Bio 210 exam 2
ascocarp
An ascocarp, or ascoma (plural: ascomata), is the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and may contain millions of asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores.
dikaryotic
Cells or compartments containing such a pair of closely associated compatible nuclei are desribed as DIKARYOTIC (a DIKARYON). Sooner or later a pair of nuclei in a cell or compartment will FUSE to form a DIPLOID NUCLEUS
The most ancient phylum of fungi, which is characterized by a single posteriorly-directed whiplash flagellum, is the ___________________________.
Chytridiomycota
crustose lichen
Crustose lichens form crusts that are so tightly attached to the rocks, trees, sidewalks, or soils they grow on that they can't be removed without damaging the substrate.
ascogenous hyphae of an ascomycete
From the fertilized ascogonium, dinucleate hyphae emerge in which each cell contains two nuclei. These hyphae are called ascogenous or fertile hyphae. They are supported by the vegetative mycelium
You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many elongated structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of fungus is this
ascomycete
The sporangia of the black bread mold Rhizopus are
asexual structures that produce haploid spores.
Which of the following modes of nutrition is used by protists to fuel their metabolism
autotrophic, both ingestive and absorptive heterotrophic
fruticosa lichen
characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure. It is composed of a thallus and a holdfast
Basidiomycota
chitin cell walls, a posterior whiplash flagellum, absorptive nutrition, use of glycogen as an energy storage compound, and synthesis of lysine by the α-amino adipic acid (AAA) pathway
Chytridiomycota
classified as fungi
The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are
composed of hyphae. referred to as a mycelium., usually underground or within the substrate.
In/on what structure do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores?
conidiophores
tinsel flagellum
consists of lateral hair-like projections along its length is called as Tinsel flagellum. These hair-like projections are called fimmers or mastigonemes. These filaments change the flagellar action so that a wave coming down the filament towards the tip propels the cell instead of pushing it.
In the myxomycetes, a plasmodiocarp from by _____________________________________________.
direct conversion of the plasmodium into a fruiting body
protozoa
diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms, single-celled, non-photosynthetic protists, such as ciliates, amoebae and flagellates.
root hairs
each of a large number of elongated microscopic outgrowths from the outer layer of cells in a root, absorbing moisture and nutrients from the soil.
. All protists are
eukaryotic
ascogonium
female sexual organ in certain ascomycetous fungi. receives the antheridial nuclei and puts out the hyphae bearing the asci.
karyogamy
final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei
sorocarp
fruiting body characteristic of certain cellular slime moulds Each sorocarp consists of both a sorophore (stalk) and a sorus.
The cells of a body of a multicellular fungus are organized into rapidly growing individual filaments called ________________________.
hyphae or mycelium
cleistothecium
in certain ascomycetous fungi) a closed, globose ascocarp from which the ascospores are released only by its rupture or decay.
basidiocarp
in fungi, a large sporophore, or fruiting body, in which sexually produced spores are formed on the surface of club-shaped structures (basidia).
mycobiont
lichens. in fungus: Basic features of lichens. ...organisms, under a microscope the associations are seen to consist of millions of cells of algae (called the phycobiont) woven into a matrix formed of the filaments of the fungi (called the mycobiont)
secondary mycelium of mushroom
long lived and have Dikaryotic cells. These cells have two haploid nuclei and show clamp connections.
molds
mold is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae.[1][2] In contrast, fungi that can adopt a single-celled growth habit are called yeasts.
Lichens are mutualistic associations of fungi and
mosses , green algae
algae
multicellular and unicaellular photosynthetic eukaryotes
Dikaryotic cells are denoted as
n + n
Nucleariids
nucleariids are a group of amoebae with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater. They are distinguished from the superficially similar vampyrellids mainly by having mitochondria with discoid cristae.
In the process of oogamy, the female gametangium is called the ____________________ and the male gametangium is called the ______________________.
oogonium; antheridium
tertiary mycelium of mushroom
organized mass of secondary mycelium. It is a morphologically complex tissue and forms structures
The algal component of a lichen is designated the ____________________.
photobiont [also phycobiont]
hyphae
plural form of hypha
The protist kingdom is
polyphyletic
Ascomycota
presence of a reproductive structure known as the ascus, sprout from spores into hapliod mycelia
homothallic
refers to the possession, within a single organism, of the resources to reproduce sexually i. e having male and female reproductive structures on the same thallus.
The names of fungal phyla are based on important and characteristic structures associated with
reproduction
basidospores
reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia
perithecium
round or flask-shaped fruiting body with a pore through which the spores are discharged.
The form taken by true slime molds (myxomycetes) under adverse environmental conditions is called a ________________________. This structure rapidly becomes a _________________ again upon restoration of favorable conditions.
sclerotium; plasmodium
sirenin
secreted by the female gametes, attracts the male gametes, which swim toward the former and fuse with them.
primary mycelium of mushroom
short lived with single nucleus cells known as monokaroytic cells. The mycelia are heterothallic type
hypha
singular for of hyphae, long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not grow as hyphae.
Myxomycota
slime mold classified as a protozoan, were once thought to be fungi because they produced spores born in sporangia
. A ____ is the term referring to a tangled mat of hyphae
sorocarp
plasmodiocarp
special form of fruit bodies of slime moulds. It is produced if the plasmodium concentrates during the fructification and pull back into the venetion of the plasmodium, from which the fruit body is created. The fruit body traces the process of the venetion, whereby the structure of its subsurface becomes plainly strand-shaped, branched, net or ring-shaped. The production of plasmodiocarps can be generic, or can be also caused by the deranged development of sporocarps
Zoosporangium [= mitosporangium] of Allomyces
sporangium that produces spores that give rise to male gametophytes. Microsporangia are notable in spikemosses, and a minority of ferns. In gymnosperms and angiosperms (flowering plants), the microsporangia produce the microsporocyte, also known as the microspore mother cell, which then creates four microspores through meiosis. The microspores divide through mitosis to create pollen grains. A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. Also called a swarm spore, these spores are created by some algae, bacteria and fungi to propagate themselves.
ascospores
spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus. produced by meiosis followed by a mitotic division.
sporangium
spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in nearly all land plants and many fungi, sporangia are the site of meiosis and produce genetically distinct haploid spores.
. Resistant [meio-] sporangium
sporophyte forms thickwalled, resistant meiosporangia in which meiosis occurs, giving rise to haploid zoospores (meiospores).
plasmogamy
stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the cytoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuses together without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell.
stipe
stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal tissue
oogonium
the female sex organ of certain algae and fungi, typically a rounded cell or sac containing one or more oospheres.
apothecium
the fruit of certain lichens and fungi: usually an open, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped body, the inner surface of which is covered with a layer that bears asci.
syngamy
the fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction
antheridium
the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants.
gasteromycetes
they produce their spores inside their basidiocarps (fruit bodies) rather than on an outer surface
mycelium
vegetative part of a fungus or fungus-like bacterial colony, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae
volva
veil that encloses the fruiting body, often persisting after rupture as a sheath at the base of the stalk.
Oomycota
water molds and downy mildews. They are filamentous protists which must absorb their food from the surrounding water or soil, or may invade the body of another organism to feed. As such, oomycetes play an important role in the decomposition and recycling of decaying matter.
. An unknown fungus was examined microscopically and found to lack cross walls in its hyphae. It most likely belongs to the:
zygomycetes
Cellular slime molds. An amoeboid cell is the vegetative unit. Myxamoebae, which have a single haploid nucleus, engulf food particles. Use cAMP as an aggregation signal.
. Dictyosteliomycota
ectomycorrhizae
. form a system of hyphae that grow around the cells of the root
Mycorrhizae are ________ associations of a fungus with _________
. mutualistic; plant roots
A major role of saprobic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems is to
. return carbon and other elements to the environment for further cycling
monokaryotic
A spore from a mushroom which germinates starts with the formation of primary mycelium. This mycelium is also called "monokaryotic" mycelium. Monokaryotic mycelium on its own cannot form mushrooms
pseudoplasmodium
A structureless aggregate of distinct unicellular slime moulds which differentiates to form a fruiting body.
, Among the organisms listed below, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi
Animals
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for yeasts), and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores. However, some Basidiomycota reproduce asexually in addition or exclusively.
pileus
Botany The umbrellalike fruiting structure forming the top of a stalked fleshy fungus, such as a mushroom; the cap.
The phylum suffix [ending] for the kingdom fungi is mycota.
F [-mycota is the ending for phyla]
. Ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, whereas conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae.
F [ascomycetes have an haploid life cycle; both spore types produce haploid hyphae]
The carbohydrate food reserve of ascomycetes is laminarin [a β-glycoside starch].
F [glycogen, as is true of all fungi]
Immediately following karyogamy, the zygote can be termed dikaryotic.
F [karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei, thus it would be diploid]
Yeast are classified in Kingdom Protista as they are eukaryotic unicells.
F [most yeast are in the Phylum Ascomycota]
The individual filaments that anchor saprobic fungi to their substrate are called rhizomes.
F [not rhizomes, but rhizoids]
Chytrids are characterized by have one anteriorly directed tinsel flagellum
F [one posteriorly directed whiplash flagellum]
. In most basidiomycetes, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell.
F [results in dikaryotic cells]
The female gametangia and gametes of Allomyces produce a pheromone called trisporic acid in order to attract the male gametes for syngamy.
F [the female produce the pheromone sirenin]
All fungal sexual spores are diploid [i.e., zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores].
F [the zygospore is diploid before germination; ascospores and basidiospores are haploid]
isokont
Having flagella of equal length
heterokont
Heterokonts are a group of closely related phyla with flagella in pairs, one long and one short. They include oomycetes, chrysophytes, diatoms, and brown algae. The term "heterokont" refers either to the flagellar arrangement of biflagellate cells in which the two flagella differ in length
hymenomycetes
Hymenomycetes was the largest class of fungi within the phylum Basidiomycota, but the term is no longer taxonomically relevant.
photobiont
It consists of a fungal "partner", or mycobiont, and one or more photosynthetic partners or photobionts, which can be either green algae or cyanobacteria.
. Aggregation in cellular slime mold occurs when a starving myxamoeba start secreting ___________________.
acrasin or cAMP
. Includes water molds and their fungus-like terrestrial relatives, such as the potato blight. Hyphae are coenocytic; reproduce asexually by zoospores and sexually by modified oogamy
Oomycota
Zygomycota
Phylum of fungi, mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals, while others form symbiotic relationships with plants
. Although most fungi are saprobes, some species are important plant pathogens or animal pathogens.
T
. Fungi are osmiotrophs since the exhibit extra-organismic digestion of nutrient materials.
T
Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not.
T
Both algae and protozoa are classified in Kingdom Protista, but differ in their modes of obtaining energy (nutrition).
T
In septate fungi, pores in septa allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae
T
Most chytrids exhibit a haploid life cycle. When their sexual reproduction involves the fusion of flagellated gametes of different sizes, it is known as anisogamy.
T
Parasitic fungi produce specialized hyphae, called haustoria, which penetrate the host cell.
T
The heterokont fungi are not true fungi because they have cellulose in their cell walls and synthesize lysine by the DAP pathway.
T
Water molds reproduce asexually by forming zoospores, and sexually by forming oospores.
T
. Some fungi can exist either as unicellular yeasts or as filamentous hyphae. In an environment where nutrients are limited, the filamentous hyphal form would be more favorable over the yeast form.
T [greater surface area to absorb nutrients]
whiplash flagellum
The naked flagellum is referred to as Whiplash flagellum. It consists of two parts-a long lower portion and a short-flexible upper portion.
Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi with hyphae
They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources
rhizoids
a filamentous outgrowth or root hair on the underside of the thallus in some lower plants, especially mosses and liverworts, serving both to anchor the plant and (in terrestrial forms) to conduct water.
plasmodium
a genus of parasitic protozoa, many of which cause malaria in their hosts.[1] The parasite always has two hosts in its life cycle: a Dipteran insect host and a vertebrate host. Sexual reproduction always occurs in the insect, making it the definitive host.
[Thought Question] Surface area represents the area available for exchange with the environment, whereas volume represents the cytoplasm which requires nutrients and from which waste products (usually toxic) must be removed. Which of the following should provide the most favorable conditions for effective exchange?
a longer filamentous hypha
trisporic acid
a pheromone that induces the formation of specialized aerial hyphae. Volatile intermediates in the trisporic acid synthetic pathway are interchanged between the tips of opposite mating aerial hyphae, causing the hyphae to grow toward each other and fuse together.
ascus
a sac, typically cylindrical in shape, in which the spores of ascomycete fungi develop.
aethalium
a sessile flat encrusted fruiting body in several genera of the slime molds (class Myxomycetes) formed by the fusion of many plasmodia
haustoria
a slender projection from the root of a parasitic plant, such as a dodder, or from the hyphae of a parasitic fungus, enabling the parasite to penetrate the tissues of its host and absorb nutrients from it.
. basidia
a special form of sporophore, characteristic of basidiomycetous fungi, on which the sexual spores are borne, usually at the tips of slender projections.
With the exception of the chytridiomycetes, fungi are generally disseminated by
airborne spores
vegetative hyphae of an ascomycete
allowing cell-to-cell movement of nuclei within a hypha. Vegetative hyphae of most ascomycetes contain only one nucleus per cell
basidioma
also called basidiocarp
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to:
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
In basidiomycetes, the inner veil gives rise to the _____________________ in the mature mushroom.
annulus or ring
In the mushroom Amanita muscaria, the ring is technically called the ___________________, the cup is technically called the ___________________, the gills are technically called the ________________, the stem is technically called the ________________, and the cap is technically called the ________________.
annulus; volva; lamellae; stipe; pileus
acoma
another word for ascocarp
fungi
any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms
Peziza, an ascomycete, produces a cup-shaped fruiting body called a/an _____________.
apothecium
foliose lichen
arise from the symbiotic relationship between fungi and a photosynthetic partner, typically algae
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the
fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.
Dictyosteliomycota
group of cellular slime molds or social amoebae
. endomycorrhizae
grow inside the root of the plant but penetrate the root cell walls and become enclosed in the cell membrane as well
Which of the following paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike
haustoria and arbuscules
heterothallic
have sexes that reside in different individuals. The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
The black bread mold (Rhizopus) is _______, which means that it is self sterile
heterothallic
. All fungi share which of the following characteristics
heterotrophic
