BIO 2101 - Chapter 1.5 Human Structure
which of the following are features of an arboreal habitat? -rich supply of leaves and fruit -relatively less competition -relative safety from predators -slow moving prey items
-rich supply of leaves and fruit -relatively less competition -relative safety from predators
what are the four classes of tissue?
1. epithelial 2. connective 3. nervous 4. muscular
The hierarchy of complexity (in order)
1. organism 2. organ systems 3. organs 4. tissues 5. cells 6. organelles 7. molecules 8. atoms
what percentage of today's medical terms are formed from just 1,200 Greek and Latin roots?
90%
An organelle is best descrived as which of the following?
A microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual function.
which prefix means "above" or "on top"?
Epi-
true or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ
False. Reason: organs are composed of tissues, and are thus more complex.
Foramen means hole and magnum means large. Which is correct anatomical terminology using these words?
Foramen magnum
What organ belongs to the endocrine and digestive systems?
Pancreas
which forces promote the reproductive success of some individuals over others?
Selection pressures
The body's largest organ:
The skin. Included within it are thousands of smaller organs: each hair, nail, gland, nerve, and blood vessels of the skin is an organ itself.
Reductionism
Theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components. -adopted first by Aristotle and proven to be highly productive approach.
An organism is a _____.
a complete individual
Tissue
a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function
What is a molecule?
a particle composed of at least two atoms, which are the smallest particles with unique chemical identities.
what is static equillibrium?
a state where conditions are the same on both sides and there is no net change on either side.
An organ is best described as which of the following?
a structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function.
Definition of an organ
a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function.
the term "PET" scan refers to a positron emission tomography scan. This is an example of anatomical terminology descrived as a(n) ____.
acronym
features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that evolve in response to selection pressures are called _____.
adaptations
Greek and Latin practice of placing the adjective after the noun.
anatomical terminology
Organelles
are microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. -examples: mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes.
Cells
are the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive.
which is the smallest particle with a unique chemical identity?
atom
what is dynamic equilibrium?
balanced change
the receptors located in the heart, aortic arch and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes response to fluctuations in blood pressure are known as _____.
baroreceptors
which of the following is an example of a physiological negative feedback mechanism?
body temperature
in the word cardiology, the root is _____.
cardi-
An effector ______.
carries out corrective behavior.
smallest unit of an organism that carries out all the basic functions of life is called a _____.
cell
which forces can act as selective "pressure"? -competition for food -better camouflage -disease -predators
competition for food, disease, and predators.
Corpora is the plural form of _____.
corpus
what is the plural form of cortex?
cortices
what is the process of transforming a cell with no specialized function into a cell with a specialized function called?
differentiation
without the use of energy, matter tends to flow _____.
down gradients
the internal state of the body is best descrived as a ______ equilibrium, when there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.
dynamic equilibrium
a structure that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a _____.
effector
the "duct" of santorini" is an example of ____.
eponym
responsiveness is also known as _____.
excitability
A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another is a physiological _____.
gradient
Organ system
group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion. -The human body has 11 organ systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems.
what is an increase in the size of a cell or organism called?
growth
if the textbook states a value for a typical human heart rate, you should assume that the value refers to the heart rate of a(n) _____.
healthy 22 year old
without the expenditure of energy, the net movement of matter in a physiological gradient will always be from a region of ____ concentration to a region of _____ concentration. -lower;higher -higher;lower
higher;lower
part of a hip bone is an _____, while the final portion of the small intestine is the ______. ilium, ileum ileum, ilium
ilium, ileum
Organism
is a single, complete individual
Example of organs of one system that are interconnected:
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra which compose of the urinary system.
What are macromolecules?
large cellular components abundantly obtained naturally and are responsible for varieties of essential functions for the growth and survival of living organisms. There are 4 important classes: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
a molecule of a large size and high molecular weight, such as protein is called a _______.
macromolecules
proteins and DNA are which of the following?
macromolecules
The name of a middle-ear bone is _____, while the name of a bony protuberance at the ankle is _____. malleus;malleolus or malleolus;malleus
malleus;malleolus
what is the integrating (control) center?
mechanism that processes information (sense of change in the body), relates it to other available information, and makes a decision about what appropriate response should be.
which of the following describes the integration center of a feedback mechanism?
mechanism that processes information (sense of change in the body), relates it to other available information, and makes a decision about what appropriate response should be.
which is an example of an organelle? -epithelia -skin -mitochondria -stomach
mitochondria
which of the following is made by joining two or more different atoms together?
molecule
What are organelles and other cellular components composed of?
molecules
when some bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This would be an example of what type of feedback?
negative feedback
The pancreas is an example of a(n) ______.
organ
urinary system is an example of a(n) _____.
organ system
a group of organs working together for a coordinated function is an organ ______.
organ system.
what is a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual functions called?
organelle examples include mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes.
the plural form of phalanx is _____.
phalanges
medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication, can result in failure to consider which of the following? physiological variation natural selection placebo effect negative feedback mechanisms
physiological variation
Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?
plasma membrane
contractions during childbirth is an example of ______ feedback mechanism.
positive feedback mechanism
baroreceptors detect changes in _____.
pressure
An integrating center_____.
processes information
what is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called?
receptor
which theory states that a more complex structure can be understood by studying its smaller parts?
reductionism
changes in the environment, to which organisms respond, are called what?
signals reason: the signals that organisms respond to are called stimuli. A stimulus is detected by a receptor.
changes in the environment, to which organisms respond, are called what?
stimuli
What is excitability?
the ability of a cell to respond to stimulus, espcially the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce membrane voltage changes in response to stimuli.
which of the following describes how anatomical terms are frequently constructed? consider examples "foramen magnum" and "stratum lucidum". choose one: -verb is located before the noun -adjective is located before the noun -adjective is locabed before the verb -verb is located before adjective -noun is located before adjective -noun is located before verb
the noun is located before the adjective.
what are negative feedback mechanisms?
the predominant way by which the body maintains homeostasis.
what is differentiation?
the process of transforming a cell with no specialize function into a cell with a specialized function.
Holism
theory that there are "emergent properties" of the sequence of the whole organism that can't be predicted from the properties of its separate parts.
an aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function is known as a_____.
tissue
an aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a ____.
tissue
the name of a back muscle is _____, while the name of a wrist bone is ______. trapezius;trapezium trapezium;trapezius
trapezius;trapezium
acronyms are terms that do which of the following?
use the first letter of a series of words.
endogastric means ____.
within the stomach
endogastric means _____.
within the stomach
