BIO 238 Lecture
Homeostasis
(KEEPING INTERNAL CONDITIONS STABLE) - homeostasis: the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment, or "steady state", in response to changing internal or external conditions
Receptors
(a component of the homeostatic system) - body structure that detects change in a variable (stimulus) - typically consist of sensory neurons
Control Center
(a component of the homeostatic system) - structure that both interprets input from receptors and initiates changes through the effector
Effectors
(a component of the homeostatic system) - structure that brings about the change to alter - muscles and exocrine glands are often the effectors
Integumentary System
(hair, skin, nails) -provides protection -regulates body temperature -*synthesizes vitamin D -prevents water loss
Four main categories of tissues :
- Epithelial tissue: covers exposed surface and lines body cavities. (the edge/border) - Connective tissue: protects, supports, and binds structures and organs - Muscle tissue: produces movement - Nervous tissue: conducts nerve impulses for communication
Urinary System
- Filters the blood to remove waste - concentrates waste products in the form of urine - expels urine from the body
Water :
- Inorganic molecule ( no carbon on it) - exhibits polarity - unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and the two hydrogen atoms - oxygen atom is more electronegative - one water molecule can form four hydrogen bonds with adjustment water molecules
Subatomic particles of an atom include :
- Neutrons = no charge - Protons = + charge - Electrons = - charge
High Specific Heat
- amount of energy (in cals) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a a substance by degree Celsius - water has one of the highest specific heat values - because you need energy to break the hydrogen bonds between molecules
Endocrine System
- consist of glads and cell clusters that secrete hormones - maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, digestive processes, and control reproductive function
Cardiovascular System
- consist of the heart and blood vessels - moves blood through vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products
Heat of Vaporization
- energy required for release of molecules from a liquid phase to a gas phase for 1 gram of substance - water has a high heat of vaporization -because you have to break the hydrogen bond first to release the water molecules into the gaseous state
Hydrogen bond
- forms between polar molecules - attraction between a partially positive atom of one polar molecule with a partially negative atom of a second polar molecule
Digestive System
- mechanically and chemically digests food - absorbs nutrients - expels waste products
- Nonpolar covalent bonds: - Polar covalent bonds:
- nonpolar covalent bonds: both atoms in the bond have an EQUAL attraction for electrons - Polar covalent bonds: atoms in the bond share electrons UNEQUALLY
Skeletal System
- provides supports and protection - site of hemopoisis(blood cell production) -*stores calcium and phosphorus site for ligament and muscle attachment
Nervous System
- regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands - helps control all other body systems - responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory
Respiratory System
- responsible for exchange of gasses between blood and the air in the lungs
The periodic table is organized into:
- rows based on atomic number - columns based on the number in the outer shell ( also known as the VALENCE SHELL)
Transports
- substance dissolves in the water and moves through the body in water-based fluids (step 1 of the functions of water in the body)
Lymphatic System
- transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid) - may participate in an immune response
When salt (NaCI) is placed in water :
- water molecules' partial Negative charge interact with the Cation(Na+) - water molecules' partial Positive charge interact with the Anion(CI-)
Muscular System
-produces body movement -generates heat when muscles contract
1st (innermost) shell can hold up to_______ electrons
2 ((this is when you are diagramming atomic structures))
Only _____ elements occur in living organisms in greater than trace amounts
8
All subsequent shells have a capacity of at least _____ electrons
8 (( this is when diagramming atomic structures))
A complete outer shell results in:
Chemically Stability (noble gases) - exhibit low reactivity do not usually combine with other elements
Tissue Level
Consist of molecules, (which are groups of similar cells that perform common functions)
Organ System Level
Contains multiple related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common functions
Organismal Level
Highest level of structural organization in the body
An organism must be able to adjust internal bodily function in response to environmental changes, this is called :
Homeostasis (regulation)
A process called ______________ _____________ happens in which hydrogen bonds between water molecules "force out" non-polar molecules
Hydrophobic Exclusion
Reproductive System (female and males)
MALE: - produces sperm and testosterone - transfers sperm to female reproductive tract FEMALE: - produces oocytes (eggs), estrogen, and progesterone - site of fertilization -site of growth of embryo and fetus - production and secretion of breast milk
Atoms that lack a full outer shell with eight electrons tend to lose, gain, share electrons to obtain a complete outer shell. This is called ?
Octet Rule
The more electronegative atom develops a
Partial Negative charge
The atoms with the stronger electronegativity
Pulls the shared electrons closer to its nucleus
Atomic Number
The number of PROTONS in an atom of that element
Base:
a substance that accepts when added to a solution. - Decreases the concentration of H+ that are FREE in a solution - because bases remove free H+ from a solution it is called Proton Acceptor -Stronger bases Bind More that do weal bases, leaving less H+ in solution
Acid :
a substance that dissociates on water to produce both an H+ and an anion. - increase the concentration of H+ that are FREE in a solution - because H+ of a proton, an acid is also called a Proton Donor - stronger acids dissociate to a greater extent and produce More H+
Matter
a substance that has mass and occupies space - all matter is composed of atoms
Solvent:
a substance that is able to dissolve solutes ( sugar, salt, oxygen etc.)
The pH of a solution is measures by the relative :
amounts of H+ it contains - expressed by a number between 0-14
Atoms
are the smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of an element
Chemically Bond:
associates between two or more elements
Adhesion:
attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water
Amphipathic molecules have :
both polar and non-polar regions
The effectors:
causes the change (or effect)
Organ Level
composed of organs, which contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions
Cellular Level
consist of cells, (which are the smallest living structures), and serves as the basic unit of structure and functions in organisms.
Molecules:
contain atoms of only 1 element ( ex: O2)
Atoms can also reach chemical stability by sharing electrons resulting in a :
covalent bonds
Gross anatomy
deals with structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Microscopic anatomy
deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
All organisms exhibit responsiveness, which is the ability to ______ and ______ to stimuli
detect, react
A receptor:
detects the stimulus
Polar and ions both do what within water ?
disperse or dissolve (this is called Hydrophillic)
Acids and bases do what in water
dissolve and dissociate
Amphipathic molecules do not completely ...
dissolve in water, - that polar portion dissolves in water - the non-polar is repelled by water and grouped together - this process forms a Plasma Membrane on a cell
Non-polar molecules
do not dissolve in water ( this is called Hydrophobic)
Hydration shell forms around ....
each ion
Positively charged cations and negatively anions may bind together by:
electrostatic interactions called iconic bonds
Atoms share electrons in a covalent bonds either :
equally or unequally between that atoms
The variable ___________ around the set point over time
fluctuates
The elements in column VIIIA each have a valence shell that is :
full
Physiology is the ___________ of the body parts
functions
All organisms produce new cells for :
growth, maintenance, repair, and reproduction
Following a climatic event, the body again returns to ______, when we are in positive stimulus
homeostasis
Water molecules surround each polar molecule and form a __________ ________ around it. The polar molecules _______ _________ as they are surrounded
hydration shell, remain intact
Ions:
individual atoms or groups of atoms that have a positive or negative charge
The Control Center:
integrates input information and initiates output to the effectors
Surface Tension:
inward pulling of cohesive forces at the surface of water - occurs because water molecules at the surface are pulled by hydrogen bonds on only 3 directions
Homeostasis:
is restored
A stimulus:
is the change in variable
Chemical Symbol
is unique to each element
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body is called :
metabolism
Compounds:
molecules that contain atoms for more than 1 element (ex: H2O)
Most processes in the body are controlled by
negative feedback
The electrons shells closest to the _________ must be filled ________
nucleus, first (( this is when diagramming atomic structures))
The resulting action will always be in the ________, direction of the stimulus
opposite
The less electronegative atom develops a
partial positive charge
When the stimulus is ___________ it continues in the same direction until a climatic event occurs
positive
Cabolism
process of larger molecules broken down into smaller molecules (C= catastrophe, break things)
Anabolism
process of smaller molecules JOINED to form larger ones ( A= add, molecules being added/joined)
As a result of the hydration shell forming around each ion, salt does not _______ _______ when placed in water, but __________
remain intact, dissociates
The variable is maintained within a normal level, or what is called its _________
set point
Chemical Level
simplest level, includes atoms and molecules
Anatomy is the study of ___________ and ____________ of organisms.
structure, form
All organisms exhibit a complex _______ and ________
structure, order
The number of neutrons can be determined by :
subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass
An Ion can have a negative charge from :
the GAIN of one or more electrons (also called Anions)
An ion can have a positive charge from :
the LOSS of one or more electrons ( called Cations)
The number of protons equals :
the atomic number
The number of electrons also equals also equals :
the atomic number (all atoms are neutral)
Cushions
the force of sudden body movements is absorbed by water-based fluids(step3)
Atomic Mass
the mass of BOTH protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus
Excretes wastes
unwanted substances leaves the body dissolved in water(step4)
Cohesion:
water molecules "stick together" because of the hydrogen bonds between the molecules
Lubricates
water-based fluids between body structures decrease friction(step2)
Intermolecular attractions:
weak chemical attractions between TWO molecules
