too early in the spring - A snowshoe hare that produces 6 fertile offspring in her lifetime and turns white in concurrence with the environment becoming snow-covered - both hares that produce 6 fertile offspring are equally fit
both hares that produce 6 fertile offspring are equally fit
In the diagram, which letter corresponds to an ancestor with a nucleus? - a - c - a, b, and c - b - b and c
c
In the diagram, which letter corresponds to an ancestor with a nucleus? - c - a, b, and c - b - a - b and c
c
Which of the following characteristics is true of all protists? - smaller than animal cells - contain a nucleus - Unicellular - Photosynthetic - have a cell wall
contain a nucleus
Based on the phylogenetic tree below, which is more closely related to crocodiles: amphibians, rabbits or birds? - crocodiles are more closely related to birds - crocodiles are more closely related to rabbits - crocodiles are more closely related to amphibians - crocodiles are equally related to amphibians, rabbits and birds
crocodiles are more closely related to birds (they share the most recent common ancestor! (Did you know that crocodiles are more closely related to dinosaurs than to other living reptiles?))
Refer to the following description of moths shown in the image. Based on this information, which of the following would be predicted if trees became covered in soot, which makes tree bark darker in color? - darker colored moths increase in frequency - lighter color moths increase in frequency - no change in the moth population - birds become more prevalent than moths
darker colored moths increase in frequency (The darker moths would have higher fitness because they would be camouflaged on the dark trees, while the lighter moths would be eaten by predators.)
In the tree above, there are 12 animal taxa (groups) at the tips (Porifera through Chordata). How many of those taxa are in the smallest clade that contains Arthropoda and Chordata? - eight - four - twelve - eleven - ten
eight
Which of the following is a list of taxa that, along with their common ancestors, constitutes a clade? - protists - all of these are clades - prokaryotes - eukaryotes - none of these are clades
eukaryotes
According to the tree on the left, a frog is more closely related to a fish than a human. - true - false
false
Prokaryotes make up a clade... - false - true
false
The organism at point x above is a frog. - true - false
false
All organisms breathe. - True - False
false (Not a shared characteristic of all life forms! The only characteristics that ALL living things share are in the reading.)
Based on the phylogenetic tree below, how many present-day taxa (groups) are in the smallest clade that includes humans and lizards and their common ancestor? - three - four - two - five - six
four (a clade must include a common ancestor and all of its descendants, so lizards, birds, cats and humans are all in one clade.)
If you selected the smallest clade that included all protists, what else would it include? - fungi, animals, and plants - bacteria - archaea - bacteria and archaea
fungi, animals, and plants
The pictured cell wall, with a thick peptidoglycan layer on the outside of the cell wall, is characteristic of: - protists - archaea - plant cells - gram-negative bacteria - gram-positive bacteria
gram-positive bacteria (When identifying bacteria with a gram stain, the thicker peptidoglycan found on gram-positive bacteria is stained purple.)
Which of these is a feature of all animals and all fungi? - lack of cell walls - heterotrophic - nerve tissue - multicellularity
heterotrophic (Heterotrophy is the only thing that is always found in both groups.)
All fungi are: - single-celled - protists - autotrophs - heterotrophs - both protists and heterotrophs
heterotrophs (Fungi excrete enzymes to digest food extracellularly (outside the cell) and then absorb the nutrients.)
According to the information, which of the following is TRUE? - You share a common ancestor with a hummingbird, but not an oak tree - You share a common ancestor with an oak tree, but not a hummingbird. - You do not share a common ancestor with an oak tree or a hummingbird - humans, oak trees,and hummingbirds all share a common ancestor
humans, oak trees,and hummingbirds all share a common ancestor
In the "Boars with personality" worksheet from class, you learned that boar aggression varies in the population and that female boars with low aggression scores have, on average, more offspring per year than those with high aggression scores. Which of the following do you need to know to determine if evolution by natural selection will occur in this population with regard to the trait of aggression? Choose ALL that apply... - the environment that the boars live in - if boars with low aggression scores live longer than boars with high aggression scores - if aggression is a heritable trait in this boar population - how often boars with different aggression scores mate per year
if aggression is a heritable trait in this boar population
Within the animals, the most abundant type are... - fish - insects - sponges - mammals
insects
Which of the following would NOT be found in a prokaryotic cell? - ribosomes - linear DNA - cell wall - cytoplasm - plasma membrane
linear DNA (Linear DNA is found only in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes have circular DNA.)
Which of the following would NOT be found in a prokaryotic cell? - ribosomes - cell wall - linear DNA - plasma membrane - cytoplasm
linear DNA (Linear DNA is found only in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes have circular DNA.)
Cyanide (a poison) binds with proteins involved in producing ATP. If a eukaryotic cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the... - endoplasmic reticulum - chloroplasts - mitochondria - ribosomes
mitochondria
Green algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes. They contain ____. - nucleus and chloroplasts - mitochondria and chloroplasts - nucleus and mitochondria - mitochondria, chloroplasts, and a nucleus- nucleus and mitochondria - mitochondria, chloroplasts, and a nucleus
mitochondria, chloroplasts, and a nucleus
Green algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes. They contain ____. - nucleus and mitochondria - mitochondria, chloroplasts, and a nucleus - nucleus and chloroplasts - mitochondria and chloroplasts
mitochondria, chloroplasts, and a nucleus
Look at the current evolutionary tree for Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya below. According to this tree, do prokaryotes constitute a clade? - no - yes
no
Refer to the description of moths in the image below. Based on this information, which of the following would be predicted if all predators of the moths died and the trees became covered in lichens (which makes the bark lighter in color)? - the fitness of the population would decrease - lighter color moths increase in frequency - no change in the moth population ratio - darker colored moths increase in frequency
no change in the moth population ratio (If there are no predators, then moths of both color would survive at equal rates.)
What is a feature that is found in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes? - nucleus - DNA
nucleus (Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.)
Natural selection results in a change in the genetic characteristics of a(n) _____ because some __________ survive and reproduce more successfully than others... - individual; individuals - individual; populations - population; individuals - population; populations
population; individuals
Evolutionary change occurs in_______________. Natural selection acts on __________. When natural selection occurs, the genetic characteristics of a _________ change(s) over time. - individual organisms, populations - species, populations, individual - populations, individual organisms; population - species, genes, individual - genes, populations, populations
populations, individual organisms; population (Evolution does not act on individuals. It is a change that occurs over time, changing the frequency of a trait from one generation to the next. Natural selection acts by affecting an individual's fitness.)
Evolutionary change occurs in_______________. Natural selection acts on __________. - species, genes - populations, individuals - genes, populations - individuals, populations - species, populations
populations, individuals
An organism belonging to the Domain Eukarya.... (Choose the most complete answer.) - possess membrane bound organelles - uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea - possess membrane bound organelles AND uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea - lacks a nucleus AND uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea - lacks a nucleus
possess membrane bound organelles AND uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea (they have both!)
A eukaryotic organism.... (Choose the most complete answer.) - possess membrane bound organelles - lacks a nucleus - lacks a nucleus AND uses the same type of genetic material as prokaryote - possess membrane bound organelles AND uses the same type of genetic material as prokaryotes - uses the same type of genetic material as a prokaryote
possess membrane bound organelles AND uses the same type of genetic material as prokaryotes (they have both!)
An organism belonging to the Domain Eukarya.... (Choose the most complete answer.) - possesses membrane bound organelles - possesses membrane bound organelles AND uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea - lacks a nucleus AND uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea - lacks a nucleus - uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea
possesses membrane bound organelles AND uses the same type of genetic material as a member of the Domain Archaea (they have both!)
Ribosomes are platforms for making... - DNA - RNA - proteins
proteins (All living things use ribosomes to make (synthesize) proteins.)
Ribosomes are platforms for making... - DNA - proteins - RNA
proteins (All living things use ribosomes to make (synthesize) proteins.)
A unicellular heterotrophic eukaryote that ingests its food would be classified as a... - protist - plant - animal - fungus
protist
A multicellular organism has cells containing a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria but not chloroplasts. What type of organism could it be? - plant only - archaea only - plant or protist - animal only - protist only - protist or animal - bacteria only
protist or animal
Which of the following taxa have members that can photosynthesize? - plant or protist only - fungus only - protist, prokaryote, or plant - plant only - animal only - protist only - fungus or plant only
protist, prokaryote, or plant
Which of the following features are not found strictly in the eukaryotes? - Sexual reproduction - Ribosomes - Nuclear envelope - Multicellularity
ribosomes
Which of following were present in the common ancestor of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya? - Ribosomes, DNA and endoplasmic reticulum - ribosomes and DNA - endoplasmic reticulum (membrane-bound organelle) - DNA only - ribosomes only
ribosomes and DNA (Ribosomes and DNA are both needed to make proteins, so all of these groups would have them.)
According to the theory of endosymbiosis, the outer mitochondrial membrane is derived from: - the plasma membrane of the engulfed bacteria - the endoplasmic reticulum - the cell wall - the plasma membrane of an ancient eukaryote ancestor - infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane
the plasma membrane of an ancient eukaryote ancestor
Under which of the following environmental conditions can prokaryotes live? - at low pH only - at high temperatures only in the absence of sunlight only - they can live in any of these conditions - at high temperatures or no sunlight only
they can live in any of these conditions (Prokaryotes are very adaptable and can be found in almost every environmental condition on Earth!)
Which of the following features are found in Eukarya AND at least one more domain of life? - sexual reproduction - transcription machinery - mitochondria - nuclear membrane
transcription machinery (Prokaryotes reproduce by fission—only eukaryotes reproduce by sexual reproduction.)
According to the tree, sharks are equally related to ray-finned fish and primates... - true - false
true
All prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane. -True - False
true
Archaea and Eukarya (and common ancestor) are a clade... - False - True
true
Both of these trees show the same evolutionary relationships. - true - false
true
Heritable variation is necessary for natural selection to occur. - False - True
true
Land plants are a monophyletic group... - True - False
true
According to the information, which of the following is NOT required for evolution by natural selection? - differential reproduction - unlimited population growth - variation in traits - heredity
unlimited population growth (if population growth was unlimited, there would not be differential reproduction)