BIO 183 Final Review
A nonsense mutation
A nucleotide mutation that converts a regular codon (coding for an amino acid) into a STOP codon is called
The amino acid sequence of polypeptide would often be wrong
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are extremely specific enzymes. Without this high level of specificity
Receptor-associated, intracellular protein complexes composed of 3 subunits
Description G-protein-coupled receptors
Okazake fragments
During DNA replication, the discontinuous DNA pieces that form on the lagging strand only are known as
G1,S, and G2 only
During a typical cell cycle, the interphase is composed of what phases
The cytoplasm
During cellular respiration, glycolysis takes place in
A site of 40S subunit
During the initiation of translation in eukaryotes, the first tRNA is brought into which site of which ribosomal subunit
Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by
Hypertonic environment
If you wanted to describe the solute concentration in the intracellular vs extracelluar environment of a human skin cell placed in sea water, you could say that the skin cell is placed in a
Enantiomers
Molecules that are mirror images of each other
Autotrophs
Organisms that generate their own food by converting inorganic molecules into organic ones are called
Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is
Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not AND active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is
ATP, NADH, and FADH2
The main products of the citric acid/Krebs cycle
feedback inhibition
The mechanism through which the final product of an enzymatic pathway acts as an inhibitor of the first step in the same pathway is called
Tumor suppressor gene
The p53 gene, which encodes for the P53 protein is known as a
Codominance
The pattern of inheritance illustrated by the various blood types is an example of
A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
The plasma membrane is best described as
Depolarization
The process of bringing the intracellular voltage of a resting neuron to a more positive value is called
Cohesins
The protein complexes that hold sister chromatids at their center
Chaperone
The protein structures that help proteins fold properly after they come out of ribosomes are known as
ATP synthase
The proton-motive force generated during oxidative phosphorylation is used to drive the activation of which of the following
Adenine and guanine
The purines found in DNA and RNA are
to allow the attachment of ribosomes
The purpose of the 5' cap on eukaryotic mRNA is
At the transcriptional level, translational level, and the post-translational level
The regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes may take place at which of the following levels
Gap junctions
The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as
Calcium storage, detoxification, and steroid synthesis
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved primarily in which of the following
Kinetochores
The structures on sister chromatids where microtubules attach
Anabolism
The sum of all intracellular reactions involved in the building up of macromolecules is called
Binary fission
The type of cellular division observed in bacteria is known as
4
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form
3
How many major checkpoints would you expect to see in a typical eukaryotic cell cycle
0
How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?
True
Hypothetically, an enzyme that was allosterically activated can still be inactivated by a competitive inhibitor
Semi-conservative
DNA follows a pattern of replication known as
Do a test cross
Two F1 generation offsprings of a monohybrid cross have similar phenotypes. In order to determine whether these 2 organisms are homozygous dominant or heterozygous, one may attempt to
G1 phase
Typically, in a healthy cell, the longest phase of the cell cycle is the
Protiens and Nucleic acids
Urea is one of the first (if not THE first) organic compounds to be synthesized in a dish. Our cells produce urea to get rid of nitrogenous wastes. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules, you would expect nitrogenous waste to come from the metabolism of
False
(T/F) An uncharged species of nitrogen has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion
True
(T/F) DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component
True
(T/F) Mitochondria contain DNA
Water would move in the cell by osmosis
A hypotheitcal cell whose plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer only (no channels or anything of the sort) is placed in a solution of 100mM NaCl. The inrracellular NaCl concentration is 200mM. What would you expect to observe?
True
Based on body size only, you would expect a mouse
True
Calcium is an important intracellular messenger
endocrine signalling
Cortisol is a signaling molecule released in the blood stream by adrenal glands. Its effect on the brain are an example of which of the following
Cell cycle regulation
Cyclin-dependent kinases are required for which of the following processes
True
Cyclin-dependent kinases can be activated or deactivated through phosphorylation
ATP and NADH
In cellular respiration, which of the following are products of glycolysis
Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
In cellular respiration, which of the following are products of glycolysis
Passive diffusion
In fish, O2 is absorbed from the water, through the gills, and into the bloodstream. This is an example of
Mitochondria
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced in the...
Voltage gated channels and Sodium/Potassium pumps
In the axon of a multipolar neuron, you would expect to find
Ligand gated channels and Sodium/Potassium pumps
In the dendrites and cell body of a multi-polar neuron, you would expect to find
There is no way to tell from the information given, and this type of information can't be guessed
In the karyotype of a celery cell, you would expect to see
False
Intracellular receptors that affect gene expression (as is the case for steroid receptros, for instance) typically have faster effects than transmembrane receptors such as GPCRs or RTKs
Stereoisomers
Isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms, rather than order of atomic connectivity ex) glucose and galactose
Hydrolysis
Proteins are broken down into amino acids during a process known as
True
Some plant cells have the ability to communicate with each other via hormones
Intracellular receptors
Steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen are derived from cholesterol, and are known to bind to
Signal amplification and speed
The advantage of using Ca^2+, cAMP, or a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bounds receptors is
-5 to -100 millivolts
The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between which two values?
-70mV inside the cell
The average resting membrane potential of neurons is around
phosophodiester
The bond formed between nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and mRNA
peptide bond
The bond that connects the carboxyl end of an amino acid with the amino end of another one is callled
Covalent bonds
The bonds that hold hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule are called
hydrogen bonds
The bonds that link he 2 DNA strands to each other
tRNA
The cloverleaf-shaped molecule that carries an anticodon at one end and an amino acid at the other is called
Cleavage furrow
The constriction that forms at the end of telophase to separate daughter cells at the end of mitosis in animal cells is known as the
Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
The cytoskeleton is composed of (in order, from small to large size)
Yeast
The fermentation process that leads to the production of ethanol is most likely to take place in
Microbodies (peroxisomes) and lysosomes
The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in what organelles?
1000 as acidic as distilled water
Tomato juice has a pH around 4.0, and distilled water has a pH around 7.0. This means that tomato juice is
Liquid State
Water has its highest density when it is in its
The membrane allows the movement of these ions olny through specific channels and pumps
What best describes the movement of small polar ions such as Na^+, Cl^-, K^+, and Ca^2+ across a regular cell membrane
Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains
What factor contributes significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature
d. All of these statements are true
What of the following is true about telomerase a. Telomerase extends the 3' end of DNA strands by a few nucleotides b. Telomerase activity decreases over time c. Telomerase contains its own template of repetitive nuclotide sequence d. All of these statements are trye
Chitin
What polysaccharide are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)?
Kinase
What type of enzyme is usually associated with the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate donating molecules to specific substrates
2 ATPs and lactic acid
When anaerobic metabolism (fermentation) takes place in mammalian muscle cells what is produced?
B oxidation
When carbohydrates are not available for cellular respiration, cells can still obtain energy from lipids through a process known as
micelles
When placed in water, phospholipids tend to spontaneously arrange themselves in spherical structures known as
False
When the G-protein of a GPCR is activated, it converts a GDP into a GTP
delta G>0, and the reaction requires the addition of free energy
Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction?
A proteasome is protein complex whose purpose is to hydrolyse ubiquinated proteins
Which of the following best describes proteasomes
Photosynthesis works best in the red and blue ranges of the visible spectrum
Which of the following best explains the process of photosynthesis
Gap junctions
Which of the following cell connections allow the movement of small ions such as calcium from one cell to another?
Maltose
Which of the following is a disaccharide a. Maltose b. Galactose c. Glycogen d. Starch e. Fructose
Both answers b and d are correct
Which of the following is accurate regarding the disaccharide lactose? a. Lactose is a protein, not a disaccharide b. Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose c. Lactose is composed of galactose and fructose d. Llactose is a sugar found in milk and some of its derivatives e. both answers b and d are correct
Nucleosomes are found only in prokaryotes
Which of the following is false about nucleosomes a. Nucleosomes contain 2 loops of DNA b. A neucleosome contains a total of 9 histones c. Nucleosomes contribute greatly to DNA compaction d. Nucleosomes may be found in euchromatin or heterochromatin e. nucleosomes are found only in prokaryotes
beta-pleated sheets
Which of the following is not a common DNA binding motif
Pollen production in flowers
Which of the following is not a reason for mitotic cell division
They often bind DNA in the area of the TATA box, they tend to bind DNA in the major grooves, they often form complexes made of several subunits
Which of the following is true about transcription factors in eukaryotes
Extranuclear inheritance refers mainly to mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA
Which of the following is true reguarding extranuclear inheritance?
Fructose
Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide? a. Fructose b. Sucrose c. Lactose d. Cellulose e. Both b and c are monosaccharides
Nucleotide
Which of the following molecules most closely resemble ATP?
Integrins
Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?
Neither lysosomes or golgi apparatus are found in prokaryotes
Which of the following structures would least likely be found as part of a bacterium? a. lysosome b. cell membrane c. golgi apparatus d. ribosomes e. neither lysosomes or golgi apparatus
e. all answers are correct
Which statement about ATP is correct a. ATP serves as an energy "currency"inside the cell b. The reaction of ATP --> ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions c. The reaction of ATP --> ADP + P is an exergonic reaction d. The main source of ATP production for an entire plant cell is its mitochondria e. all answers are correct
Centrioles
a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division
allosteric inhibition
the mechanism for inhibiting enzyme action in which a regulatory molecule binds to a second site (not the active site) and initiates a conformation change in the active site, preventing binding with the substrate
