History Chapter 5
Adam Smith
A Scottish economist who liked the physiocrats. He wrote, The Wealth of Nations, and argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate to regulate business activities. He supported laissez faire. But, he felt that the government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.
George III
A bad king that reigned for 60 years.
John Locke's ideal government
A government with limited power, like a democracy
George Washington
A large political and social leader who made a huge difference in the outcome of the Revolutionary War.
Stamp Act
A law passed in 1765 by the British Parliament that imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets in the American colonies. Everyone hated it
Joseph II
A leader of Austria who disguised himself and went out on the streets to listen to what the common people wanted. He also ended censorship and serfdom. He put more of the country's money into education.
Mary Wollstonecraft
A woman Enlightenment thinker who fought that women were being excluded form the social contract. She wrote, The Vindication of Rights of Women, which said that she thought that education should be equal for girls and boys. She said that education was what was needed for women to be able to participate in a man's world.
Charles-Louis de Montesquieu
AKA Montesquieu
Francois-Marie Arout
AKA Voltaire
Baron De Montesquieu
An expert on all kinds of European government who disliked and criticized absolute monarchy. He even published a book called "The Spirit of Laws" which talked about the many governments of Europe and their history. He came up with the idea of the three separate branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial. He thought this would allow all the branches to check on each other and preserve liberty. This created the idea of Checks and Balances.
America's first Constitution
Articles of Confederation
Thomas Hobbes' major ideas
Believed only a majorly powerful government can keep a society orderly
Voltaire's writings
Candide
she exchanged letters with voltaire and diderot
Catherine The Great
Style of music became known during this era
Classical music
How was art in the age of Louis XIV
Courtly art were either in the Greek & Roman tradition or Baroque
Immanuel Kent's writings
Critique of Pure Reason
Montesquieu's major ideas
Division of power within government (legislative, executive and judicial), checks and balances, protection of liberty
Diderot's writings
Encyclopedia
How Enlightenment ideas were spread through society
Encyclopedia, pamphlets
John Locke's nationality
English
Thomas Hobbes' nationality
English
Enlightened Despots
European rulers who sought to apply some of the reforms of the 18th century Enlightenment to their governments without giving up their own absolutist authority.
saw himself as the "first servant of the state"
Fredrick II (aka Frederick the Great)
Diderot's nationality
French
Montesquieu's nationality
French
Rousseau's nationality
French
Voltaire's nationality
French
Philosophes
French thinkers who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment.
Immanuel Kant's nationality
German
Who first described this era with the word "Enlightenment"
Immanuel Kent
ended censorship
Joseph II
Denis Diderot
Leader of French Enlightenment; worked on Encyclopedia which included scientific and social knowledge; wrote widely on philosophy, government, and religion. His Encyclopedia included articles by leading thinkers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu. The Encyclopedia, made up of 28 volumes, contained all the scandalous thinkers' ideas.
Thomas Hobbes' writings
Leviathan, a book full of his ideas on how cruel and bad humans naturally were and how they needed a strong government to control them.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Like John Locke, believed that people were naturally good, but were corrupted by the evils of society. He wrote, The Social Contract, portraying his feelings on government. He thought that the government was too involved and needed to back off a lot. He also believed in freely elected government.
inspired ideas for new american constitution
Locke, Montesquieu & Rousseau
Well known social critic
Mary Wollstonecraft
How did Montesquieu mock French society in The Persian Letters?
Montesquieu mocked French Society with 2 Persian characters: Usbek and Rica
"My trade is to say what I think."
One of Voltaire's moust famous quotes
John Locke's major ideas
People may overthrow the government if they violate people's natural rights, people were naturally moral and had natural rights
Montesquieu's writings
Persian Letters, which ridiculed French Government; Spirit of the Laws, which discussed governments throughout history
Yorktown, Virginia
Place of Britain's surrender
Madame Geoffrin
Ran one of the most respected salons. She had some of the most famous and talented thinkers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Diderot.
Topics in salons
Salon topics were literature, arts, science and philosophy
Explain how science led to the Enlightenment
Science led to the Enlightenment because it was answering questions based on reason and natural law, which they soon found could be applied to society.
Rousseau's writings
Social Contract
Voltaire
Supported and came up with the idea of Freedom of Speech. He hated slavery, religious prejudice, and all other kinds of suppressing injustices. He also wrote, Candide.
Catherine the Great
The empress of Russia who agreed with the Enlightenment ideas of equality and liberty. She didn't like serfdom, she allowed religious freedom, she stopped torture as a form of punishment, and many more things.
Frederick the Great
The king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 who had a very tight rule over his people. Even though he was such a strict ruler, he still worked for the good of the people. He liked the ideas of some Enlightenment thinkers. He practiced religious tolerance, modified the government to make it simpler and more efficient.
Thomas Jefferson
The principal author the the Declaration of Independence
salons
These were meeting places for philosophical discussion that were for the upper and middle class citizens who would talk about different Enlightenment ideas and gossip. These salons were started and hosted by women.
John Locke's writings
Two Treatises of Government, where he claimed people created governments to protect their natural rights
July 4, 1776
When was the Declaration of Independence adopted
Thomas Hobbes
a HUGE seventeenth century thinker that believed in having a powerful government.
federal republic
a government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states.
physiocrats
a group like the philosophes that believed in natural laws and called for economic reforms. They rejected the idea of Mercantilism. They urged a policy of laissez faire
John Locke
a major seventeenth century thinker who believed that humans were naturally good and moral and deserved natural rights. He wrote, The Two Treatises of Government, which spoke of how humans form government in order to protect their natural rights. He wanted the government to be run by the people, the absolute opposite of a monarchy. His main idea was that "A government has an obligation to the people it governs. If the government fails its obligations or violates people's natural rights, the people have the right to overthrow the government."
no taxation without representation
a protest where colonists fought to repeal taxes if they had no representation in parliament
Thomas Hobbes' ideal government
absolute monarchy
most radical of enlightenment despots
aka Joseph II
Social contract
an agreement by which people gave up their freedom in order to live in an organized society
Baroque
an elaborate and extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century. It used dark, deep colors such as red, gold, and dark blue. There was much movement and excitement and often times portrayed Bible scenes.
What could natural law explain?
aspects of humanity
thought minimal government control was necessary
believed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
loyalists
colonists that sttill supported Britain
Diderot's ideal government
democracy
Montesquieu's ideal government
democracy
Voltaire's ideal government
democracy
Diderot's major ideas
denounced slavery, urged education and freedom of expression
Treaty of Paris
ended the war
Rococo
fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century. The use of more pastel colors was used and it often times portrayed the family or more intimate scenes.
Rousseau's ideal government
freely elected government
new revolutionary style of writing
novels
Rousseau's major ideas
people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society
Voltaire's major ideas
people deserved equality, justice, freedom of religion, and free speech.
Diderot's field
philosopher
Voltaire's field
poet, historian, essayist, philosopher
Laissez faire
policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy
deism
religion based off of philosophy
Natural Rights
rights that all humans are born with. The right to life, liberty, and property.
Natural Law
rules discoverable by reason, that govern scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism. These laws could also be used to explain social, economical, and political problems.
Popular Sovereignty
states that all government power comes from the people. This is a major point in the Declaration of Independence.
events leading up to revlolution
sugar act, stamp act, townshend acts, boston tea party, tea act, boston massacre, etc.
censorship
the restriction of Enlightenment ideas and information so as to protect against the attacks of the Enlightenment. Censorship didn't always work because thinkers would find ways around them, replacing names etc.
Montesquieu's field
thinker and writer
John Locke's field
thinker, writer
Thomas Hobbes' field
thinker, writer
How did philosophes avoid censorship?
to avoid censorship, philosphes disguised their works as fiction
absolutism
when a monarch had unlimited power
Rousseau's field
writer and thinker
