BIO 166 Exam #1 (ch.2,3,4,5,6) Review Questions
During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?
hydrolysis
_____ are nonpolar and hydrophobic.
lipids
True/False: Polar covalent bonds result when valence electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms.
False - electrons are not shared equally in polar bonds (eg., H2O).
The fundamental component of most macromolecules is carbon. True or false
True
Valance electrons will determine an atom's chemical reactivity. A: True B: False
True
A molecule that binds up excess hydrogen ions in a solution is called a(n)
base
A(n) _______ is a compound that yields hydroxide ions when dissolved in a solution.
base
The inorganic non-protein substances that aid in enzyme function are ________.
cofactors
Plasma membranes contain _______ layers of phospholipids
2
Ribosomes are composed of ______ subunits.
2
How many water molecules are formed in the dehydration synthesis of maltose?
1
The strongest base will have a pH value of
14
If xenon has an atomic number of 54 and a mass number of 108, how many neutrons does it have?
54
Which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways? A) They do not depend on enzymes. B) They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers. C) They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers.
B) They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
The active site of an enzyme is the region that A) binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme. B) is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme. C) binds noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme. D) is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor.
B) is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme.
According to this text, which elements are common to all living organisms? A) H, P, S, N B) H, O, P, N C) H, C, O, N D) H, C, O, S
C) H, C, O, N
You are coaching a marathon-training group, and they have a big run on Sunday. For a rapidly utilizable source of energy, you suggest that they eat extra ________ before the run. To repair muscle damage afterwards, you suggest that they eat extra _________.
Carbohydrates Proteins
______________ allows paper clips to float on water even though it is more dense.
Cohesion
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted outside a cell? A) ER → Golgi → nucleus B) Golgi → ER → lysosome C) nucleus → ER → Golgi D) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane E) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
D) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
A chemical bond occurs when __________________ are shared or transferred between molecules. Option A: Protons Option B: Neutrons Option C: Electrons
Electrons
Each carbon molecule can bind with as many as _________other atom(s) or molecule(s). a) One b) Two c) Four d) Six
Four
Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond? a) Hydrogen bond b) Ionic bond c) Covalent bond d) Nonpolar covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Categorize the components of the following reaction: lactase lactose ⇒⇒ galactose + glucose Lactose Lactase Galactose Glucose
Lactose substrate Lactase catalyst Galactose product Glucose product
Sugars moving into the cell can occur through Option A : facilitated transport. Option B : co-transport. Option C : pumps. Option D : Na+-K+ pump.
Option A : facilitated transport. Option B : co-transport.
What structures are found in all nucleotides? Option A : nitrogenous base Option B : pentose sugar Option C : ribose Option D : deoxyribose Option E : phosphate group Option F : uracil
Option A : nitrogenous base Option B : pentose sugar Option E : phosphate group
___________________________ is the type of energy associated with objects in motion. Option A: Potential energy Option B: Kinetic energy Option C: Activation energy Option D: Chemical energy
Option B: Kinetic energy
The energy currency of the cell is: Option A: ATP. Option B: NADPH. Option C: Glucose. Option D: CO2.
Option A: ATP.
What is the purpose of chaperones? Option A: Chaperones assist in protein folding. Option B: Chaperones enhance the activity of enzymes. Option C: Chaperones increase the versatility of proteins. Option D: Chaperones assist in the transportation of minerals.
Option A: Chaperones assist in protein folding.
What are actin filaments? Option A: Cytoskeletal structures of a cell. Option B: Darkened areas in the nucleus of a cell. Option C: Modified plasma membranes of a cell. Option D: Interconnected membranous sacs of a cell.
Option A: Cytoskeletal structures of a cell.
Which of the following will increase the rate of diffusion? Option A: Increased temperature Option B: Increased mass of the molecule diffusing Option C: Increased solvent density Option D: Increased thickness of the plasma membrane
Option A: Increased temperature
Which of the following is not a functional group that can bond with carbon? Option A: Sodium Option B: Hydroxyl Option C: Phosphate Option D: Carbonyl
Option A: Sodium
What problem is faced by organisms that live in fresh water? Option A: Their bodies tend to take in too much water. Option B: They have no way of controlling their tonicity. Option C: Only salt water poses problems for animals that live in it. Option D: Their bodies tend to lose too much water to their environment.
Option A: Their bodies tend to take in too much water.
DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter DNA. Which of the following accurately describes this process? Option A: This is an anabolic process Option B: This is a catabolic process Option C: This is both anabolic and catabolic Option D: This is a metabolic process but is neither anabolic nor catabolic
Option A: This is an anabolic process
The extinct thylacine (Tasmanian tiger) lacked thylakoids. Option A: True Option B:False
Option A: True
Bacteria that lack fimbria are less likely to ________. Option A: adhere to cell surfaces Option B: swim through bodily fluids Option C: synthesize proteins Option D: retain the ability to divide
Option A: adhere to cell surfaces
The cell theory states Option A: all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things and all cells arise from other cells. Option B: all organisms are composed of multiple cells, all cells arise spontaneously and all cells require nutrients. Option C: all cells will contain DNA, all cells are the smallest living things that can divide and all organisms are composed of cells. Option D: all cells are the smallest living things, all organisms are composed of one or more cells and all cells arise spontaneously.
Option A: all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things and all cells arise from other cells.
Plant cells do not have which of the following: Option A: centrosomes. Option B: mitochondria. Option C: plastids. Option D: ribosomes.
Option A: centrosomes.
Scurvy is a disease that presents loss of teeth, hypotension, anemia, and poor wound healing. These signs and symptoms are caused by a lack of collagen formation. Vitamin C is important in enzyme function because it is a Option A: coenzyme. Option B: cofactor. Option C: product. Option D: reactant. Option E: substrate.
Option A: coenzyme
Label each of the following systems as high or low entropy: i. the instant that a perfume bottle is sprayed compared with 30 seconds later ii. an old 1950's car compared with a brand new car iii. a living cell compared with a dead cell Option A: i. low, ii. high, iii. low Option B: i. low, ii. high, iii. high Option C: i. high, ii. low, iii. high Option D: i. high, ii. low, iii. Low
Option A: i. low, ii. high, iii. low
What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell membranes? Option A: identification of the cell Option B: flexibility of the membrane Option C: strengthening the membrane Option D: channels through membrane
Option A: identification of the cell
This cytoskeletal element has the smallest diameter at 7 nm. Option A: microfilaments Option B: intermediate filaments Option C: myosin Option D: microtubules
Option A: microfilaments
Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system? Option A: mitochondrion Option B: Golgi apparatus Option C: endoplasmic reticulum Option D: lysosome
Option A: mitochondrion
Intercellular junctions present in plants are known as: Option A: plasmodesmata. Option B: tight junctions. Option C: gap junctions. Option D: desmosomes.
Option A: plasmodesmata.
You examine a cell under a light microscope that has been treated with a stain that makes peptidoglycan appear purple. The cell has taken up the purple stain. What type of cell is it? Option A: prokaryotic cell Option B: eukaryotic cell Option C: either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell Option D: neither a prokaryotic nor a eukaryotic cell
Option A: prokaryotic cell
Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure? Option A: protein Option B: cholesterol Option C: carbohydrate Option D: phospholipid
Option A: protein
Which of the following molecules is likely to have the most potential energy? Option A: sucrose Option B: ATP Option C: glucose Option D: ADP
Option A: sucrose
Phospholipids are important components of Option A: the plasma membrane of animal cells. Option B: the ring structure of steroids. Option C: the waxy covering on leaves. Option D: the double bond in hydrocarbon chains.
Option A: the plasma membrane of animal cells.
The second law of thermodynamics refers to Option A: the transfer of heat energy. Option B: the transfer of light energy. Option C: the transfer of kinetic energy. Option D: the transfer of chemical energy.
Option A: the transfer of heat energy.
Which of the following is not true about enzymes: Option A: they increase ΔG of reactions. Option B: they are usually made of amino acids. Option C: they lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. Option D: each one is specific to the particular substrate(s) to which it binds.
Option A: they increase ΔG of reactions.
Energy can be: Option A: transformed. Option B: created. Option C: destroyed.
Option A: transformed.
Anabolic pathways: Option A: use more energy than they release. Option B: release more energy than they use.
Option A: use more energy than they release.
In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes is carried out by __________. Option A: vacuoles Option B: peroxisomes Option C: ribosomes Option D: nuclei
Option A: vacuoles
Which of the following is the best way to judge the relative activation energies between two given chemical reactions? Option A: Compare the ΔG values between the two reactions. Option B: Compare their reaction rates. Option C: Compare their ideal environmental conditions. Option D: Compare the spontaneity between the two reactions.
Option B: Compare their reaction rates.
What types of bonds are present between the two polypeptide chains of an insulin molecule? Option A: Peptide bonds Option B: Disulfide bonds Option C: Hydrogen bonds Option D: Van der Waals' bonds
Option B: Disulfide bonds
Fatty acids are attached to glycerol to form triglycerides through ____________ bonds. Option A: Hydrogen Option B: Ester Option C: Glycosidic Option D: Peptide
Option B: Ester
Cilia and flagella have what common feature? Option A: Actin filaments in a 9 + 2 array. Option B: Microtubule filaments in a 9 + 2 array. Option C: Intermediate filaments in a 9 + 2 array. Option D: Microfilaments intertwined.
Option B: Microtubule filaments in a 9 + 2 array.
What does the fluid mosaic model describe? Option A: The ability of the plasma membrane to expand and contract. Option B: The ability of components of the plasma membrane to change position in relation to one another. Option C: The ability of proteins to travel through the membrane to the inside of the cell.
Option B: The ability of components of the plasma membrane to change position in relation to one another.
The breakdown of glucose is an example of: Option A: an anabolic pathway. Option B: a catabolic pathway.
Option B: a catabolic pathway.
Noncompetitive inhibition occurs when Option A: a substance binds at the active site. Option B: a substance binds on a site away from the active site. Option C: denaturing an enzyme. Option D: increasing the activity of an enzyme.
Option B: a substance binds on a site away from the active site.
Cephalosporin is a drug that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis. Which organism(s) are likely to be affected by this drug? Option A: animals Option B: bacteria Option C: fungi Option D: plants
Option B: bacteria
Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance? Option A: starch Option B: cellulose Option C: glycogen Option D: lactose
Option B: cellulose
The shape of the cell is predominantly maintained by the Option A: plasma membrane Option B: cytoskeleton Option C: cytoplasm Option D: endomembrane system
Option B: cytoskeleton
You examine a cell under a light microscope that has been treated with a stain that makes the Golgi complex appear red. The cell has taken up the red stain. What type of cell is it? Option A: prokaryotic cell Option B: eukaryotic cell Option C: either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell Option D: neither a prokaryotic nor a eukaryotic cell
Option B: eukaryotic cell
You examine a cell under a light microscope that has been treated with a stain that makes the nuclear envelope appear blue. The cell has taken up the blue stain. What type of cell is it? Option A: prokaryotic cell Option B: eukaryotic cell Option C: either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell Option D: neither a prokaryotic nor a eukaryotic cell
Option B: eukaryotic cell
Excess glucose is stored in humans as: Option A: starch. Option B: glycogen. Option C: cellulose. Option D: chitin.
Option B: glycogen.
Plants become turgid in Option A: isotonic solutions. Option B: hypotonic solutions. Option C: hypertonic solutions.
Option B: hypotonic solutions.
A solution with a low amount of solutes is Option A: isotonic. Option B: hypotonic. Option C: hypertonic.
Option B: hypotonic.
The smooth ER is involved in the production of: Option A: proteins. Option B: lipids. Option C: nucleic acids. Option D: ATP. Option E: calcium.
Option B: lipids.
Low entropy means ________ disorder and ___________ energy. Option A: low; low Option B: low; high Option C: high; low Option D: high; high
Option B: low; high
Which statement correctly describes a function of a specialized type of RNA? Option A: mRNA: contains genes that are transcribed Option B: mRNA: genes are translated into proteins Option C: tRNA: properly aligns RNA onto ribosomes Option D: rRNA: carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis Option E: rRNA: helps transcription occur in the nucleus
Option B: mRNA: genes are translated into proteins
Which of the following have the ability to disassemble and reform quickly? Option A: microfilaments and intermediate filaments Option B: microfilaments and microtubules Option C: intermediate filaments and microtubules Option D: only intermediate filaments
Option B: microfilaments and microtubules
The process by which a cell engulfs a foreign particle is known as: Option A: endosymbiosis Option B: phagocytosis Option C: hydrolysis Option D: membrane synthesis
Option B: phagocytosis
Which transport mechanism can bring whole cells into a cell? Option A: pinocytosis Option B: phagocytosis Option C: facilitated transport Option D: primary active transport
Option B: phagocytosis
In exocytosis cells Option A: release material through channel proteins. Option B: release material by vesicles. Option C: release material by carrier proteins. Option D: take in material by vesicles. Option E: take in material by channel proteins.
Option B: release material by vesicles.
When red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, the cells will: Option A: shrink. Option B: swell. Option C: stay the same size.
Option B: swell.
Which is the correct arrangement of ATP phosphate groups, from farthest to closest to the ribose sugar? Option A: ribose, ϒ- phosphate, β- phosphate, α-phosphate Option B: ϒ- phosphate, β- phosphate, α-phosphate, ribose Option C: α-phosphate, β- phosphate, ϒ- phosphate, ribose Option D: ribose, α-phosphate, β- phosphate, ϒ- phosphate
Option B: ϒ- phosphate, β- phosphate, α-phosphate, ribose
Plant cells have a cell wall instead of a plasma membrane. Option A: True Option B:False
Option B:False
The human body produces how many amino acids? Option A: 20 Option B: 16 Option C: 10 Option D: 12
Option C: 10
An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following? Option A: Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, increasing its affinity for substrate binding. Option B: Binds to the active site and blocks it from binding substrate. Option C: Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate. Option D: Binds directly to the active site and mimics the substrate.
Option C: Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate.
Which of these is considered to be the basic unit of life? Option A: Organ Option B: Tissue Option C: Cell Option D: Atom
Option C: Cell
The type of energy held within the bonds of gasoline prior to burning it as fuel is; Option A: Kinetic energy. Option B: Activation energy. Option C: Chemical.
Option C: Chemical.
Which type of intercellular junctions involves the connexins? Option A: Plasmodesmata Option B: Tight junctions Option C: Gap junctions Option D: Desmosomes
Option C: Gap junctions
Which statement(s) about metabolism is/are correct? I. Metabolism includes catabolism and anabolism. II. Metabolism includes non-enzyme-catalyzed reactions. III. Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. Option A: III Option B: I and II Option C: I and III Option D: II
Option C: I and III
In what important way does receptor-mediated endocytosis differ from phagocytosis? Option A: It transports only small amounts of fluid. Option B: It does not involve the pinching off of membrane. Option C: It brings in only a specifically targeted substance. Option D: It brings substances into the cell, while phagocytosis removes substances.
Option C: It brings in only a specifically targeted substance.
What happens to the membrane of a vesicle after exocytosis? Option A: It leaves the cell. Option B: It is disassembled by the cell. Option C: It fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane. Option D: It is used again in another exocytosis event.
Option C: It fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane.
What happens if a plant cell lacks plasmodesmata? Option A: It results in defective seed germination. Option B: It results in an altered photosynthetic reaction. Option C: It results in ineffective transport of nutrients. Option D: It results in loss of water from the central vacuole.
Option C: It results in ineffective transport of nutrients.
Select the compound that has a fused ring structure. Option A: Oil Option B: Wax Option C: Steroid Option D: Phospholipid
Option C: Steroid
Which substance does NOT pass easily through the membrane: Option A: oxygen. Option B: carbon dioxide. Option C: lipid-soluble vitamins. Option D: lons
Option D: lons
Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Option A: a cell that secretes enzymes Option B: a cell that destroys pathogens Option C: a cell that makes steroid hormones Option D: a cell that engages in photosynthesis
Option C: a cell that makes steroid hormones
The small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to occur is called the: Option A: potential energy. Option B: kinetic energy. Option C: activation energy. Option D: free energy.
Option C: activation energy.
Phospholipids are: Option A: hydrophilic. Option B: hydrophobic. Option C: amphipathic.
Option C: amphipathic.
Archaea that make energy without O2 perform Option A: aerobic respiration. Option B: pyruvate oxidation. Option C: anaerobic respiration. Option D: metabolism.
Option C: anaerobic respiration.
How does the sodium-potassium pump make the interior of the cell negatively charged? Option A: by expelling anions Option B: by pulling in anions Option C: by expelling more cations than are taken in Option D: by taking in and expelling an equal number of cations
Option C: by expelling more cations than are taken in
he principal force driving movement in diffusion is the Option A: temperature. Option B: particle size. Option C: concentration gradient. Option D: membrane surface area.
Option C: concentration gradient.
You examine a cell under a light microscope that has been treated with a stain that makes DNA appear blue. The cell has taken up the blue stain. What type of cell is it? Option A: prokaryotic cell Option B: eukaryotic cell Option C: either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell Option D: neither a prokaryotic nor a eukaryotic cell
Option C: either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell
You examine a cell under a light microscope that has been treated with a stain that makes ribosomes appear green. The cell has taken up the green stain. What type of cell is it? Option A: prokaryotic cell Option B: eukaryotic cell Option C: either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell Option D: neither a prokaryotic nor a eukaryotic cell
Option C: either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell
Carbohydrates, proteins, and collagen collectively make up the Option A: plasma membrane. Option B: cytoplasm. Option C: extracellular matrix. Option D: transmembrane molecules.
Option C: extracellular matrix.
Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____ and used short-term to perform work from a(n) _____ molecule. Option A: ATP : glucose Option B: an anabolic molecule : catabolic Option C: glucose : ATP Option D: a catabolic molecule : anabolic
Option C: glucose : ATP
Lipids are all of the following EXCEPT: Option A: mostly nonpolar. Option B: involved in insulation. Option C: hydrophilic. Option D: used for long-term energy storage.
Option C: hydrophilic.
Consider a pendulum swinging. Which type(s) of energy is/are associated with the pendulum in the following instances: i. the moment at which it completes one cycle, just before it begins to fall back towards the other end ii. the moment that it is in the middle between the two ends iii. just before it reaches the end of one cycle (just before instant i.) Option A: i. potential and kinetic, ii. potential and kinetic, iii. kinetic Option B: i. potential, ii. potential and kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic Option C: i. potential, ii. kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic Option D: i. potential and kinetic, ii. kinetic iii. kinetic
Option C: i. potential, ii. kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic
The key components of desmosomes are cadherins and __________. Option A: actin Option B: microfilaments Option C: intermediate filaments Option D: microtubules
Option C: intermediate filaments
All cells have all of the following EXCEPT: Option A: DNA. Option B: plasma membrane. Option C: membrane-bound organelles. Option D: ribosomes.
Option C: membrane-bound organelles.
Ribosomes are involved in the formation of: Option A: carbohydrates. Option B: lipids. Option C: proteins. Option D: nucleic acids. Option E: ATP.
Option C: proteins.
Integral proteins contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The hydrophobic region is located: Option A: extracellularly. Option B: intracellularly. Option C: within the membrane.
Option C: within the membrane.
Which type of cellular transport requires ATP? Option A: Diffusion Option B: Passive transport Option C: Osmosis Option D: Active transport
Option D: Active transport
Which of the following comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reactions is false? Option A: Endergonic reactions have a positive ΔG and exergonic reactions have a negative ΔG Option B: Endergonic reactions consume energy and exergonic reactions release energy Option C: Both endergonic and exergonic reactions require a small amount of energy to overcome an activation barrier Option D: Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly
Option D: Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly
Which organelle is involved in packaging and distributing proteins and lipids? Option A: Mitochondria Option B: Centrosome Option C: Lysosome Option D: Golgi Option E: ER
Option D: Golgi
Which intermediary do DNA molecules use to communicate with the rest of the cell? Option A: Micro RNA Option B: Transfer RNA Option C: Ribosomal RNA Option D: Messenger RNA
Option D: Messenger RNA
The central vacuole is important in regulating the amount of _____________ in the cell. Option A: Glucose Option B: Chlorophyll Option C: Sodium Option D: Water
Option D: Water
Enzymes act as catalysts for chemical reactions by decreasing the ______________ energy. Option A: kinetic Option B: potential Option C: free Option D: activation
Option D: activation
An example of a monosaccharide is Option A: fructose. Option B: glucose. Option C: galactose. Option D: all of the choices are correct.
Option D: all of the choices are correct.
A circular molecule of DNA would be located in a/an Option A: flatworm. Option B: mushroom. Option C: daisy. Option D: bacterium. Option E: ant.
Option D: bacterium.
Prokaryotes depend on ________ to obtain some materials and to get rid of wastes. Option A: ribosomes Option B: flagella Option C: cell division Option D: diffusion
Option D: diffusion
Active transport must function continuously because Option A: plasma membranes wear out. Option B: not all membranes are amphiphilic. Option C: facilitated transport opposes active transport. Option D: diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions.
Option D: diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions.
Solute molecules move from a high to low concentration in : Option A: isotonic solutions. Option B: hypotonic solutions. Option C: hypertonic solutions. Option D: diffusion. Option E: osmosis.
Option D: diffusion.
Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the membrane? Option A: its head Option B: cholesterol Option C: a saturated fatty acid tail Option D: double bonds in the fatty acid tail
Option D: double bonds in the fatty acid tail
According to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, Option A: energy cannot be created or destroyed. Option B: energy transfer creates an ordered system. Option C: energy transfers decrease entropy. Option D: energy transfer increases the disorder of a system.
Option D: energy transfer increases the disorder of a system.
The hydrophobic portion of a phospholipid is made up of __________ and is found on the ___________ of the lipid bilayer. Option A: phosphate; outside. Option B: phosphate; inside. Option C: fatty acids; outside. Option D: fatty acids; inside.
Option D: fatty acids; inside.
Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei are called A Option A: ions. B Option B: neutrons. C Option C: neutral atoms. D Option D: isotopes.
Option D: isotopes.
This cytoskeletal element is organized within flagella and cilia. Option A: microfilaments Option B: intermediate filaments Option C: myosin Option D: microtubules
Option D: microtubules
Hormones are: Option A: carbohydrates Option B: lipids Option C: proteins Option D: more than one of these is correct
Option D: more than one of these is correct
The plasma membrane contains all of the following EXCEPT: Option A: carbohydrates. Option B: proteins. Option C: lipids. Option D: nucleic acids.
Option D: nucleic acids.
The building blocks of nucleic acids are Option A: sugars. Option B: nitrogenous bases. Option C: peptides. Option D: nucleotides.
Option D: nucleotides.
Blood groups such as A, B, and O are due to glycosylation markers. Where on the cell are these molecular markers found? Option A: in the Golgi apparatus Option B: on DNA Option C: on the inner plasma membrane Option D: on the outer plasma membrane
Option D: on the outer plasma membrane
Which of the following do not play a role in intracellular movement? Option A: microfilaments and intermediate filaments Option B: microfilaments and microtubules Option C: intermediate filaments and microtubules Option D: only intermediate filaments
Option D: only intermediate filaments
The energy released from hydrolyzing ATP comes from Option A: adenine. Option B: ribose. Option C: pentose sugar. Option D: phosphate groups.
Option D: phosphate groups.
Bromacil is a drug that inhibits chloroplast function. Which organism(s) are likely to be affected by this drug? Option A: animals Option B: bacteria Option C: fungi Option D: plants
Option D: plants
Cellulose and starch are examples of Option A: monosaccharides. Option B: disaccharides. Option C: lipids. Option D: polysaccharides.
Option D: polysaccharides.
The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is Option A: primarily stored between the alpha and beta phosphates. Option B: equal to −57 kcal/mol. Option C: harnessed as heat energy by the cell to perform work. Option D: providing energy to coupled reactions.
Option D: providing energy to coupled reactions.
Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? Option A: nucleus Option B: mitochondrion Option C: vacuole Option D: ribosomes
Option D: ribosomes
Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers? Option A: the vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum Option B: the ribosomes Option C: the cytoplasm Option D: the nucleoplasm
Option D: the nucleoplasm
Mitochondria are involved in the formation of: Option A: carbohydrates. Option B: lipids. Option C: proteins. Option D: nucleic acids. Option E: ATP.
Option E: ATP.
__________________ on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane are involved in cell recognition. Option A: Glycoproteins Option B: Integral proteins Option C: Peripheral proteins Option D: Glycolipids Option E: More than one of these is correct
Option E: More than one of these is correct
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes share which characteristic? Option A: cell walls Option B: mitochondria Option C: nucleus Option D: nucleolus Option E: cell membrane
Option E: cell membrane
Large quantities of macromolecules enter the cell through: Option A: diffusion. Option B: facilitated transport. Option C: active transport. Option D: pinocytosis. Option E: receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Option E: receptor-mediated endocytosis.
_________ are subatomic particles with a positive charge.
Protons
Which structure(s) represent a monosaccharide? (Select all that apply.)
The ones that have one shape and CO
_________ are used for energy storage.
Triglycerides
Which of the following statements is not true? a) Water is polar. b) Water is the near universal solvent. c) Water is hydrophilic. d) In solid form, water is less dense than in liquid form e) Water is the most abundant molecule in Earth's atmosphere.
Water is the most abundant molecule in Earth's atmosphere.
Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the membrane? a) Double bonds in the fatty acid tail b) Its head c) The phosphate group d) Single bonds in the fatty acid tail e) A saturated fatty acid tail
a) Double bonds in the fatty acid tail
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? a) carboxyl and amino b) carbonyl and amino c) ketone and methyl d) amino and sulfhydryl e) hydroxyl and carboxyl
a) carboxyl and amino
Ions and other small sugar and amino acid molecules can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through a) gap junctions b) intermediate filaments c) tight junctions d) desmosomes e) plasmodesmata
a) gap junctions
A(n) ______ is a compound that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in a solution.
acid
A monomer with a central carbon, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a carbon containing group are
amino acids
Water moves through _________
aquaporins
Which of the following statements concerning unsaturated fats is true? a) They are more common in animals than in plants. b) They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. c) They generally solidify at room temperature. d) They contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. e) They have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule.
b) They have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
Baking soda can be swallowed to combine with excess hydrogen ions. Baking soda acts as a(n)
buffer
Almost the entire mass of an atom is concentrated in the_________ a) Proton b) Electrons c) Nucleus d) Neutrons
c) Nucleus
Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides? a) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group b) a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar c) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar d) a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil e) a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine
c) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
Schleiden and Schwann are responsible for proposing the _________
cell theory
Bacteria, fungi, and plant cells will not collapse or burst when exposed to different tonicities because they contain a ___________
cell wall
Hydrogen atoms attach to water through_____ bonds. Water molecules are cohesive because of ______ bonds.
covalent, hydrogen
__________ gradient results from a chemical concentration and electrical charge.
electrochemical
The process that created chloroplasts and mitochondria is ______
endosymbiosis
The _______ portion of a phospholipid is hydrophobic.
fatty acid tail
Bacteria movement is permitted by ____.
flagella
Cholera kills over 100,000 people each year worldwide due to diarrhea. The cholera toxin opens the CFTR chloride channel in the intestines, so that sufferers lose chloride, sodium and massive amounts of water. On the other hand, the same CFTR channel is mutated in cystic fibrosis patients. With activity too LOW, they lack chloride flow and mucus builds up in the lungs. This illustrates the importance of precise control of channel opening, known as _________ regulation.
gated
Individuals that research and study vaccines, allergies, and how diseases affect the body are __________
immunologists
If the solute concentration of in the cytoplasm is the same as the extracellular fluid, the cell is considered____
isotonic
You and your roommate are grocery shopping. "I don't get it," she says. "My doctor said I should buy this special milk because I don't digest it well. But this brand says 'lactose-free' and this brand says 'lactase added' - which do I want?" You reply: "The ______ is a sugar in milk that you have trouble digesting, and _________ is an enzyme that will digest it for you. So either carton will be free of the disaccharide ________ ."
lactose lactase lactose
_______ digest macromolecules and breakdown old nonfunctional organelles.
lysosome
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body is its _________.
metabolism
______ are the building blocks of RNA and DNA.
nucleotides
Atoms are considered stable when the outermost shells have eight electrons. This is the ________ rule.
octet
Cell drinking is accomplished by __________
pinocytosis
Since oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, water is
polar
Most enzymes are ___________.
proteins
The ____ is involved in the synthesis of proteins on the surface of the rough ER.
ribosome
Certain material can cross the plasma membrane while other material cannot. This is because plasma membranes are __________.
selectively permeable
___________ bind to the active site of enzymes.
substrate
Dehydration synthesis leads to formation of
water and polymers
Disaccharides are composed of ______ monosaccharides.
2
The innermost shell of an atom can hold how many electrons? Option A: 0 Option B: 2 Option C: 8 Option D: 10 Option E: 16
2
Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics? A) Energy cannot be created or destroyed. B) The entropy of the universe is decreasing. C) The entropy of the universe is constant. D) Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter. E) Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.
A) Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater? A) Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse. B) NaCl will be exported from the red blood cells by facilitated diffusion. C) The blood cells will take up water, swell, and eventually burst. D) NaCl will passively diffuse into the red blood cells. E) The blood cells will expend ATP for active transport of NaCl into the cytoplasm.
A) Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse.
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved A) endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria. B) anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen-the anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts. C) an endosymbiotic fungal cell that evolved into the nucleus. D) acquisition of an endomembrane system, and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi.
A) endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.
What biological macromolecule provides the initial instructions for the primary sequence of proteins? Option A: mRNA Option B: tRNA Option C: rRNA Option D: DNA
Option D: DNA
How does an allosteric inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction? A) by binding at the active site of the enzyme B) by binding to a part of the enzyme other than the active site and changing the shape of the enzyme C) by changing the free energy change of the reaction D) by acting as a coenzyme for the reaction E) by decreasing the activation energy barrier of the reaction
B) by binding to a part of the enzyme other than the active site
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? A) large and hydrophobic B) small and hydrophobic C) large polar D) ionic E) monosaccharides such as glucose
B) small and hydrophobic For example: small, nonpolar (hydrophobic) molecules such as hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and oxygen.
Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion? A) It is very rapid over long distances. B) It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell. C) It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. D) It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration. E) It requires integral proteins in the cell membrane.
C) It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
In order for a protein to be an integral membrane protein it would have to be A) completely hydrophilic. B) completely hydrophobic. C) amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region. D) completely covered with phospholipids. E) exposed on only one surface of the membrane.
C) amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region.
Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as a(n) A) competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. B) noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme. C) cofactor necessary for enzyme activity. D) coenzyme derived from a vitamin.
C) cofactor necessary for enzyme activity.
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from A) a bacterium. B) an animal, but not a plant. C) nearly any eukaryotic organism. D) any kind of organism.
C) nearly any eukaryotic organism.
Which of the following is true of enzymes? A) Nonprotein cofactors alter the substrate specificity of enzymes. B) Enzyme function is increased if the 3-D structure or conformation of an enzyme is altered. C) Enzyme function is independent of physical and chemical environmental factors such as pH and temperature. D) Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy barriers.
D) Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy barriers.
As water vaporizes, energy is ___________ from the environment. This process ____________ the surrounding environment. A) released; heats B) released; cools C) absorbed; heats D) absorbed; cools
D) absorbed; cools
In a plant cell, DNA may be found A) only in the nucleus B) only in the nucleus and mitochondria. C) only in the nucleus and chloroplasts. D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. E) in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes.
D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
Anions and cations can form what bond? A) covalent B) hydrogen C)peptide D) ionic
D) ionic
The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane states that A) membranes are a glycolipid bilayer. B) membranes are a single layer of lipoproteins C) membranes are a single layer of phospholipids and proteins. D) membranes consist of protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
D) membranes consist of protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
Which molecule is organic? Option A: H20 Option B: NaCl Option C: NO Option D: C6H12O6
Option D: C6H12O6
Indicate the statements that support the relationship between protein and structure. Option A : A protein that unfolds or is incorrectly folded can use chaperones to correct the structure. Option B : A proteins final shape is determined by the secondary structure. Option C : pH, temperature and agitation can denature proteins rendering them active. Option D : when some proteins are denatured, with return of the normal environmental conditions they might refold. Option E : A disease may occur if proteins do not fold correctly.
Option A : A protein that unfolds or is incorrectly folded can use chaperones to correct the structure. Option D : when some proteins are denatured, with return of the normal environmental conditions they might refold. Option E : A disease may occur if proteins do not fold correctly.
What factors allow a pool of 20 amino acids to produce thousands of unique proteins? (Select all that apply.) Option A : variation in length of amino acid backbone Option B : each protein is encoded by a distinct gene Option C : variation in tertiary structure Option D : variations in which amino acids are used Option E : variations in glycosidic linkage Option F : variations in the type of peptide bond
Option A : variation in length of amino acid backbone Option C : variation in tertiary structure Option D : variations in which amino acids are used
Your colleague working at NASA thinks he may have discovered life on Mars! But they look very different from life on Earth. "Mars has a different elemental composition than Earth," he tells you, "so we should expect Martian life to have elements in the same proportions as found in the planet's crust." What is your response to this idea? Option A: Earth organisms do not have elements in the same proportion as the Earth's crust. Option B: He must be wrong, because living organisms on Mars would have to be chemically similar to organisms on Earth. Option C: He is correct - the Martian organisms should be composed of elements in the same proportion as in the Mars crust. Option D: Organisms on Earth contain most of the elements of the Periodic Table in moderate proportions - not necessarily reflective of proportions in the Earth's crust.
Option A: Earth organisms do not have elements in the same proportion as the Earth's crust.
Why is salt (NaCl) used to slow ice forming? Option A: NaCl disrupts ice formation by interfering with hydrogen bonds Option B: NaCl contributes to the density of the ice Option C: NaCl has a lower freezing point Option D: more hydrogen bonds are formed from the addition of NaCl
Option A: NaCl disrupts ice formation by interfering with hydrogen bonds
What property of water allows it to move across paper towels? Option A: adhesion Option B: cohesion Option C: surface tension Option D: solvent Option E: adhesion and cohesion
Option A: adhesion
What property of carbon makes it so important in the formation of molecules in life? Option A: carbon is able to form up to 4 covalent bonds Option B: carbon is considered inorganic Option C: carbon is a high energy atom Option D: carbon is only used to date living organisms
Option A: carbon is able to form up to 4 covalent bonds
Which statements describe sodium atoms? Select all that apply. Option A: contains 1 valence electron Option B : easily forms covalent bonds Option C : can lose one electron easily Option D : forms cations Option E : closest to the left side of the periodic table Option F : has 2 electrons in the first energy level Option G : outer energy level is stable
Option A: contains 1 valence electron Option C : can lose one electron easily Option D : forms cations Option E : closest to the left side of the periodic table Option F : has 2 electrons in the first energy level
Which statements describe chlorine atoms? Select all that apply. Option A: contains 7 valence electron Option B : easily forms ionic bonds Option C : can gain one electron easily Option D : forms anions Option E : in Group 18 of the periodic table Option F : has 2 electrons in the first energy level Option G : outer energy level is stable
Option A: contains 7 valence electron Option B : easily forms ionic bonds Option C : can gain one electron easily Option D : forms anions Option F : has 2 electrons in the first energy level
The cohesive property of water is due to: Option A: hydrogen bonds. Option B: ionic bonds. Option C: covalent bonds.
Option A: hydrogen bonds.
Which statement(s) describes dehydration synthesis? Select all that apply. Option A : Egg whites changing from a clear liquid to a solid white. Option B : Forming deoxyribonucleic acid by linking nucleotides. Option C : Breaking proteins into amino acids. Option D : Linking glucose molecules into glycogen.
Option B : Forming deoxyribonucleic acid by linking nucleotides. Option D : Linking glucose molecules into glycogen.
At a meal, you are served a hamburger with cheese, onions, and beef on a bun. Which ingredient(s) contain the most carbohydrates? Select all that apply. Option A : cheese Option B : onion Option C : beef Option D: bun
Option B : onion Option D: bun
Carbon has _________ electrons in its valence shell. Option A: 2 Option B: 4 Option C: 6 Option D: 8
Option B: 4
What element can form the most covalent bonds? Option A: Hydrogen Option B: Carbon Option C: Sodium Option D: Oxygen Option E: Nitrogen Option F: Chloride
Option B: Carbon
Why are fats a great way to store energy? Option A: Fats have a high ratio of ester bonds. Option B: Fats have a high ratio of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Option C: Fats are hydrophilic and easily break down in the body. Option D: Fats are amphipathic molecules.
Option B: Fats have a high ratio of carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Why can't humans digest fiber? Option A: Fibers are insoluble in water. Option B: There are no bacteria in the digestive tract that breakdown fiber. Option C: Fiber is highly branched chains of glucose that cannot be digested. Option D: Fiber does not contain instant energy so humans are not equipped to break it down.
Option B: There are no bacteria in the digestive tract that breakdown fiber.
When the number of hydrogen ions increases, the pH: Option A: increases. Option B: decreases. Option C: stays the same.
Option B: decreases.
This lipid is mostly composed of unsaturated fatty acids, is liquid at room temperature, and is usually derived from plants or fish. What lipid is being described? Option A: steroids Option B: oils Option C: phospholipids Option D: waxes Option E: lard
Option B: oils
The nucleus of an atom is normally composed of: Option A: protons and electrons. Option B: protons and neutrons. Option C: protons only. Option D: electrons only. Option E: neutrons only.
Option B: protons and neutrons.
How can ice float? Option A: the covalent bonds expand, decreasing density Option B: the hydrogen bonds expand, decreasing density Option C: the covalent bonds collapse, increasing density Option D: the hydrogen bonds collapse, increasing density
Option B: the hydrogen bonds expand, decreasing density
RNA dictates the structure of a protein in a process known as: Option A: transcription. Option B: translation. Option C: replication. Option D: nucleation.
Option B: translation.
Which molecule(s) would dissolve in water based on polarity? Select all that apply. Option A : CH4 Option B : C2H6 Option C : C5H10O5 Option D : C6H6 Option E : CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2OH
Option C : C5H10O5 Option E : CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2OH
Your friend is confused about healthy and unhealthy lipids. Which of the statements below can help him make healthy choices? (Select all statements that are correct). Option A : All types of fats and oils should be avoided if possible. Option B : Salmon, trout, and tuna are good sources of cholesterol, which is good for the cardiovascular system. Option C : Olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, and cod liver oil are examples of unsaturated fats. Option D : Saturated fats help to lower blood cholesterol levels whereas unsaturated fats contribute to plaque formation in the arteries. Option E : Unsaturated fats usually originate from plants, and saturated fats from animals. Option F : Healthy unsaturated fats can be found in seeds, nuts, and avocados. Option G : Cis unsaturated fats increase levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), or "bad" cholesterol, which may cause heart disease. Option H : Saturated fats and trans fats tend to be solid, while cis unsaturated fats tend to be liquid (oils).
Option C : Olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, and cod liver oil are examples of unsaturated fats. Option E : Unsaturated fats usually originate from plants, and saturated fats from animals. Option F : Healthy unsaturated fats can be found in seeds, nuts, and avocados. Option H : Saturated fats and trans fats tend to be solid, while cis unsaturated fats tend to be liquid (oils).
What atom does not occur in large amounts in living organisms? Select all that apply. Option A : carbon (C) Option B : oxygen (O) Option C : cobalt (Co) Option D : hydrogen (H) Option E : copper (Cu)
Option C : cobalt (Co) Option E : copper (Cu)
Which statement describes hydrolysis? Option A: Cooking ceviche using lime and lemon juice. Option B: Forming glycogen by linking glucose molecules. Option C: A phospholipid being separated into 2 fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group. Option D: Forming primary structures by linking amino acids.
Option C: A phospholipid being separated into 2 fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group.
Electronegativity increases as it moves across the periodic table from left to right. Based on electronegativity, __________ bond would be non-polar. Option A: HCl Option B: CO Option C: H2 Option D: BrCl Option E: PF Option F: increases by 50 fold
Option C: H2
Cholesterol belongs to which category of biomolecules? Option A: Carbohydrates, steroids Option B: Carbohydrates, oils Option C: Lipids, steroids Option D: Lipids, oils
Option C: Lipids, steroids
Your new study buddy is frustrated. "Why are we studying chemistry?" he grumbles. "I thought this was biology class!" What is your reply? Option A: Chemistry was an earlier science than biology, dating all the way back to the alchemists, therefore it is important that we study chemistry first. Option B: Success in any subfield in biology requires knowing what is happening chemically, down to the atoms. Option C: The activities inside a cell depend on a complex series of chemical interactions, so understanding chemistry helps you understand how cells work. Option D: The main reason for learning chemistry is because dangerous chemicals are stored in labs - it's just a safety concern.
Option C: The activities inside a cell depend on a complex series of chemical interactions, so understanding chemistry helps you understand how cells work.
Your biology professor says "On the one hand, chemistry helps us understand the interactions between molecules that are the basis of cellular function. On the other hand, most of the periodic table is completely irrelevant to understanding biology." What does she mean? Option A: Only 92 of the 118 elements are common in living cells - the rest occur rarely. Option B: Elements act differently when they are within a living cell. Option C: The vast majority of the molecules in living organisms are composed of just four elements. Option D: The periodic table reflects the rules of inorganic chemistry - but living organisms use organic chemicals.
Option C: The vast majority of the molecules in living organisms are composed of just four elements.
The charge of an atom is determined by the number of: Option A: protons. Option B: neutrons. Option C: electrons.
Option C: electrons.
If functional groups are removed from a molecule and only hydrogen and carbon remains, the molecule is now a Option A: carbonyl. Option B: carboxyl. Option C: hydrocarbon. Option D: carbohydrate.
Option C: hydrocarbon.
The two strands of DNA are held together through hydrogen bonding between: Option A: sugars. Option B: phosphates. Option C: nitrogenous bases. Option D: none of the choices are correct.
Option C: nitrogenous bases.
A protein that can span a membrane will have what type of amino acid side groups? Option A: polar, uncharged Option B: polar, charged Option C: nonpolar
Option C: nonpolar
The R group interactions, ββ -pleated sheets, and αα -helix structure can be denatured, but what interaction relevant to structure cannot be denatured? Option A: ionic bonds Option B: hydrogen bonds Option C: peptide bonds Option D: hydrophobic interactions Option E: disulfide bridge
Option C: peptide bonds
When atoms share electrons and electrons spend more time with one atom, what bond is formed? Option A: ionic bond Option B: peptide bond Option C: polar covalent bond Option D: nonpolar covalent bond Option E: hydrogen bond
Option C: polar covalent bond
A DNA strand with a 5' GCATTA 3' will pair with Option A: 5' GCATTA 3'. Option B: 5' CGTAAT 3'. Option C: 3' GCATTA 5'. Option D: 3' CGTAAT 5'.
Option D: 3' CGTAAT 5'.
Carbon represents less than 1% of the Earth's crust, but is 18% of the composition of living things. Why? Option A: Living organisms sequester carbon to lower its toxicity to their cells. Option B: Cytoplasm is composed largely of a liquid form of carbon. Option C: Cell membranes are composed of layers of graphite. Option D: The unique bonding properties of carbon allow it to create a huge variety of biological molecules. Option E: This is a measure of waste gases like CO2 and CH4.
Option D: The unique bonding properties of carbon allow it to create a huge variety of biological molecules.
To attain energy, the most frequently used carbohydrate in the body is Option A: galactose. Option B: starch. Option C: cellulose. Option D: glucose. Option E: fructose.
Option D: glucose.
Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14 are examples of Option A: isomers. Option B: molecules. Option C: ions. Option D: isotopes. Option E: enantiomers.
Option D: isotopes.
Weak interactions that may occur between any two molecules close to one another are: Option A: hydrogen bonds. Option B: ionic bonds. Option C: covalent bonds. Option D: van der Waals interactions.
Option D: van der Waals interactions.
If a molecule has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons, its charge is _________ and its mass number is __________. Option A: 6, 6 Option B: 6, 12 Option C: 2, 12 Option D: 0, 12 Option E: 0, 14
Option E: 0, 14
During hydrolysis of an amino acid chain, what bonds are broken? Option A: hydrogen bonds Option B: ionic bonds Option C: disulfide bonds Option D: phosphodiester bonds Option E: peptide bonds
Option E: peptide bonds
What nitrogenous base is only found in RNA? Option A: adenine Option B: thymine Option C: guanine Option D: cytosine Option E: uracil
Option E: uracil
Cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the a) mitochondria b) ribosomes c) lysosomes d) endoplasmic reticulum e) nucleus
a) mitochondria
The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the a) primary level. b) secondary level. c) tertiary level. d) quaternary level. e) All structural levels are equally affected.
a) primary level.
Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system? a) nuclear envelope b) chloroplast c) Golgi apparatus d) plasma membrane e) ER
b) chloroplast
Water moves via osmosis: a) Throughout the cytoplasm b) From an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one. c) From an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration. d) From an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration.
c) From an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration.
Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? a) C3H8 b) C2H6 c) CH4 d) C2H4 e) C2H2
d) C2H4
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? a) chloroplast b) wall made of cellulose c) large central vacuole d) mitochondrion
d) mitochondrion