Bio 170, Unit 3

coding density of bacterial and archael genomes is

1/1,000

relative to a ponderosa pine tree, the genome size of Arabidopsis is about

24x as large

Relative to a ponderosa pine tree, the genome size of Amborella is about

2x as large

Since 1993, total connectivity along the Yellowstone to Yukon landscape has increased from 5% to more than

30%

What percentage of endangered or critically endangered vertebrates are found on islands?

40%

Islands make up ____% of land area on Earth, but more than _____% of known extinctions since 1500 have involved island species.

5, 60

You've found a new species that has a thick, chitonous cuticle, molts, has six jointed appendages, and a body divided into a head, thorax and abdomen. What is it?

A hexapod

Which group is probably most similar to the first organisms after the endosymbiosis event that led to plants? A) Glaucophytes B) Red algae C) Chlorophytes D) Coleochaetophytes E) Stone worts

A) Glaucophytes

The oldest diploblastic animals (with two embryonic layers) are:

Ctenophores

What IS NOT a major innovation that helped tetrapods colonize the land?

Deuterostome development

Which of the following statements regarding diatoms are correct?

Diatom photosynthesis generates about 25% of Earth's oxygen

Which group of excavates includes photosynthetic members?

Euglenids

What is meant by "Adaptive introgression"?

Genes from one species enter another species and are beneficial

What are the tubular filaments used by fungi to absorb nutrients called?

Hyphae

Why do sand dollars ingest magnetite?

It's heavy and weighs them down in the surf

Imagine you are hiking and observe a ladybug larvae molting out of its old cuticle. What can you predict about its early development?

Its blastopore developed into its mouth

Bunostegos is significant because:

Its skeletal structure changed so that its legs were underneath its body

During the Devonian, what was probably the main selection pressure that resulted in fast-swimming ammonites?

Large, fast, predatory fish

What can survive for at least 10 years in a dormant, dehydrated state?

Tardigrades

Which statement about the Cambrian Era is true?

The Burgess Shale is a Cambrian fossil bed

Parallels in evolutionary trends seen in seed plants and within arthropods

a decrease in repeated modular units with increased specialization of the units, and an increasing number of species

What characteristic is associated with sponges?

a notochord

Before about 6,000 years ago, what percentage of the human population lived in urban areas? a) 0 percent b) 5 percent c) 10 percent d) 20 percent

a, 0 percent

About what percentage of plants form symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi? a) 90% b) 75% c) 50% d) 25%

a, 90%

The closest relatives of animals are a) choanoflagellates b) amoebozoa c) nucleariids d) fungi

a, choanoflagellates

If you are Northern European descent, about how much Neanderthal DNA are you likely to have?

about 2%

The synapomorphies that define the fungi are:

absorptive heterotrophy, chitin in cell walls

Lampreys can be distinguished from the hagfish by

all of the above

The most extensive ramification of segmentation in animals, from an evolutionary perspective, is that it:

allows organisms to alter their body forms in complex ways

hollow sacs

alveolates

What evolved with terrestrial limbs and digits in place of fins?

amphibians

What are the "poker's cove" animals

amphioxus or lancelets

eocyte hypothesis

archae are paraphyletic, other domains are monophyletic

The swim bladders of bony fishes:

are organs of buoyancy that help them control their depth in the water column.

Most lineages of eukaryotes on the tree of life:

are unicellular

Environmental DNA monitoring: a) requires capture of the target organism to obtain DNA b) is extremely sensitive and accurate c) has not yet been applied to inform management and conservation of species of concern d) all of the above e) none of the above

b, is extremely sensitive and accurate

Most animals with triploblastic embryos (three embryonic layers) have what kind of symmetry:

bilateral

EPAS1 is a gene that humans have acquired from interbreeding with Denisovans, and it helps people who have it:

breathe at high elevations

Which of the following statements about fungi are correct? a) they have cellulose cell walls b) all members produce a posterior flagellum at some stage in their life history c) they obtain nutrients by absorptive heterotrophy d) all of the above e) none of the above

c, they obtain nutrients by absorptive heterotrophy

The earliest plants: A) lived on beaches just out of the ocean B) Lived in the deep oceans C) were aquatic D) lived with fungi

c, were aquatic

The ancestor of the animal clade was probably a(n):

choanoflagellate

The ancestor of the animal clade was probably a:

choanoflagellate

A major difference between the chondrichthyans and the ray-finned fishes is that:

chondrichthyans have a cartilaginous skeleton, whereas ray-finned fishes have a bony skeleton

two nuclei

ciliates

Which echinoderm group was much more abundant in the past than it is today?

crinoids

As plants colonized the land, these key adaptations helped with this transition:

cuticle, stomata, embryos, relations with mycorrhizal fungi (all of the above)

What is a worm looking animal with slime coming off of it?

cyclostome

Studies of genes and development in amphioxus show that: a) they have genes that direct the development of the front, middle, and hind parts of their nerve cord b) humans share the same basic genetic architecture in the development of our forebrains, midbrains, and hindbrains c) although they do not have brains, the devlopment of nerve cords are controlled by master genes that specify how nerves should develop d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Members of the opisthokonts include: a) fungi b) animals c) choanoflagellates d) all of the above

d, all of the above

Organisms that use chitin as structural carbohydrates include: a) fungi b) insects c) crustaceans d) all of the above e) none of the above

d, all of the above

The qPCR reaction: a) uses the polymerase enzyme from Thermus aquaticus bacteria b) amplifies specific target segments of DNA c) Can be used for both COVID tests and eDNA tests d) all of the above

d, all of the above

Which of the following statements about Pacific lamprey are correct? a) their native range includes wherever steelhead occurs b) they are born in freshwater c) they spend much of their adult lives in the ocean d) all of the above e) none of the above

d, all of the above

Posterior flagellum: a) have been lost in humans b) allow mycorrhizal fungi to penetrate plant roots c) are retained in the Basidiomycota and the Ascomycota d) are retained in some life history stages in the Chytrids

d, are retained in some life history stages in the chytrids

It is thought that jaws, which are found in the higher vertebrates, evolved from: a) the bony teeth found on lamprey tongues b) small bones associated with the brain capsule c) progressive hardening of the cyclostome mouth d) cartilaginous arches used to support gills

d, cartilaginous arches used to support gills

protists with two flagella in different grooves:

dinoflagellates

During the evolutionary history of eukaryotes, multicellularity has evolved:

dozens of times

What organisms are members of the lophotrochozoan lineage? a) sponges b) cnidarians c) vertebrates d) insects e) mollusks

e) mollusks

You find a new species of hairy, sweaty animal with a 4-chambered heart, internal fertilization, and a placenta. it is a: a) amphibian b) reptile c)monotreme d) marsupial e) a new species of Sasquatch- a Eutherian mammal

e, a new species of Sasquatch

Fungi are: a) predators b) pathogens c) parasites d) saprophytes e) all of the above

e, all of the above

Mychorrizal fungi: a) obtain sugars and amino acids from plants b) provide plants with water and minerals c) protect plants against some disease-causing microorganisms d) transmit information between plants e) all of the above

e, all of the above

Neanderthals: a) made tools b) made jewelry c) cared for the sick and the elderly d) buried their dead with reverence and ceremonies e) all of the above

e, all of the above

The Pitx1 gene in sticklebacks: a) is involved in the development of pelvic spines b) is intact in lake populations c) needs to be turned on for the development of pelvic spines d) if it is not turned on the no pelvic spines develop e) all of the above

e, all of the above

Tony Spribille: a) grew up in a Montana trailer park b) could not get into any universities in the US, but attended for free in Germany c) got his PhD at the University of Montana d) conducted research that overturned long accepted dogma about what lichens are e) all of the above

e, all of the above

In the 1860s, lichens were considered: a) colonial cyanobacteria b) fungi c) protists d) algae e) plants

e, plants

Which group of animals has a water vascular system?

echinoderms

Which characteristic helps distinguish deuterostomes from protostomes?

embryological origin of the mouth

Unicellular eukaryotes in the diplomonad, trichomonad, and microsporidia groups are the descendants of the first, mitochondrion-lacking eukaryotes, true or false

false

STAT2 is a gene we acquired from interbreeding with Neanderthals, and it helps us:

fight viral infections

The extant species Latimeria chalumnae belongs to a group that is an important link in evolution because it was the first group of:

fishes with lobed fins

Lungfish are an important evolutionary transition because they are the oldest group of vertebrates that have:

internal nares and can breathe air

Tiktaalik was an important fossil discovery because is captured an important transition between:

lobe-finned fish and amphibians

characteristic of ecdysozoans

molting cuticle (examples: crab, spider)

Are sponges monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

monophyletic

When Y2Y was launched in 1993, about 10% of the region was contained in protected core areas. Since then, that percentage has

more than doubled

The amoeboid body form evolved:

more than once during the diversification of eukaryotes

protists are

mostly unicellular

The body of a multicellular fungus is called a:

mycellium

Which list places the important evolutionary innovations in the correct order of appearance in the chordate phylogeny?

notochord - vertebrae - jaws - bony skeleton - lobe fins - internal nares

which group of organisms are probably most similar to ancestral arthropods?

onychophorans (velvet worms)

Which group in the stramenopiles is not photosynthetic

oomycetes

The chordates

pass through a developmental stage with pharyngeal slits

A phylogenetic grouping called "jellyfish" that includes ctenophores and cnidarians is:

polyphyletic

The synapomorphy that defines the opisthokonts is:

posterior flagellum at some life history stage

The introduction of technology and mechanization into marine fishing

produced massive overharvesting of most of the large fish in the ocean

An important synapomorphy that defines the Land Plants is:

protected embryo

The first animals to have an amniote egg were:

reptiles

smooth flagellum and hairy flagellum

stramenopiles

The diversification of insects about 450 mya corresponded with

the appearance of the first land plants

Which characteristic arose after the evolution of the cnidarians

three distinct body layers