BIO 201 - Chapter 3

____ are organelles that extend from the cell membrane and propel material such as mucus, egg cells, or cerebrospinal fluid forward.

Cilia

Water molecules can form a loose reversible relationship with a solute particle by assembling into what?

a hydration sphere

When cells are placed in which solution, there is no change in cell volume or shape?

isotonic

As the molecular weight of a substance increases, what happens to its diffusion rate?

it decreases

As temperature increases, what happens to the rate of diffusion?

it increases

The NA+-K+ pump moves ____ Na+ ions from the ICF to the ECF while simultaneously moving ____ K+ ions from the ECF to the ICF.

3;2

Mitochondria extract energy from organic compounds and transfer it to which of the following for use by the cell?

ATP

____ ____ is an enzyme which converts ATP to cyclic AMP.

Adenylate cyclase

What are glycoprotein compounds on the cell surface that allow the body to distinguish the bodu's cells from foreign cells called?

Cell-identity markers

Basal bodies and the axonemes of flagella and cilia originate from which non-membranous organelles?

Centrioles

Which of the following is a second messenger?

Cyclic AMP

What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called?

Diffusion

Match the direction of particle movement with the term that describes this movement:

Down a gradient -- from a region of high to low concentration Up a gradient -- from a region of low to high concentration

Which membrane-bound organelle is the site of protein and lipid synthesis?

Endoplasmic reticulum

In which process does a secretory vesicle fuse with a cell membrane and release its contents into extracellular space?

Exocytosis

For each type of surface extension, math its role with its name:

Falgella -- propulsion of cell Microvilli -- increase surface areas, as for absorption Cilia -- move a substance along a cell surface

True or false: Facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.

False

True or false: Robert Hooke studied animal tissues and concluded that animals are made from cells.

False

What are examples of passive transport?

Filtration, Diffusion, Osmosis

Which of the following best defines chromatin?

Fine threads of DNA and protein

Cell receptors are sometimes linked to which type of intracellular peripheral protein?

G

Which organelle is comprised of staked cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates?

Golgi complex

A _____ solution has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of cells and tends to cause cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage

Hypertonic

cells placed in a _______ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell.

Hypotonic

What are extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area?

Microvilli

Which of the following assures that the ECF concentration of sodium remains much higher than the ICF concentration?

NA+-K+ pump

Which membrane components compensate for the tendency of ions to leak across the plasma membrane?

Na-K pumps

The organelle which controls cellular activity is the_________

Nucleus

Which of the following are examples of passive transport?

Osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive diffusion, filtration

The process by which a cell can take in large droplets of ECF (water) is called ____.

Pinocytosis

Which organelles are not surrounded by membranes?

Ribosomes, proteasomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basil bodies

Which microscope produces three dimensional images at high magnification and resolution?

Scanning electron

Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells store calcium in extensive networks of which organelle?

Smooth ER

When all carriers are saturated, the transport of the molecule levels off at a rate called what?

Transport maximum

True or False: Psuedopods change shape frequently.

True

Which of the following moves large particles and fluid droplet across the cell membrane?

Vesicular transport

Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier?

active

Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include ____ and ____.

active transport, vesicular transport

Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include _____ and ____.

active transport; vesicular transport

Reverse osmosis uses a mechanical pressure to drive water through a membrane ____ its concentration gradient.

against

Which carrier transports two or more solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane?

antiport

The movement of water in and out of the renal tubules can be increased or decreased. The tubular cells are able to do this, by changing the number of water channels, also called ____, in their membrane.

aquaporins

What are channels of transmembrane proteins specialized for the passage of water called?

aquaporins

The ____ is the structural basis for ciliary movement.

axoneme

In which process does a solution bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and release the solute to the other side of the membrane?

carrier-mediated transport

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx?

cell adhesion

The transmembrane proteins or protein clusters with pores that allow water and dissolved ions to pass through the membrane are called ion ____.

channels

Water and electrolytes can cross a cell membrane through which of the following?

channels

The molecule primarily responsible for stiffening the cell membrane is ____.

cholesterol

Carrier-mediated transport that moves a solution down a concentration gradient is called ____ diffusion.

facilitated

Which mechanism of carrier-mediated transport moves a solute through a membrane without use of energy?

facilitated diffusion

3 mechanisms of carrier mediated transport

facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport

Oxygen passes into the bloodstream across the membranes in the lungs by the process of ______.

diffusion

Red blood cells are an example of cells with a ____ cell shape.

discoid

The TEM uses a beam of what instead of light to see through a cell's ultrastructure?

electrons

The general term for the cell process in which the membrane invaginates forming vesicles that bring extracellular particles or droplets of fluid into the cell is known as ____.

endocytosis

Which form of vesicular transport uses motor proteins to bring fluid and solutes into the cell?

endocytosis

The membranes that enclose the nucleus and contain prominent pores allowing mollecules to move between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm is called the nuclear ____.

envelope

The greater or steeper the concentration gradient is, the ____ the rate of diffusion.

faster

Small molecules diffuse ____ larger molecules.

faster than

In blood capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall in a process called ____.

filtration

A membrane coating called the ____ is chemically unique to everyone but identical twins.

glycocalyx

Which of the following molecules can readily diffuse through a cell membrane?

hydrophobic, nonpolar, lipid-soluble

Which cytoskeletal elements resist stresses placed on a cell and participate in junctions that sometimes attached some cells to their neighbors?

intermediate filaments

Foreign bodies such as viruses, bacteria, or dust particles that have been phagocytized by the cell form types of ____ within the cytoplasm.

inclusions

Which factors would increase the rate of diffusion?

increase cell surface area, decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound, increased concentration difference

What factors would increase the rate of diffusion?

increased concentration difference, decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound, increased cell surface area

The rate of diffusion is increased by _____ the surface area of the cell membrane.

increasing

Cyclic AMP activates cellular enzymes known as ____.

kinases

______ are the organelles that digest and dispose of worn-out mitochondria and other organelles by a process called authophagy.

lysosome

Which is the most useful unit of measurement for cell size?

micrometer

The largest cytoskeletal elements are ____.

microtubules

Which cytoskeletal elements form the axonemes of the cilia and flagella?

microtubules

Name the organelle that contains the enzymes necessary to produce ATP for use by the cell

mitochondrion

What is the site of ribosome production in a cell?

nucleoli

The ____ of a solution is the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution.

osmolarity

In expressing osmotic concentrations, one ____ is one mole of dissolved particles.

osmole

At tissue capillary beds, fluid leaves the capillaries by filtration while it moves back into the capillaries by which process?

osmosis

The movement of specifically water from an are of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane is called ____.

osmosis

The process of engulfing particles (such as bacteria) by surrounding the particle and drawing it into the cell is referred to as ____.

phagocytosis

The fluidity of the plasma membrane is primarily provided by the ____.

phosphlipids

What drives filtration through a membrane?

physical pressue

What drives filtration through a membrane?

physical pressure

What are the three types of endocytosis?

pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

In which process does a carrier move a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient using ATP?

primary active transport

Which process uses a carrier to move a substance against its concentration gradient using ATP?

primary active transport

In which process do receptors bind their ligand, cluster together into a pit, and then take into the cell with a vesicle?

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which of the following is a form of vesicular transport in which receptors bind a ligand then cluster into pits that pinch off into vesicles?

receptor-mediated endocytosis

_____ are the organelles that read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins.

ribosomes

When all carries have bound ligand and no futher ligand can be transported they are said to be what?

saturated

The binding of a molecule to a cell-surface receptor may result in the activation of another molecule within the cell which, in turn, causes an alteration in cell function. What is this molecule within the cell called?

second messenger

The Golgi complex packages cellular products that will be exported from the cell into which structures?

secretory vesicles

Which membrane type allows some things through and restricts the passage of others?

selectively permeable

Which endoplasmic reticulum has tubular, branched cisternae, and lacks ribosomes?

smooth

The scanning electron microscope us used to view which of the following?

surface features

Which type of carrier moves two solutes through a plasma membrane in the same direction at the same time?

symport

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

synthesize proteins

which of the following correctly defines tonicity?

the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell

Why is it critical that the extracellular fluid have the same total concentration of nonpermeating solutes as the intracellular fluid?

to avoid changes in cell volume or pressure

What is the function of the smooth ER?

to synthesize lipids

In ____ a substance is taken up at one side of a cell and released from the other side. This allows substances to be transported across an entire cell.

transcytosis

A carrier that transports only one type of solute at a time is called a ____?

uniport