BIO 150_31

A ________ is a part of the plant (PODS) family containing a single row of seeds. i.e. peanuts and lentils.

Legumes.

_________-protein diets leads to increased urine output which, in turn, poses a risk for dehydration.

High

Excess protein intake can lead to:

Higher than normal urinary losses of calcium and dehydration.

essential amino acids:

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Peptides Bond: Peptides: Polypeptides:

Peptide bond: Chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together. Peptides: Small chains of amino acids. Polypeptides: Proteins compromised of 2 or more amino acids.

lactovegetarian diet

Includes milk and milk products, but no animal flesh or eggs

Which protein type lacks one or more of the essential amino acids?

Incomplete Low-quality protein

Protein Adequacy: Excessive meat protein Intake

May increase the risk of heart disease and cancers of the colon/rectum and possibly, prostate

What are some examples of foods made from soybeans?

Meat substitutes Infant formula Soy milk

Nutrigenetics

Study of how a person's genetic makeup affects the way his or her body responds to food such as variations in nutrient requirements and responsiveness to dietary modifications.

3 parts of an amino acid

The amino or nitrogen containing group The R-group varies with each Amino acid The acid group is the portion

Nutrigenomics

The study of how nutrients and food components interacts with specific genes to influence a person's health/genetic expression

Amino acids are building blocks

proteins

Amino acids are the building blocks of

proteins

What is nutritional genomics?

study of how specific food components affect gene expression in your cells and thereby your health.

3 oz. serving of ground beef contains:

23 grams of protein

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of celiac disease?

Abdominal bloating Chronic diarrhea

High protein diets are?

Generally not recommended for healthy individuals

Amino acids are the end product of ________ digestion.

protein

Forms of PEM include

Marasmus Kwashiorkor

Most foods contain some ________.

Protein

Humans are considered

Able to eat plants and animals. Omnivores

Kwashiorkor: edema

Adequate energy intake but low intake of high quality protein

T/F: fats and carbohydrates are rarely used to met energy needs.

False

What type of physician specializes in treating and diagnoses of allergies

Immunologist

Two types of protein energy malnutrition

Kwashiorkor and Marasmus

Animal proteins are a good source of all nine ___________ amino acids.

essential

A(n) ________ is a modified vegetarian because they will extend their vegetarian diet to include dairy products.

lactovegetarian

A _______ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

What is a healthy adult's RDA for protein?

0.8 g/kg of body weight

List these proteins for highest to lowest.

Chicken breast (4ounces) Tuna (4ounces) Peanut butter (2tbsp) Banana (one)

What happens to protein in the body?

Dietary proteins are consumed and disassembled into amino acids through digestion. The cells then connect amino acids by peptide bonds into specific sequences to synthesize proteins in the body. Compare this to letter arranged into different words or beads arranged into different designs.

The human digestive system is designed to digest large protein molecules from the mixture of proteins that naturally occurs in foods.

Healthy people may adapt to protein intakes that are higher than the AMDR for the macronutrient and not experience health problems as a result.

Which of the following are advantages of a vegetarian diet?

High in Phytochemical Low saturated fat and cholesterol High fiber

Common food allergies

High protein rich foods: milk, dairy, eggs, shellfish, fish, wheat, soybeans, peanuts, and tree nuts. Non proteins: Food dyes Sulfites added to: wine-potatoes-shrimp

Combining Complementary Proteins

Mixing certain foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal proteins. *Seeds and tree nuts: Primary limiting amino acid is Lysine. Sesame seeds-sunflower seed kernels, pumpkin seeds. Cashews, pistachios, walnuts, pine nuts, almonds. *Grains: Primary limiting amino acid is Lysine. Wheat and products made from wheat flour. Rice, oats, millet, barley, bulgur. Corn and products made from corn. *Lagmes: Primary limiting amino acids are Methionine and Tryptophan. Peas Peanuts Soybeans, soy products, and other beans.

A(n) _________ nitrogen balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed.

Negative

The Body uses protein to make or functions as:

New cells and many components of cells Structures such as hair and nails Enzymes-lubricants-clotting compounds-Antibodies Compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance Certain hormones and neurotransmitters Energy source (minor, under usual conditions)

Which of the following elements is part of protein but not part of lipids or carbohydrates?

Nitrogen

Which of the following cells do not contain protein?

None, all cells contain protein.

The study of how a person's genetic makeup influences the way their body reacts to food is called?

Nutrigenetics

The study of how the nutrients and other components in food can affect gene expression is called______________

Nutrigenomics

A vegan, or total vegetarian, eats:

Only plant foods

What are proteins?

* Proteins are complex organic molecules. -Composed of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. -Proteins also contain nitrogen. * Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids in human proteins. * The Human bidy contains an estimated 200,000 different proteins.

Basic steps of protein synthesis

1. DNA unwinds exposing a gene. 2. The gene undergoes transcription, forming messenger RNA. 3. mRNA transfers the information from the nucleus to ribosomes. 4. The ribosomes "read" the messenger RNA. 5. RNA molecule conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome. 6. At the ribosome, the amino acid attaches to the peptide chain.

Lactoovovegetarian diet

Eats milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal foods.

Cons of vegetarianism:

If diets are poorly planned they may lack *Calories *high quality protein *omega3 fatty acids *vitamins B12 and D *Zinc, Iron, and calcium.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transfers the information concerning the amino acid sequences from the nucleus to ribosomes.

What is a food allergy?

an inflammatory response in which the body's immune system reacts inappropriately to a substances that is typically normal Allergen - the offering of substance Most foods allergens are proteins that escape digestion and are absorbed as whole proteins.

protein deficiency

Is uncommon the United States. -May occur in elderly or low income people. -persons with alcoholism, anorexia, nervous, or intestinal tract disorders. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) results when the diet lacks energy and high quality proteins. A diet that provides insufficient essential amino acids causes malnutrition

A _____________ bond is an attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.

Peptide

The human digestive system is able to digest nutrients from.

Plants Animals

Enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of _____________.

Protein

Plant proteins are heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no _______ than animal sources of protein.

Cholesterol Saturated fat

Match the type of protein with the most appropriate characteristic of the protein: collagen/keratin

Collagen: Cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue. Keratin: Hair, nails, and skin.

pros of vegetarianism

Compared to non vegetarians: *Weight loss *have lower risk of metabolic syndrome *Often exercise more, meditate and avoid tobacco & alcohol.

Vegetarianism

Consumption of a diet consisting predominantly of plant foods.

T/F: Diagnosis of celiac disease is easily accomplished with a simple throat culture test.

False

Poor sources of protein are __________.

Fruits

nonessential amino acids:

alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine

What is celiac disease?

an autoimmune disease in which people can't eat gluten because it damages their small intestine. It results in poor absorption of nutrients from the small intestine. Wheat, barley, and rye contains gluten.

Protein Quality:

* high-quality proteins (complete protein) provide all 9 essential amino acids in amounts that supports growth. Most animal products High quality plant foods: quinoa and processed soy * low quality proteins(incomplete protein) Lacks or has inadequate amounts of 1 or more of the essential amino acids. Most plant foods and gelatin (animal tissue byproduct)

3 oz. serving or carrots 3 oz. serving of broccoli Contains:

1 gram of protein

Proteins digestion

1. Digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine. 2. Further digestion occurs as the pancreas secrets protein-splitting enzymes, including typsin. 3. Final digestion occurs within absorptive cells. 4. Amino acids the portal vein and travel to the liver.

A complete (high-quality) protein contains:

All 9 essential amino acids.

Choose the nutrient calls that is most important.

All have equal importance

Which of the following are examples of processed meat products?

Bacon Sausage Ham

High-protein diets are generally not recommended for healthy individuals because they may lead to higher than normal urinary losses of:

Calcium

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the _____ code.

DNA

Your body makes proteins by following information coded in your.

DNA DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

Which of the following would be helpful in decreasing animal food intake?

Decrease serving sizes of animal foods. Replace meat with other sources of high quality protein. Prepare foods with less animal protein and more plant protein.

How much protein do you need?

EAR:0.66 grams of protein per kg body weight. *RDA:0.8 grams of protein per kg body weight. AMDR: for protein in 10-35% of calories. Exceptions: Protein needs increase during periods of growth, pregnancy, lactation, and recovery from illness or injury.

Ovovegetarian diet

Eats eggs but no other animal foods.

The body obtains about two thirds of its amino acid supply from ________ sources.

Endogenous

nutritional genomics studies the interactions between gene functioning and

Environment Dietary choices

What is the name of compounds that speed up chemical reactions without becoming part of the products?

Enzymes

A(n) __________,__________ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet.

Essential Indispensable

Amino acids: Essential and NonEssential

Essential - amino acids CANNOT be made by the body and must be supplied by the diet. Nonessential - amino acids CAN be made by the body.

Proteins in food

Nearly all foods contain some protein, but no natural food is 100% protein. Animal foods typically have more protein than plant foods. Seeds, tree nut, and legumes supply more protein than fruit or the edible leaves, roots, flowers, and stems of vegetables. Legumes are plants that produce pods with a single row of seeds such as beans, peas, peanuts and lentils.

Protein Digestion

Protein digestion begins in the stomach. * hydrochloric acid denatured proteins. * The enzyme pepsin digests proteins into smaller polypeptides. Polypeptides enter the small intestine: * the enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids. * Absorption of amino acids occurs in the small intestine.

Nitrogen balance: Positive

Protein turnover + Nitrogen Intake is lower than Nitrogen losses. *growth. *pregnancy. *Recovery from illness/injury. *increased levels of the hormones insulin, testosterone, and growth hormone. *Resistance Exercise.

Nitrogen balance: Equilibrium

Protein turnover+nitrogen intake is equal to Nitrogen losses. *Healthy adult meets protein and energy needs.

Nitrogen balance: Negative

Protein turnover+nitrogen intake is lesser than nitrogen losses. *inadequate protein intake or digestive tract diseases that interfere with protein absorption. *increased protein losses resulting from certain kidney diseases or blood loss. *bed rest, fever, injuries, or burns. *increased secretion of thyroid hormone or cortisol (a stress hormone)

Calculating protein needs.

RDA for adults = 0.8 g/kg body weight 165lbs/2.2=75kg 75kgx0.8=60

Tyoes of vegetarian diets

Semivegetarian (flexitarian): all animal foods included except red meats. Lactovegetarian: Milk and milk products no animal flesh or eggs. Ovovegetarian: eggs but no other animals. Lactoovovegetarian: Milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal foods. Vegan fruitarian: no animal foods/no animal foods(nuts and seeds only) Macrobiotic: no animal foods (will eat organically-grown whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and soups made with vegetables, seaweed, grains, beans and miso).

Marasmus

Starvation and extreme weight loss

The process of transferring a nitrogen-containing group to another substance to make an amino acid is called:

Transanimation

Which of these foods will a vegan eat?

Watermelon Tofu Vegetable