PAD Quiz 2

Ethics

- A set a normative guidelines directed at resolving conflicts of interest so as to enhance societal well-being - Doing what is right - Has basis in moral values

Leadership Philosophy

- An integrated, comprehensive view of life - Your personal foundation or belief in human nature - A particular system of thought - A system of principles for guidance - An activity people undertake when they seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves, the world in which they live, and their relationships to the world and to each other - Philosophy is personal. There is no right or wrong - Philosophy is something you choose. You can make a choice that is deliberate, intentional, based on reflection and determinations - Or, if you don't do that, you can have an accidental philosophy, one that is vague and unclear to others and, quite possibly, vague and unclear to even you - Philosophy is meant as a foundation. Getting a solid core means you have clarity to guide decisions and a focus for sorting out all the competing inputs you get in a given day

Leadership Traits

- Bearing - Courage - Decisiveness - Dependability - Endurance - Enthusiasm - Initiative - Integrity - Judgment - Justice - Knowledge - Loyalty - Tact - Unselfishness - Confidence

Governor Powers:

- Chief Executive - Appointments - Budget (recommended) - Veto (entire bill or line item of appropriation) - Commander in Chief of National Guard

Garbage Can Model

- Collection of choices looking for problems - Problems, solutions, participants, and choice opportunities flow in and out of a garbage can, and which problems get attached to solutions is largely due to chance

Waldo's Ethical Obligations of U.S. Public Administratiors:

- Constitution - Law - Nation/Country - Democracy - Organizational or bureaucratic norms - Profession and professionalism

Rational Decision Making

- Define the problem - Generate possible solutions - Generate objective assessment criteria - Choose best solution - Implement solution - Monitor, evaluate and seek feedback - Assumes rational actors making decisions in rational manner

Management

- Different from leadership; less normative - Embodies POSDCORB; consists of a set of scientific, identifiable skills - Process of supervising

Florida Government

- Executive: Governor and Cabinet (AG, CFO, Ag) - Legislative: Senate (40) and House (120) - Judicial: Florida Supreme Court

What Subordinates Have a Right to Expect from their Leaders:

- Honest, just and fair treatment - Consideration due to them as mature, professional employees - Personal interest taken in them as individuals - Loyalty - Shielding from certain tasks from "higher up" - The best in leadership - That their needs be anticipated and provided for - Dignity and respect - To be kept oriented and told the "reason why" - A well-thought-out program of training, work, and recreation - Clear-cut, positive decisions and orders which are not constantly changing - Demands on them commensurate with their capabilities - not too small, not too great - That their good work be recognized, and publicized when appropriate

Taxes

- Income: Corporate Income Tax - Consumption: Sales Tax (regressive) - Sales and Use Tax - Cigarettes - Beverages - Other

Administrative Ethics Emphasize:

- Integrity - Duty/acting in the publuc interest - Primacy of law - Importance of sound management - Need to avoid conflicts of interest - A public office is a public trust (gov askew)

States Annual Budget Cycle

- July: Governor sends budget instructions to state agencies - October: Agencies submit their budget requests to the governor - September: Budget hearings are help with stage adencies. (Public hearings are held in both September and January) - February: Governor submits his or her proposed budget to the Legislature - During Session: The legislature adopts a budget in April or May, effective for the fiscal year beginning in July. A simple majority is required to pass a budget.

Public-Private Paradox: Government and business have very much in common.

- Large bureaucracies and small leadership structures - Professional, mass production, and transportation - Culture and decision-making similar - Recruit from same population - Public sector increasingly focused on competitiveness (same as business) - Public sector benefits from private sector experimentation - Technology presents a common language

The Importance of Leadership in the Public Sector Continued

- Leadership is not just a right of public managers, it is an obligation - Leadership from public managers is necessary because without leadership public organizations will never mobilize themselves to accomplish their mandated purpose

Public Administration in Florida

- Legislative Session: 60 days long - Powers of the presiding officers: Senate President/Speaker of the House - Total ability to reorganize (set up committees and name chairs) - Complete authority to administer - Can hire/fire any employee

Leadership Overcomes:

- Legislative ambiguity - Judiciary's narrow focus - Executive fallacy of comprehensiveness

Waldo - Public Morality

- More than a simple matter of obeying the law - Based on collective good - Public administrators face more moral complexity than those in private organizations

Cooper and Ethics

- Normative foundations for public administrator ethics : regime values/constitutional theory, citizenship theory, social equity, virtue/character-based ethics, and public interest

Rohr and Ethics

- Public adminstration ethics grounded in U.S. Constitution and Supreme Court interpretations (values of the regime) - Public administrators should use their discretionary power in manner consistent with values of the people in whose name they govern

Leadership and Public Administration

- Public managers responsible for implementing laws and carrying out the functions of government (services); carrying out the purposes of the state - Leadership essential for government to work

Public-Private Paradox: Business is very different from government.

- Pursue interests of shareholders - Pursue designated private interest and sometimes ignore public interest - Focus on produce differentiation and market positioning - Managers have greater flexibility to make unilateral stategic decisions - The bottom line rules

Waldo and Ethics

- Responsibility for moral and ethical behavior begins at the top of the hierarchical pyramid and filters down - Most moral and ethical problems in organizations begin with small violations of ethics and then spread like a cancer

Types of Shared Services:

- Sharing personnel: Preferable to the use of part time staff due largely to increased accountability over an individual managed by more than one municipality - Sharing Equipment: Each community owning an individual part of the entire piece of equipment

Speaking and Writing Tips

- Tell them what you are going to tell them in summary - Tell them what you want to tell them - Remind them what you told them

What Supervisors Have a Right to Expect from Higher Supervisors:

- That their honest errors be pointed out, but be underwritten at last once in the interests of developing initiative and leadership - To be responsible for and be allowed to develop their offices or institutions with only the essential guidance from above - A helpful attitude toward their problems - Loyalty - The best in leadership - To be kept oriented as to the missions and situation in the unit above - A well-thought-out program of training, work, and recreation - To receive timely, clear-cut orders and decisions which are not constantly changing - Dignity and respect - That good works by their units be recognized and rewarded in such a way as to motivate the greatest number to do well and to seek further improvement

Leadership

- The art of motivating a group of people to achieve a common goal - Concepts fundamental to leadership include motivating and inspiring, developing subordinates, leading by example, selflessness, team building, communicating, listening and setting and enforcing high standards - It is a relationship between the leader and people in a social/organizational situation. - It is also a process

Public-Private Paradox: Government is very different from business.

- Work of government has the mandate of political legitimacy; must be fair and defensible since owned by all - Work of government defined by law and implemented by force - Work of government involves accommodation, compromise, and incremental decisions - Bottom line profit never a test for success

Leadership Principles

1. Be technically competent 2. Know yourself and seek self-improvement 3. Seek responsibility/take responsibility for your actions 4. Make sound and timely decisions 5. Set the example 6. Know your people and look out for their well-being 7. Keep people informed 8. Develop sense of responsibility in subordinates 9. Ensure task is understood, supervised and accomplished 10. Build a team

Collaborative Governance

A governing arrangement where one or more public agencies directly engage non-state stakeholders in a collective decision-making process that is formal, consensus-oriented, and deliberative and that aims to make or implement public policy or manage public programs or assets.

In the Bureaucracy and Ethics section of the text, Ferrell and Skinner argue that bureaucracies centralized and hierarchical power base:

Actually helps create opportunities for unethical behavior

Demonstrate Personal Integrity

Adhere to the highest standards of conduct to inspire public confidece and trust in public service

Block Grants

Afford states much more freedom in determining how grant money will be spent

Sharpen the Saw

Balance and renew your resources, energy, and health to create a sustainable, long-term, effective lifestyle

Deontological

Based on principle; moral actions are evaluated on the basis of inherent rightness or wrongness rather than goodness or a primary consideration of consequences

Satisficing

Choosing policies that are not optimum, but "good enough"; muddling through

Picket Fence Model

Close fiscal relationships between national, state, and local governments; relies on grants-in-aid from federal government

Synergize

Combine the strenghts of people through positive teamwork, so as to achieve goals that no one could have done alone

Incrementalism

Consider only a few policy alternatives that are not much different from what is currently being done; small incremental changes as opposed to major, sweeping changes

Privatization

Contracting or outsourcing of government services to private sector companies

Sharing External Services

Cost saving and economies of scale; agreements in which one government unit consents to provide essential services to another that no longer provides such services. External shared service models pursued in the interest of saving money and improving service quality. Bigger is better - large sanitation department will keep streets just as clean as smaller, independent sanitation department - but at a lower public cost.

Put First Things First

Decide what is important and what is urgent. Priority should be given in the following order: 1. Important and Urgent 2. Important and non-urgent 3. Not important and urgent 4. Not important and not urgent

Public Choice

Decisions made in the self-interest of government agencies; to minimize risks and maximize rewards for agency

Teleological

Describes an ethical perspective that contends the rightness or wrongness of actions is based solely on the goodness or badness of their consequences; ends justify the means

Situational Leadership

Different situations demand different kinds of leadership; leader alters approach based on circumstances

Policies

Distributive, redistributive and regulatory

Participatory Model

Diverse group of people will provide input on policy; usually through public meetings, hearings

Be Proactive

Don't sit and wait in a reactive mode, waiting for problems to happen before taking action

One of the ways to fight back against corruption is through whistleblowing. Although the heat of whistleblowing can be intense, the rewards of going public include:

Enhancing self-respect, maintaining esteem of family and friends and the chance of vindication by forcing responsible action

Begin with the End in Mind

Envision what you want in the future so you can work and plan towards it

Marble Cake

Few hard lines of distinction as to what constitutes national, state or local responsibilities

Servant Leadership

Focuses on leaders being servants and attentive to followers; empower followers

Transformational

Focuses on team-builing, motivation to accomplish change; self-actualizing

Style Theory

Focuses on what leaders do; balancing task behaviors and relationship behaviors

Budget

Governor constitutionally and statutorily required to submit a balanced budget to the legislature. The legislature must pass a balanced budget, and any budget signed into law by the governor must be balanced

Sharing Internal Services

Ideal when service functions require little interaction with the public - an example is an animal shelter. To an individual municipality this relationship is similar to one with a private vendor.

The Importance of Leadership in the Public Sector

In organizations, effective leadership provides higher quality and more efficient goods and services; it provides a sense of cohesiveness, personal development and higher levels of satisfaction among those conducting the work; and it provides an overarching sense of direction and vision; an alignment with the enviornment, a healthy mechanism for innovation and creativity, and a resource for invigorating the organizational culture

Promote Democratic Participation

Inform the public and encourage active engagement in governance. Be open, transparent persons in their dealings with public organizations

Trait Theory

Innate qualities of characteristics; great man/woman theory

Elite Theory

Key decisions dominated by a few key leaders

Contingency Theory

Leader-match theory; fitting leadership style to context

Expectations of a Leader

Leaders are known by their standards. Leaders set the standards for their subordinates and enforce those standards on a daily basis. Naturally, those standards should be high and reflected in the expectations set forth by the leader early on in their tenure. When we speak of leadership by example, it is the standard being lived by the leader and it is on display for all to see. Standards are reflected in many aspects of our work like attention to detail, promptness, professional dress and demeanor, mutual respect, good communication, ethics, duty, and dedication.

Path-Goal Theory

Leaders motivate/guide followers to reach goals and satisfy needs

The ends justify the means philosophy - one that rewards getting the job done regardless of the potential consequences is often referred to as:

Machiavellian

Transactional

Maintain status quo; utilize discipline and incetives to motivate; trades rewards for performance

Categorical Grants

Must be used for very specific purposes

Dwight Waldo identified 12 ethical obligations to which the public administration must respond. The first three of these are:

Obligation to the Constitution, law and nation

Advance the Public Interest

Promote the interests of the public and put service to the public above service to oneself

Fully Inform and Advise

Provide accurate, honest, comprehensive, and timely information and advice to elected and appointed officials and governing board members, and to staff members in your organization

Uphold the Constitution and the Law

Respect and support government constitutions and laws, while seeking to improve laws and policies to promote the public good

Layer Cake

Separate and distinct areas of authority between national, state, and local governments

Shared Services

Services shared between governmental entities

Interlocal Shared Government

Shared service agreements attempts to reduce service delivery costs and ease the tax burden on citizens while streamlining local services: doing away with duplicative services and enhancing governmental responsiveness

Advance Professional Excellence

Strengthen personal capabilities to act competently and ethically and encourage the professional development of others

Deontological theories of ethics:

Stress motives and intentions as opposed to the consequences as the critical factor in making decisions

Promote Ethical Organizations

Strive to attain the highest standards of ethics, stewardship, and public service in organizations that serve the public

Skills Theory

Technical (competence), human (interpersonal) and conceptual (thinking) skills

In the conclusion of the Waldo article, he cites in his first observation:

That there has been a decay of traditional moral values and morality is "relative"

Leadership Responsibilities

The mission and the welfare of his/her people

Grants-In-Aid Programs

The national government provides grants (that is, transfers of tax money collected by the Internal Revenue Service) to the states, a portion of which is further filtered down to the county and municipal governments

Ethics Definition

The philosophy of how that morality guides individual and group behavior. The two are closely related, with morality being the foundation of ethics

Public-Private Paradox

The relationship - two propositions: Business and government are ultimately different. Business and government have very much in common.

Teleological theories contend:

The rightness or wrongness of actions is based solely on the goodness or badness of their consequences and argues that the ends justify the means

Federalism Definition

The system in which governing powers are divided between national and regional authorities

The conclusion of the Rohr article is that the most appropriate method of integrating the study of ethics into public administration is:

To study regime values and get in the touch with the values of the American people

The purpose of the Rohr article is stated in the first sentence:

To suggest a method for integrating the study of ethics into a public administration curriculum

Strengthen Social Equity

Treat all persons with fairness, justice, and equality and respect individual differences, rights, and freedoms. Promote affirmative action and other initiatves to reduce unfairness, injustice, and inequality in society

True or False: Ethics is a set of normative guidelines (having its basis in moral values) directed at resolving conflicts of interest so as to enhance societal well-being. Ethics is also a branch of philosophy concerned with the norms of human conduct.

True

How many governments are there in the United States?

U.S. Government: 1 State Governments: 50 Local Governments: 89,476 Total: 89,527

Federalism

US Constitution enumerates powers of Federal government (executive and legislative) and 10th amendment asserts that powers not mentioned belong to the states

Morality

Understanding the distinction between right and wrong and living according to that understanding

Seek First to Understood, Then to be Understood

Use empathic listening to genuinely understand a person. This creates an atmosphere of caring, and positive problem solving

Think Win-Win

Value and respect people by understanding a "win" for all is ultimately a better long-term resolution than if only one person in the situation had gotten his way

Expectations of a Leader Continued

When a leader does not correct inappropriate behavior or hold subordinates accountable for below average performance, then the leader has just allowed a new, lower standard to be set. The following is a list of expectations subordinates should have for their leaders, and as well a list of expectations a supervisor should have for their higher supervisors.

Politics

Who gets what when and how