bio 204 all quizzes
Eukaryotes and bacteria are in different domains because_______. a. bacteria and single celled organisms and eukaryotes are multicellular b. eukaryotes eat bacteria c. eukaryotes lack the genetic diversity found within bacteria d. bacteria are not made of cells e. eukaryotes have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack
e. eukaryotes have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack
Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation? a. disruptive selection b. the founder effect c. natural selection d. population bottleneck e. gene flow
e. gene flow
A prokaryote that obtains energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms is a(n) ________. a. chemotroph b. heterotroph and chemotroph c. autotroph and phototroph d. utotroph, phototroph, and chemotroph e. autotroph
b. heterotroph and chemotroph
(3: 2) Which of the boxes marked 1—4 (from the example above, and see again below) correspond to plants with a heterozygous genotype? a. 1, 2 and 3 b. 1 c. 2 and 3 d. 1 and 2 e. 2, 3, and 4
c. 2 and 3
How many domains of life are described in this lecture, according to the Woese (1990) tree of life? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
c. 3
When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype? a. 75% b. 0% c. 50% d. 100% e. 25%
c. 50%
The sperm cells of a horse contain 32 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the horse's liver cells? a. 128 b. 32 c. 64 d. 8
c. 64
In a dihybrid cross in which both parents are heterozygous (with a dominant and recessive allele) for both genes, which is the expected phenotypic ratio of offspring? a. 3:1 b. 1:2:1 c. 9:3:3:1 d. 3:6:6:1 e. None of these are correct.
c. 9:3:3:1
(3: 6) Which genes are most likely to be found together on the same chromosome after crossing over in meiosis 1? Why? a. A and C, they are most distant on the chromatid b. A and B they are alleles c. A and B, they are linked d. A and B, they are recombinant
c. A and B, they are linked
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in homozygous recessives that causes death during the teenage years. If 9 in 10,000 newborn babies have the disease, what are the expected frequencies of the dominant (A1) and recessive (A2) alleles according to the Hardy—Weinberg model? a. f(A1) = 0.9997, f(A2) = 0.0003 b. f(A1) = 0.9800, f(A2) = 0.0200 c. f(A1) = 0.9700, f(A2) = 0.0300 d. f(A1) = 0.9604, f(A2) = 0.0392 e. f(A1) = 0.9600, f(A2) = 0.0400
c. f(A1) = 0.9700, f(A2) = 0.0300
On a chromosome, a section of DNA sequence coding for information for a feature or trait of an organism, such as pea color, is a(n)______, and different versions of this sequence, which impact the form the feature will take are called_______. a. allele; genes b. allele; character c. gene; alleles d. gene; character e. chromatid; non sister chromatid
c. gene; alleles
All protists are unicellular
false
Plants, as a monophyletic group, are older than animals as a monophyletic group.
false
All eukaryote organisms, are either n (haploid) or 2n (diploid).
false, some cells/organisms are polyploid.
(6: 9) Use the following diagrams to answer the questions:
1) The life cycle on the bottom is a diatom . The life cycle on the top is a dinoflagellate . 2) The zygote in the bottom life cycle is 1 and the zygote in the top life cycle is 6 . 3) Cell #2 undergoes growth to become the next cell. 4) Cell # 8 undergoes mitosis to become the cells at #9. 5) Cell # 10 undergoes mitosis to become cells at #6 and mitosis to become cells at #12 4) Asexual reproduction happens in D in the bottom life cycle and B in the top life cycle. 5) The life cycle on the bottom is dominant diploid .
(5&6: 15) 1. The tree on the right is a _____ hypothesis for the tree of life. 2. The tree on the left is a _____ hypothesis.
1. 2 domain 2. 3 domain
(5&6: 5) 1. How many domains of life are described by Carl Wose's tree of life shown below? 2. Which domain(s) of life is/are made of up organisms that undergo meiosis at some stage in their life cycle? 3. Which domain (s) of life are considered prokaryotes? 4. Which domains (s) have chromosomes found in pairs in diploid organisms? a. bacteria b. archaea c. eucarya
1. 3 2. eucarya 3. bacteria and archaea 4. eucarya
(7: 1) This is a Bryophyte life cycle. 1. Meiosis happens ___ in this life cycle. 2. This is a life cycle show a organisms with a _____________. 3. This organism has ___ multicellular phases in a single generation. 4. The gametophyte is a _____________.
1. A 2. The gametophyte is a multicellular n 3. 2 4. multicellular n
(5&6: 4) 1. In the figure below, ____ is the process of gametogenesis. 2. Meiosis happens at _____.
1. B 2. A
(3&4: 14) 1. Which letter(s) shows the generation that results from crossing heterozygotes? 2. What generation(s) can have individuals that mask recessive genes? 3. Which letter(s) show the generation that is considered true breeding? 4. Which letter(s) show individuals that have a Pp phenotype? 5. Which letter(s) describe the f2 generation?
1. D 2. C + D 3. A + B 4. C + D 5. D
In a very unusual year, a massive hurricane wipes out the population of coconuts on a very remote island, and only a few coconut trees survive. 1. This is an example of a population bottleneck. 2. A new allele arises in the population via mutation and is neutral and does not change the fitness of individuals that carry the allele. The most likely scenario for what happened is The new allele will be lost due to genetic drift. 3. If the population remains small, the likely effect on genetic diversity will be: None of these are correct.
1. a population bottleneck. 2. The new allele will be lost due to genetic drift. 3. None of these are correct.
Match the events from the history of life with the order in which it happened:
1. first prokaryotic life 2. developments of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria 3. oxygen in the atmosphere 4. first eukaryotes 5. first multicellular eukaryotes 6. the Cambrian explosion 7. origin of mammals
Match the numbered structure or process with its name.
1. homologous chromosome 2. homologous chromosome 3. replication 4. centromere 5. sister chromatid
(7: 2) Match the lettered stage of the structure in the box, with its ploidy. You will choose an option more than once.
1. n 2. 2n 3. n
(5&6: 10) 1. According to the phylogenetic tree below, G. intestinalis constitutes a _______ group. 2. The common ancestor of G. intestinalis and G. microti lived _______ the common ancestor of G. intestinalis and G. muris. 3. Based on this evidence, what conclusion can you draw about the species G. microti?
1. paraphyletic 2. after 3. It is part of a monophyletic group that also includes G. intestinalis.
(5: 4) This type of relationship between the three species on this tree is a ________. P. crepitans is ________ related to P. ochropter and _______ related P. napensis.
1. polytomy 2. equally related 3. equally related
Match the species concept with the advantage to using it.
Biological Species Concept: unites reproductive isolation and evolutionary independence Morphological Species Concept: widely applicable across eukaryotes, can be easy to obtain data with physical examination of specimens Phylogenetic Species Concept: widely applicable across domains, based on testable criteria
Cytokinesis happens twice in meiosis.
true
Evolution acts on populations, not individuals
true
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles inside a eukaryotic cell but derive from free-living bacteria. This makes eukaryotes mosaic organisms, which contain DNA and other structures from bacteria.
true
Evolution acts on populations, not individuals.
true, an individual can undergo a mutation or some kind of change in physiology or morphology in it's lifetime, but if it isn't inherited, then the change is not influencing the process of evolution. You need a population of individuals that express variation across a population for the process of evolution to work.
Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This ratio suggests that ________. a. a blending of traits has occurred b. the parents were true-breeding for contrasting traits c. the parents were both heterozygous for the particular trait d. each offspring has the same alleles for each of two different traits e. the particular trait shows incomplete dominance
c. the parents were both heterozygous for the particular trait
If a population with two alleles (A1 and A2) for a gene is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the proportion of the A1 allele is 0.4, what is the proportion of the homozygous A2A2 genotype? a. 0.16 b. 0.6 c. 0.48 d. 0.36 e. Cannot tell from the information provided.
d. 0.36
(3&4: 9) Which of the boxes marked 1—4 (from the example above, and see again below) correspond to plants with a heterozygous genotype? a. 1 b. 1 and 2 c. 1, 2, and 3 d. 2 and 3 e. 2, 3, and 4
d. 2 and 3
You are talking to a friend that is working in Dr. Moyer's lab at WWU. Dr. Moyer studies bacteria and archaea that live in hydrothermal vents. They tell you they saw conjugation that morning! What did they see? a. A virus transferring its DNA to a bacterium. b. The bacterial chromosomes crossing over. c. A bacterium taking up DNA from the environment. d. A bacterium transferring a plasmid to another bacterium.
d. A bacterium transferring a plasmid to another bacterium.
Why is "protist" a term that has limited biological meaning? a. "protists" are lineages found throughout eukaryotic lineages b. "protists" are defined by not being a plant, animal, or fungi c. "protists" are not very important ecologically. d. "protists" are not a monphyletic group
a, b, and d
Which are examples of organismal reproduction (processes that foster the extension of a lineage) in biology? (Choose all that apply) a. A bird laying an egg b. A dog having a litter of puppies c. A muscle cell in a human bicep dividing to make two muscle cells d. A single-celled organism dividing and producing two individuals e. A tomato plant producing a leaf
a. , b. , and d.
In rabbits, the homozygous CC is normal, Cc results in deformed legs, and cc results in very short legs. The genotype BB produces black fur, Bb brown fur, and bb white fur. If a cross is made between brown rabbits with deformed legs and white rabbits with deformed legs, what percentage of the offspring would be expected to have deformed legs and white fur? a. 25% b. 33% c. 66% d. 100% e. 50%
a. 25%
Which of the following is the best definition of evolution? a. Change in the proportion of alleles in a population over time b. Changes acquired in individuals over time c. Descent without modification d. Survival of the fittest e. Inheritance of acquired characters
a. Change in the proportion of alleles in a population over time
(1&2: 14) In the following diagram, identify the structure or process described by each letter.
a. DNA synthesis b. no crossing over c. crossing over d. sister chromatids e. meiosis 1 f. meiosis 2 g. homologous chromosomes
Where on this cell cycle diagram does cell division, or cytokinesis, happen? a. M b. G1 c. S d. G2
a. M
Is meiosis always gametogenesis? a. No. Some organisms, like green algae, are dominant haploid, and thus mitosis is gametogenesis. b. Yes. Meiosis produces gametes and thus is the same as gametogenesis. c. Yes. Meiosis only happens in cases of sexual reproduction.
a. No. Some organisms, like green algae, are dominant haploid, and thus mitosis is gametogenesis.
Multicellularity and large body size of eukaryotic organisms require high metabolic rates and efficient ATP production by aerobic respiration. How did bacteria change Earth's atmosphere to enable aerobic respiration? a. Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. b. Splitting of water during anaerobic respiration by cyanobacteria dramatically increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. c. Nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria decreased the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere, leading to the simultaneous increase of oxygen. d. Anaerobic respiration by cyanobacteria increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere by reducing the amount of iron oxides that were able to react instantly with oxygen.
a. Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.
(3&4: 5) Match the genotypes with the individual. *Note, there will be some options that you may not use.
a. WW b. ww c. wW d. WW or Ww e. ww
Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution? a. descent with modification b. change in the number of genes in a population over time c. inheritance of acquired characters d. survival of the fittest
a. descent with modification
During mitosis, homologous chromosomes will______ . a. have different alleles only when the individual is heterozygous. b. None of these are correct. c. be similar during mitosis 1 but differ during mitosis 2 d. likely be different because of independent assortment. e. likely be similar but not identical because of crossing over.
a. have different alleles only when the individual is heterozygous.
(3: 7) In the diagram of Mendel's pea experiments, indicate the type of alleles each lettered individual possesses. You may choose the same answer more than once.
a. homozygous parent b. homozygous parent c. heterozygous F1 d. homozygous or e. homozygous F1
Cyanobacteria have been very important evolutionarily and ecologically for the following reason(s): i. they invented oxygenic photosynthesis in the Precambrian era. ii. chloroplasts arose from them via endosymbiosis. iii. they can act as photosynthetic mutualists with fungi in lichens. a. i, ii, and iii b. i and ii only c. None of these are correct d. ii and iii only
a. i, ii, and iii
The origin of a new plant species by hybridizing two existing species, coupled with accidents during cell division, is an example of ________. a. allopatric speciation and autopolyploidy b. sympatric speciation and allopolyploidy c. allopatric speciation and allopolyploidy d. sympatric speciation and autopolyploidy
b. sympatric speciation and allopolyploidy
(3: 9) The figure below shows the distribution of variations of a trait. Why would a trait have this type of distribution in this generation? a. incomplete dominance b. pleiotrophy c. sex-chromosome linkage d. autosomal recessive trait
a. incomplete dominance
Mutation is the only evolutionary mechanism that ________. a. is the ultimate source of variation in natural populations b. does little to change allele frequencies c. decreases fitness d. is more important in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes e. has no effect on genetic variation
a. is the ultimate source of variation in natural populations
What do the following situations have in common? - development of a geographic barrier between two populations of a species - a heritable female preference for males with a particular color pattern, which is also heritable - development of a viable polyploid plant individual that is self-fertile a. reduced gene flow between populations potentially allowing speciation b. all result from directional selection c. all are forms of sympatric speciation d. all are forms of allopatric speciation
a. reduced gene flow between populations potentially allowing speciation
Which of the following statements best describes the term synapomorphy? a. a trait that evolved in several different monophyletic groups simultaneously b. a trait common in a single monophyletic group but not generally found outside of that group c. a trait that is shared by more than one monophyletic group d. the state of having several traits in common with different monophyletic groups
b. a trait common in a single monophyletic group but not generally found outside of that group
(5: 1) In the following diagram, which is a clade? a. yellow box A b. blue box B c. red box C d. green box D e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Which of the following describes all existing bacteria? a. tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse b. extremophiles, tiny, abundant c. small, harmful, fast-growing d. pathogenic, omnipresent, morphologically diverse e. morphologically diverse, metabolically diverse, extremophiles
a. tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse
(6: 4) Match the following pictures with the type of bacterial gene transfer depicted.
a. transformation b. transduction c. conjugation
(5: 2)This is the phylogenetic tree of most of the strains of COVID-19 in WA as of Sunday, 3.16.20. Is the collection of WA strains shown in this tree monophyletic, given the root of the tree relates back to the original strain sequenced from Wuhan China? a. yes b. no c. it depends on what we use as a common ancestor d. there is no way to know
a. yes
Which are examples of organismal reproduction (processes that foster the extension of a lineage) in biology? (Choose all that apply) a. A dog having a litter of puppies b. A single-celled organism dividing and producing two individuals c. A muscle cell in a human bicep dividing to make two muscle cells d. A bird laying an egg e. A tomato plant producing a tomato
all but c.
Assuming independent assortment, what is the probability that the following parents, AaBb and Aabb, will produce an AABb offspring? a. 1/16 b. 1/8 c. 1/4 d. 9/16 e. None of these are correct.
b. 1/8
What biological concepts will we cover in this course? a. Ecology b. Evolution c. Molecular Biology d. Biodiversity e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which of the following is true about both meiosis and mitosis? a. Both happen in all living things b. None of these are correct. c. Daughter cells have half the DNA as parent cell d. Daughter cells are genetically different than parent cell, assuming no mutations e. Both occur between S and G2 in the cell cycle
b. None of these are correct.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living organisms a. They are capable of evolving b. They are composed of cells c. They can reproduce d. They acquire and use energy e. All of the above are characteristics of living things
e. All of the above are characteristics of living things
Cells are the smallest units of living things and _______. a. have DNA as the genetic material b. all of the above c. can replicate d. transform energy
b. all of the above
Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division? a. anaphase of mitosis b. anaphase I of meiosis c. metaphase II of meiosis d. prophase I of meiosis e. anaphase II of meiosis
b. anaphase I of meiosis
What features of cell division are found in meiosis but not mitosis? (Choose all that apply.) a. cytokinesis b. homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads c. ploidy is reduced from 2n to 1n d. chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell e. spindle apparatus help separate chromosomes
b. and c.
Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? a. composition of the cell wall b. lack of a nuclear envelope c. presence of plasma membrane d. a and b e. b and c
e. b and c
"Protist" are defined by: a. being a microeukaryote b. not being a plant, animal, or fungi c. having a number of synapomorphies, including a nucleus and cytoskeleton d. the presence of chloroplasts and mitochondra
b. not being a plant, animal, or fungi
(1&2: 8) In the figure below, which cell/cells is the product of mitosis given the parent cell at the top of the figure? a. D b. A c. E d. B e. C
c. E
You are a(n) __________. a. Bacteria b. Archaea c. Eukaryote
c. Eukaryote
Which of the following represents a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? a. Prokaryotes are a more homogenous group of organisms than are eukaryotes. b. Only prokaryotes are made of cells. c. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. d. All prokaryotes are unicellular, and all eukaryotes are multicellular.
c. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
Why is the Hardy-Weinberg principle useful to biologists? a. It allows biologists to determine the proportions of genotypes from the proportions of phenotypes. b. It explains how evolution occurs at the population level. c. It functions as a null model when testing for evolution in populations. d. It explains how random chance mathematically impacts evolution.
c. It functions as a null model when testing for evolution in populations.
Which best describes the trends in organismal diversity over time? a. It is static b. It increases linearly over time c. It increased very slowly until the Phanerozoic when it increases dramatically and steadily, with the exception of mass extinctions which have decreased diversity d. It is limited to mostly microscopic organisms in the Phanerozoic and then increases until the Cambrian Explosion e. It increased very slowly until the Phanerozoic, and has been increasing steadily since
c. It increased very slowly until the Phanerozoic when it increases dramatically and steadily, with the exception of mass extinctions which have decreased diversity
Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? a. Artificial selection b. Directional selection c. Stabilizing selection d. Disruptive selection e. Sexual selection
c. Stabilizing selection
There is controversy about if viruses are alive, or not. People that argue that viruses are not alive rely on the following argument: a. Viruses don't evolve b. Viruses don't contain protein c. Viruses don't transform energy d. Viruses don't have diversity e. Viruses don't contain nucleic acids
c. Viruses don't transform energy
(6: 5) What part(s) of this generic life cycle are diploid? a. Mature Cells b. Gametes c. Zygote d. A + C
c. Zygote
Currently, the only predators of Galápagos marine iguanas are Galápagos hawks. Iguana body size is not correlated with risk of hawk predation, although small iguanas can sprint faster than large iguanas. If predators (for example, cats) that preferentially catch and eat slower iguanas are introduced to the island, iguana body size is likely to ________ in the absence of other factors; the iguanas would then be under ________ selection. a. increase; directional b. increase; disruptive c. decrease; directional d. decrease; disruptive e. stay the same; stabilizing
c. decrease; directional
Sex evolved in an ancestor of eukaryotes, which allowed for____. a. even more offspring per parent than asexual production. b. the evolutionary loss of the cell wall. c. more genetic variation because of recombination. d. All of these possible answers are correct.
c. more genetic variation because of recombination.
Blooms of photosynthetic microeukaryotes in marine environments may help reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because ________. a. photosynthetic microeukaryotes would release a lot of oxygen, and fertilizing them would increase levels of oxygen in the atmosphere b. photosynthetic microeukaryotes are primary consumers in many marine food chains c. photosynthetic microeukaryotes fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels d. the increased oxygen consumption by large populations of photosynthetic microeukaryotes will increase photosynthesis in land plants
c. photosynthetic microeukaryotes fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
Which of the pairs of plant structures below are homologous? a. oak tree root and leaf b. rose bush stem and flower c. rose bush leaf and oak tree leaf d. There are no homologous plant structures.
c. rose bush leaf and oak tree leaf
Which of the following are NOT required for natural selection? a. Which of the following are NOT required for natural selection? b. There must be genotypic variation for a trait in the population. c. Different phenotypes of a trait must have different fitness. d. All of these are required for natural selection. e. None of these are required for natural selection.
d. All of these are required for natural selection.
(5: 5) In the figure above, which of the following forms a monophyletic group? a. A, B, C, D b. C, D c. D, E, F d. E, F, G
d. E, F, G
(5&6: 17) Which of the taxa in the above figure together form a monophyletic group? a. A, B, C, D b. C and D c. D, E, and F d. E, F, and G
d. E, F, and G
Which of the following can occur by the process of mitosis but not meiosis? a. A diploid cell combines with a haploid cell. b. A diploid cell combines with a haploid cell. c. Haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells. d. Haploid cells multiply into more haploid cells.
d. Haploid cells multiply into more haploid cells.
Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of closely related but separate species of tree frogs in South America. What outcomes could possibly occur where the ranges of two species overlap? I. The species will interbreed, eventually fusing over time. II. A stable hybrid zone will form if hybrids are better adapted to the area of overlap than either parent species is. III. Species will continue to diverge and be isolated by behavioral or genetic mechanisms. a. I b. II c. III d. I, II, and III
d. I, II, and III
You have found a new prokaryote in an environmental survey. You suspect it is a cyanobacterium based on comparisons to other cyanobacteria. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium? a. You determine that it can cause intestinal distress in humans.. b. It is a symbiont of a coral. c. It lacks cell walls. d. Its primary metabolism is oxygenic photosynthesis.
d. Its primary metabolism is oxygenic photosynthesis.
There are lots of misconceptions about evolution floating around in the public. Which of the following statements is not a misconception? a. Evolution perfects organisms. b. Evolution acts on the level of individuals. c. Evolution is goal directed. d. Natural selection is a mechanism by which evolution acts on populations. e. Evolution is a "theory" and thus we don't know if it is real. f. Humans are at the top of the tree of life and therefore the most evolved organisms.
d. Natural selection is a mechanism by which evolution acts on populations.
Genetic drift occurs in a population. Which of the following statements might be TRUE? a. Genetic drift increased the population's fitness. b. Genetic drift decreased the population's fitness. c. The population was relatively small. d. The population experiences a decrease in genetic variation. e. Any of these statements can be true. f. None of these statements can be true
e. Any of these statements can be true.
You ran an experiment where you crossed red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, and the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Red is the dominant trait. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result? a. Other female-specific factors influence eye color in flies. b. gene involved is on the Y chromosome. c. Other male-specific factors influence eye color in flies. d. The gene involved is on the X chromosome. e. The gene involved is on an autosome, but only in males.
d. The gene involved is on the X chromosome.
(5&6: 14) In the following figure, the isthmus separates the Pacific Ocean on the left (side A) from the Atlantic Ocean on the right (side B). The seawater on either side of the isthmus is separated into five depth habitats (1—5), with 1 being the shallowest. Why should deepwater shrimp on different sides of the isthmus have diverged from each other earlier than shallow-water shrimp? a. Cold temperatures, associated with deep water, have accelerated the mutation rate, resulting in faster divergence in deepwater shrimp. b. The rise of the land bridge was accompanied by much volcanic activity. Volcanic ash contains heavy metals, which are known mutagens. Ash fall caused high levels of heavy metals in the ocean sediments underlying the deep water, resulting in accelerated mutation rates and faster divergence in deepwater shrimp. c. Fresh water entering the ocean from the canal is both less dense and cloudier than seawater. The cloudy fresh water interferes with the ability of shallow-water shrimp to locate mating partners, which reduces the frequency of mating, thereby slowing the introduction of genetic variation. d. They have been geographically isolated from each other for a longer time.
d. They have been geographically isolated from each other for a longer time.
A prokaryote that obtains energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms is a(n) ________. a. autotroph b. chemotroph c. photoautotroph d. chemoorganoheterotroph
d. chemoorganoheterotroph
Photosynthesis that releases oxygen (O2), often called "plant like", occurs first evolved in ____. a. plants b. algae c. seaweeds d. cyanobacteria
d. cyanobacteria
Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than 1 million years ago) and organisms colonized the island, the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by ________. a. a genetic bottleneck b. sexual selection c. habitat differentiation d. founder effects
d. founder effects
Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. What keeps these two populations separate? a. temporal reproductive isolation b. lack of hybrid viability c. behavioral reproductive isolation d. habitat isolation
d. habitat isolation
If you say that a ground squirrel has greater evolutionary fitness than another ground squirrel in the same population, you mean that the animal _____. a. has a longer life b. is able to mate more frequently c. is able to dominate other squirrels to gain access to food d. has more offspring that then survive and reproduce e. All of the above statements are correct
d. has more offspring that then survive and reproduce
The eukaryotic organelles, mitochondria and chloroplast, originate from _____, though a process called______. a. Viruses, endosymbiosis b. Viruses, infection c. Free living archaea, endosymbiosis d. Parasitic Archaea, cytokinesis e. Free living bacteria, endosymbiosis
e. Free living bacteria, endosymbiosis
For biologists studying a flatworm population in the lab, where they can control many aspects of population structure and mating, which Hardy—Weinberg condition is most difficult to meet? a. no selection b. no genetic drift c. no gene flow d. no mutation e. random mating
d. no mutation
In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked dominant allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male? For this question assume "female" is defined by having two X chromosomes and and "male" is defined by having one X and one Y chromosome, although other combinations are possible in healthy cats. a. tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males b. black females; orange males c. orange females; orange males d. tortoiseshell females; black males e. orange females; black males
d. tortoiseshell females; black males
(3: 1) In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-breeding, dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in the figure, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square. Which of the boxes marked 1—4 correspond to plants with dark leaves? a. 2 and 3 b. 1 only c. 1 and 2 d. 4 only e. 1, 2, and 3
e. 1, 2, and 3
How many unique haploid gametic genotypes could be produced through independent assortment by an organism with the diploid genotype AABbCCDdEe? a. 4 b. 16 c. 2 d. 1 e. 8
e. 8
What are the synapomorphies of all eukaryotes (the Eukaryote Domain)? a. mitochondria b. chloroplasts c. ribosomes d. cytoskeleton e. cell division
mitochondria and cytoskeletons
