Bio 170, Unit 3
coding density of bacterial and archael genomes is
1/1,000
relative to a ponderosa pine tree, the genome size of Arabidopsis is about
24x as large
Relative to a ponderosa pine tree, the genome size of Amborella is about
2x as large
Since 1993, total connectivity along the Yellowstone to Yukon landscape has increased from 5% to more than
30%
What percentage of endangered or critically endangered vertebrates are found on islands?
40%
Islands make up ____% of land area on Earth, but more than _____% of known extinctions since 1500 have involved island species.
5, 60
You've found a new species that has a thick, chitonous cuticle, molts, has six jointed appendages, and a body divided into a head, thorax and abdomen. What is it?
A hexapod
Which group is probably most similar to the first organisms after the endosymbiosis event that led to plants? A) Glaucophytes B) Red algae C) Chlorophytes D) Coleochaetophytes E) Stone worts
A) Glaucophytes
The oldest diploblastic animals (with two embryonic layers) are:
Ctenophores
What IS NOT a major innovation that helped tetrapods colonize the land?
Deuterostome development
Which of the following statements regarding diatoms are correct?
Diatom photosynthesis generates about 25% of Earth's oxygen
Which group of excavates includes photosynthetic members?
Euglenids
What is meant by "Adaptive introgression"?
Genes from one species enter another species and are beneficial
What are the tubular filaments used by fungi to absorb nutrients called?
Hyphae
Why do sand dollars ingest magnetite?
It's heavy and weighs them down in the surf
Imagine you are hiking and observe a ladybug larvae molting out of its old cuticle. What can you predict about its early development?
Its blastopore developed into its mouth
Bunostegos is significant because:
Its skeletal structure changed so that its legs were underneath its body
During the Devonian, what was probably the main selection pressure that resulted in fast-swimming ammonites?
Large, fast, predatory fish
What can survive for at least 10 years in a dormant, dehydrated state?
Tardigrades
Which statement about the Cambrian Era is true?
The Burgess Shale is a Cambrian fossil bed
Parallels in evolutionary trends seen in seed plants and within arthropods
a decrease in repeated modular units with increased specialization of the units, and an increasing number of species
What characteristic is associated with sponges?
a notochord
Before about 6,000 years ago, what percentage of the human population lived in urban areas? a) 0 percent b) 5 percent c) 10 percent d) 20 percent
a, 0 percent
About what percentage of plants form symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi? a) 90% b) 75% c) 50% d) 25%
a, 90%
The closest relatives of animals are a) choanoflagellates b) amoebozoa c) nucleariids d) fungi
a, choanoflagellates
If you are Northern European descent, about how much Neanderthal DNA are you likely to have?
about 2%
The synapomorphies that define the fungi are:
absorptive heterotrophy, chitin in cell walls
Lampreys can be distinguished from the hagfish by
all of the above
The most extensive ramification of segmentation in animals, from an evolutionary perspective, is that it:
allows organisms to alter their body forms in complex ways
hollow sacs
alveolates
What evolved with terrestrial limbs and digits in place of fins?
amphibians
What are the "poker's cove" animals
amphioxus or lancelets
eocyte hypothesis
archae are paraphyletic, other domains are monophyletic
The swim bladders of bony fishes:
are organs of buoyancy that help them control their depth in the water column.
Most lineages of eukaryotes on the tree of life:
are unicellular
Environmental DNA monitoring: a) requires capture of the target organism to obtain DNA b) is extremely sensitive and accurate c) has not yet been applied to inform management and conservation of species of concern d) all of the above e) none of the above
b, is extremely sensitive and accurate
Most animals with triploblastic embryos (three embryonic layers) have what kind of symmetry:
bilateral
EPAS1 is a gene that humans have acquired from interbreeding with Denisovans, and it helps people who have it:
breathe at high elevations
Which of the following statements about fungi are correct? a) they have cellulose cell walls b) all members produce a posterior flagellum at some stage in their life history c) they obtain nutrients by absorptive heterotrophy d) all of the above e) none of the above
c, they obtain nutrients by absorptive heterotrophy
The earliest plants: A) lived on beaches just out of the ocean B) Lived in the deep oceans C) were aquatic D) lived with fungi
c, were aquatic
The ancestor of the animal clade was probably a(n):
choanoflagellate
The ancestor of the animal clade was probably a:
choanoflagellate
A major difference between the chondrichthyans and the ray-finned fishes is that:
chondrichthyans have a cartilaginous skeleton, whereas ray-finned fishes have a bony skeleton
two nuclei
ciliates
Which echinoderm group was much more abundant in the past than it is today?
crinoids
As plants colonized the land, these key adaptations helped with this transition:
cuticle, stomata, embryos, relations with mycorrhizal fungi (all of the above)
What is a worm looking animal with slime coming off of it?
cyclostome
Studies of genes and development in amphioxus show that: a) they have genes that direct the development of the front, middle, and hind parts of their nerve cord b) humans share the same basic genetic architecture in the development of our forebrains, midbrains, and hindbrains c) although they do not have brains, the devlopment of nerve cords are controlled by master genes that specify how nerves should develop d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Members of the opisthokonts include: a) fungi b) animals c) choanoflagellates d) all of the above
d, all of the above
Organisms that use chitin as structural carbohydrates include: a) fungi b) insects c) crustaceans d) all of the above e) none of the above
d, all of the above
The qPCR reaction: a) uses the polymerase enzyme from Thermus aquaticus bacteria b) amplifies specific target segments of DNA c) Can be used for both COVID tests and eDNA tests d) all of the above
d, all of the above
Which of the following statements about Pacific lamprey are correct? a) their native range includes wherever steelhead occurs b) they are born in freshwater c) they spend much of their adult lives in the ocean d) all of the above e) none of the above
d, all of the above
Posterior flagellum: a) have been lost in humans b) allow mycorrhizal fungi to penetrate plant roots c) are retained in the Basidiomycota and the Ascomycota d) are retained in some life history stages in the Chytrids
d, are retained in some life history stages in the chytrids
It is thought that jaws, which are found in the higher vertebrates, evolved from: a) the bony teeth found on lamprey tongues b) small bones associated with the brain capsule c) progressive hardening of the cyclostome mouth d) cartilaginous arches used to support gills
d, cartilaginous arches used to support gills
protists with two flagella in different grooves:
dinoflagellates
During the evolutionary history of eukaryotes, multicellularity has evolved:
dozens of times
What organisms are members of the lophotrochozoan lineage? a) sponges b) cnidarians c) vertebrates d) insects e) mollusks
e) mollusks
You find a new species of hairy, sweaty animal with a 4-chambered heart, internal fertilization, and a placenta. it is a: a) amphibian b) reptile c)monotreme d) marsupial e) a new species of Sasquatch- a Eutherian mammal
e, a new species of Sasquatch
Fungi are: a) predators b) pathogens c) parasites d) saprophytes e) all of the above
e, all of the above
Mychorrizal fungi: a) obtain sugars and amino acids from plants b) provide plants with water and minerals c) protect plants against some disease-causing microorganisms d) transmit information between plants e) all of the above
e, all of the above
Neanderthals: a) made tools b) made jewelry c) cared for the sick and the elderly d) buried their dead with reverence and ceremonies e) all of the above
e, all of the above
The Pitx1 gene in sticklebacks: a) is involved in the development of pelvic spines b) is intact in lake populations c) needs to be turned on for the development of pelvic spines d) if it is not turned on the no pelvic spines develop e) all of the above
e, all of the above
Tony Spribille: a) grew up in a Montana trailer park b) could not get into any universities in the US, but attended for free in Germany c) got his PhD at the University of Montana d) conducted research that overturned long accepted dogma about what lichens are e) all of the above
e, all of the above
In the 1860s, lichens were considered: a) colonial cyanobacteria b) fungi c) protists d) algae e) plants
e, plants
Which group of animals has a water vascular system?
echinoderms
Which characteristic helps distinguish deuterostomes from protostomes?
embryological origin of the mouth
Unicellular eukaryotes in the diplomonad, trichomonad, and microsporidia groups are the descendants of the first, mitochondrion-lacking eukaryotes, true or false
false
STAT2 is a gene we acquired from interbreeding with Neanderthals, and it helps us:
fight viral infections
The extant species Latimeria chalumnae belongs to a group that is an important link in evolution because it was the first group of:
fishes with lobed fins
Lungfish are an important evolutionary transition because they are the oldest group of vertebrates that have:
internal nares and can breathe air
Tiktaalik was an important fossil discovery because is captured an important transition between:
lobe-finned fish and amphibians
characteristic of ecdysozoans
molting cuticle (examples: crab, spider)
Are sponges monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?
monophyletic
When Y2Y was launched in 1993, about 10% of the region was contained in protected core areas. Since then, that percentage has
more than doubled
The amoeboid body form evolved:
more than once during the diversification of eukaryotes
protists are
mostly unicellular
The body of a multicellular fungus is called a:
mycellium
Which list places the important evolutionary innovations in the correct order of appearance in the chordate phylogeny?
notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lobe fins - internal nares
which group of organisms are probably most similar to ancestral arthropods?
onychophorans (velvet worms)
Which group in the stramenopiles is not photosynthetic
oomycetes
The chordates
pass through a developmental stage with pharyngeal slits
A phylogenetic grouping called "jellyfish" that includes ctenophores and cnidarians is:
polyphyletic
The synapomorphy that defines the opisthokonts is:
posterior flagellum at some life history stage
The introduction of technology and mechanization into marine fishing
produced massive overharvesting of most of the large fish in the ocean
An important synapomorphy that defines the Land Plants is:
protected embryo
The first animals to have an amniote egg were:
reptiles
smooth flagellum and hairy flagellum
stramenopiles
The diversification of insects about 450 mya corresponded with
the appearance of the first land plants
Which characteristic arose after the evolution of the cnidarians
three distinct body layers
