Chapter 21 Orthopedic Surgery

Ganglion of Tendon Sheath

A cystic growth commonly occurring on the dorsum of the wrist.

Colles' Fracture

A fracture of the distal radius that occurs at the epiphysis within 2.54 cm of the wrist joint, forcing the hand into a dorsal or lateral position. Caused by direct force, such as when falling and stretching out the hand to break the fall.

Osteomalacia

A softening of bone caused by loss of calcification of the bone matrix.

Hammer Toe, Claw Toe, Mallet Toe

Acquired or congenital deformities of the toes as a result of abnormal positioning of the interphalangeal joints.

Synovial Membrane

Along with articular cartilage, this provides a smooth surface for the movement of joints and tendons and prevent bone from rubbing against bone during movement.

Cortical Bone

Also called compact bone; it is the hard dense tissue of bone that surrounds the marrow cavity.

Cancellous Bone

Also called spongy bone; it is found at the ends of bone and lining the medullary cavity.

Plantar Flexion

Bending the foot downward at the ankle joint.

Dorsiflexion

Bending the foot upward at the ankle joint.

Ganglion

Benign outpouchings of synovium from the intercarpal joints.

Osteoblasts

Bone building cells.

Osteocytes

Bone cells

Osteoporosis

Bones become porous and weak; this can be caused by reduction of calcium intake and hormonal imbalance.

Genu Varum

Bowlegged; the space between the knees is abnormally increased and the lower leg bows inwardly.

Types of dislocations

Compound or open, luxation, and subluxation.

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone.

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone.

Articular Cartilage

Covers joint surfaces, which is also covered with the synovial membrane.

Flexion

Decreasing the angle of a joint.

Osteonecrosis

Destruction and death of bone tissue.

Fracture

Discontinuity of the normal alignment of the bone.

Three Groups for Articulations

Immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints.

Medullary Cavity

In long bones, this extends through the shaft of the bone.

Extension

Increasing the angle of joint.

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation and infection of the bone and bone marrow usually caused by bacteria.

Arthritis

Inflammation in a joint.

Osteochondritis

Inflammation of bone and cartilage

Sprains

Injury to the joint characterized by the rupture of some of all fibers of the supporting ligament.

Talipes Varus

Inward turning of the foot toward the midline.

Coxa Vara

Inward turning of the hip joint.

Meniscus

Knee cartilage

Genu Valgum

Knock-kneed; the knees are in close position and the space between the ankles in increased.

Trochanter

Large process

Joint Mice

Loose particles within the joint.

Rotation

Moving a body part around a central axis.

Abduction

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Moving a body part toward the midline of the body.

Circumduction

Moving a particular body part in a circular path without moving the entire body part.

Foramen

Opening in bone

Coxa Valga

Outward turing of the hip joint

Talipes Valgus

Outward turning of the foot away from the midline

Arthalgia

Pain in a joint

Pronation

Pointing a body part downward.

Supination

Pointing a body part upward.

Functions of the Skeletal System

Provides framework for support, serves as a point for attachment of muscles, protects internal organs, hemopoiesis, and storage of calcium.

Crest

Ridge of bone

Condyle

Rounded projection

Head

Rounded projection beyond a narrow neck

Yellow Bone Marrow

Stores fat.

Epiphyseal Plate

The area of active bone growth.

Articulation

The area where two bones meet to form a joint.

Impacted

The broken ends of each bone are forced into each other, usually creating many bone fragments; caused by compressive force.

Hallux Varus

The inward turning of the great toe toward the midline.

Hallux Valgus

The outward turning of the great toe away from the midline.

Endochondral Ossification

The process of which new bone is formed at the epiphyseal plate; the cartilage is first.

Sesamoid Bones

These are also called round bones; they are found within a tendon. Example: patella.

Bursa

These are small sacs that are located in many joints; these sacs contain synovial fluid. These also cushion the joint during weight-bearing activities.

Short Bones

These are the bones in the wrist and ankles. This type of bone usually occurs in clusters and aid in the movement of an extremity.

Irregular Bones

These are the bones of the skull and face and the vertebrae.

Epiphyses

These are the ends of long bones.

Flat Bones

These are the ribs, scapula, sternum, and cranial bones.

Synovial Fluid

This acts as a lubricant to aid in joint movement.

Depressed

This fracture occurs when bone is driven inward; frequently seen with cranial fracture; caused by moderate to severe direct force.

Bucket Handle Tear

This includes abnormalities of the internal structures of the knee joint, such as C-shaped meniscus tears on the medial or lateral edge with opposite side still attached.

Bimalleolar Ankle Fracture

This is a Pott's Fracture; This is a fracture of the distal fibula near the ankle, often accompanied by a break in the medial malleolus of the tibia and/or rupture of the internal lateral ligament. Caused by a combination of abduction external rotation from an eversion force.

Bunion

This is a bony protuberance o the medial aspect of the first metatarsal.

Osteoarthritis (OA)

This is a degenerative disease of the joint and is a normal part of aging; the articular cartilage wears away, often because of overuse, exposing the underlying bone.

Comminuted (Segmental)

This is a fracture with more than two pieces of bone fragment; may have notable amount of associated soft tissue trauma.

Diarthrosis

This is a freely movable joint; this type of joint is referred to as a synovial joint, because this type of joint contains a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid. These are further classified according to the movements they allow.

Bone Marrow

This is a semisolid tissue that is found in the spaces of cancellous bone.

Periosteum

This is a thin, fibrous layer of tissue that surrounds bone. Serves as an anchor of attachment merging with those of the tendons and ligaments.

Greenstick Fracture

This is a type of partial fracture, most common in children; it is like a green stick or twig from a tree, it will bend on one side and break on the other.

Synrthrosis

This is an immovable joint. With this type of joint, the bones are in close contact with each other and separated by a thin layer of cartilage. Example: suture lines of the cranial bones.

Red Bone Marrow

This is essential for the production of RBCs, platelets, and WBCs.

Endosteum

This is similar to the periosteum; it lines the medullary cavity.

Compound or open dislocation

This is the complete displacement of the bone from its socket along with a break in the skin so that the joint communicates with the air.

Luxation

This is the complete separation of the joint with no break in the skin.

Dislocation

This is the displacement of bone from its socket, usually caused by trauma.

Insertion

This is the other end of the muscle that is attached to the movable end of the other bone.

Subluxation

This is the partial separation of the joint with no break in the skin.

Diaphysis

This is the shaft of long bones. This is composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity.

Closed Epiphysis

This is what the epiphyseal plate area is known as when the growth of bones is complete.

Simple or Closed Fracture

This is when the bone does not pierce the skin.

Compound or Open Fracture

This is when the bone pierces the skin.

Complete Fracture

This is when the fracture line is continuous through the bone.

Incomplete Fracture

This is when the fracture line is not continuous through the bone.

Linear Fracture

This is when the line of the fracture runs parallel to the axis of the bone.

Origin

This is where one end of a muscle is attached to the immovable end of one bone of the joint.

Spiral Fracture

This is where the fracture line curves around the bone.

Transverse Fracture

This is where the fracture line is across the bone.

Intra-Articular Fracture

This is where the fracture line is on the joint surfaces of the bone; caused by a direct force to the joint area.

Intramembranous Ossification

This occurs in flat bones; it doesn't form cartilage, just membrane.

Hinge Joints

This type of joint allows movement in only one plane, much like the motion permitted by the hinge on a door. This joint is formed by the convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave surface of the adjacent bone.

Ball and Socket Joint

This type of joint allows the widest range of motion; it consists of a bone with a ball-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped socket in another bone.

Amphiarthrosis

This type of joint is slightly movable; with this type of joint, there is a disk of fibrous cartilage that connects bones.

Osteoma

Tumor of the bone

Eversion

Turing the ankle joint do the sole of the foot is outward.

Inversion

Turing the ankle joint so the sole of the foot is inward.

Classifications of Fractures

Whether or not the bone pierces the skin, type of fracture line through the bone, and the direction of the fracture line.

Osteoclasts

break bones down