BIO 240 Unit 4
Fasting - [Glucose]blood < 5mM
** Need to [Glucose]blood - how? • glucagon released from pancreas α islet cells into the blood • glucagon binds to receptor (G protein class) on liver (causes [cAMP] -this is an intracellular signal to tell the cell to respond) • increased hydrolysis of glycogen (glycogenolysis) • [Glucose]liver •glucose transported from liver into blood (direction of gradient?). • [Glucose]blood (down).
Endothermic homeotherms
- Diffuse through - Leakier membrane means rack up oxidative metabolism to pump even more hydrogen ions/ forces cell to rack up to go through ATP synthase. Ultimate driving force for metabolism
If the selection force on the animal to evolve to become endothermic Changes that occur:
- Folding membrane more - Size - Number
Food web structure and dynamics effect species 2 different types that exert an effect:
- Keystone - Dominant - "What's the diversity of species" when one is removed Red: going down: keystone Diversity in species Dominant: Most abundant species If dominant species removed: Do we see other species that are effected Redline shows diversity when atar is being removed Star is a keystone species In the course of 3 years: dramatic drop in diversity: remains low as long as the species isn't present
Adaptation: evolutionary change (at a population level): poikilothermy
- Occurs over generations - Change in genetics: mutations - If that mutation results in a benefit to those individuals Green line: summer fish: acclimatized to increase in temperature Starred: climatized to corresponding Same metabolic rate regardless of what temperature they are living in: after acclimate to different seasons: maintain the same activity whether they are in the winter or summer Black dots: showing metabolic rates of accurately transferred fish: home acclimatized temperature.
homeothermy cost and benefits
- Stable thermal environment for enzymes - Can be active in cold - Expensive Very expensive: must maintain high metabolic rate Benefits: by maintaining: exploit an array of thermal niches Stable: allows enzymes to operate at optimal temperatures
How did endothermy evolve?/Where do we look to understand where this occurs?
- What generates the body to produce heat? - Anabolic Catabolism: ATP = occurs in the mitochondria: a lot of heat generated along the way - Endotherms use a lot of work : adaptations to maintain heat/body temperature
response
A control center that generates output that triggers a _______. The _______ returns the variable to the set point.
respirometry
A method of measuring metabolism through the consumption of oxygen. Good estimate of the rate of heat generation or metabolic rate. Respirometry of bird Metabolic meal: specific dynamic action: rise in metabolic rate in process of processing a meal. High protein meal: meat sweats Because metabolic rate goes up
Insulin
A peptide hormone produced and secreted by the Beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin targets cells in the body, especially the liver and muscle, and allows them to take glucose out of gthe blood (thus lowering blood glucose levels).
HEAT PRODUCTION OCCURRING IN ANIMALS:
ATP synthase not being the route of proton flow: instead is released as heat Become heat producers
Bees: colonies are warm from this system
Activate this enzyme to activate this energy Temperature stress: more energy is produced Deactivate or activate the enzyme
Caterpillar production efficiency
Amount of jules going into different production efficiencies 33 J (GR) / 100 J (AE) = production efficiency = 33% production efficiency Assimilation energy is in the denominator
Due to sun's energy input:
Area around equator, higher speed of movement compared to northern and southern hemisphere: causes differences in air currents: south and north east trades. Currents have an influence on how water behaves in atmospher
More IR re-emitted back to earth, raising global temperatures
As CO2 levels rise: Figure shows how CO2 levels in atmosphere are causing the rise in the climate temperature; main temperature in entire climate
Seasonal Variation in Sunlight Intensity
As the earth goes 1 years trip around the sun, because it is tilted, the rotation is at a complete shift of 23.5 degrees celsius During the march, spring, fall equinox: equal amount of sunlight and darkness Winter and summer solstice Seasonal variation is due to sunlight intensity
blood glucose concentration
B cells of pancrease are sensitive to ________ _____ _____.
influences ocean currently
Because of this variation in energy intensity from north pole to south pole
Glucose levels after meal
Blood glucose levels *High glycemic index: simple sugars cause very fast, high spikes, (glucose) in blood. *Low glycemic index: complex carbohydrates
Thermoregulation
Body temp is determined by the balance between internal heat production and heat exchange with the environment. Heat always transfers from high temperature to low temperature
Earth's climate is changing rapidly
CO2 and H2O and other greenhouse gases don't absorb solar radiation but do absorb infrared (IR) radiation emitted from Earth.
Water and a variety of greenhouse gasses: CO2 levels have gone through the roof
CO2 and water don't absorb solar radiation: coming from infrared radiation coming from the earth The more greenhouse gases, the more infrared radiation is absorbed.
Yes and no depending on the summary of factors that limit distribution of organisms.
Can a species move into a new area? Chart distribution: As dispersal limit has distribution: can its offspring be able to be dispersed: plants that give off pollen Is it biotic or abiotic factors Either can be chemical or physical factors that limit its distribution
poikilothermy cost and benefits
Cheap More energy put towards growth and reproduction since less is going to maintenance. No minimum size constraints. Tend to be active in cold.
whole organism metabolism
Chemical reactions occur in every cell of the body Sum total of all chemical reaction occuring in the body is organisms metabolism
Marine ecosystems are generally limited by nitrates:
Coastal oceans and upwelling areas have higher nutrients. Compared to phytoplankton and increase in pneumonia Generally limited by nitrates: range of productivity in ecosystems Yellow to red = high productivity Other colors indicate no productivity Not homogenous across ecosystems, productivity is much higher to land masses Attributed to run off to land masses; river inputs, rain Coastal regions are hot sports for activity; yet because of limiting nutrients; can then enter into free water systems which eventually wash out into the ocean: HIGH AMOUNTS OF PHOSPHATES, NITRATES: RELEASING LIMIT OF PRODUCTIVITY IN COASTAL REGIONS
integumentary system
Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail Where animals gold on to heat.
As the earth warms, changes in distribution or range of environments where certain species can live
Corresponding to rise of CO2 levels; How does that affect living organisms?
Fertilizer or sewage runoff into the watershed is linked to increasing in dead zone.
Dead zones in Gulf of Mexico near the Mississippi River Delta (above) Dead zone in the Chesapeake Bay Evidence of runoff in mexico
Mitochondria thermogenesis
Different protein that generates phosphorylation an energy demanding process by which endotherms produce heat to maintain their body temperature in response to cold exposure imbedded into inner membrane in complex 2 and 3 Short supercuts electron transport chain Adaptations are occurring: proteins evolving
Countercurrent exchange
Due to arrangement of blood vessels, usually in extremities/limbs. - Occurs in many marine mammals and birds - Countercurrent heat exchangers transfer between fluids flowing in opposite directions - Traps heat in core of body - reduce heat loss specific arrangement of arteries and veins to control heat of animal. Veins: back to body Arteries send out when oxygenated
Most cells cannot survive above 45 degrees celsius
Due to denaturation of proteins Some algae and bacteria have adapted to living at higher temperatures. In general, most cellular functions limited to a temp range between 0 degrees celsius to 45 degrees celsius thermal limits for life. Narrower range of temp.
Limits on Food Chain Length
Each food chain in a food web is usually only a few links long. Only 10% of the energy stored in organic matter at each trophic level is converted to the organic matter at the next trophic level. For example, a producer level consisting of 100 kg of plant material can support about 10 kg of herbivore biomass and 1 kg of carnivore mass. Greater the energy transfer, greater length: converted to organic matter at the next trophic level Measure biomass at different levels
Trophic pyramids and biomass
Each trophic level contains less biomass than the one below *Due to incomplete assimilation and because not all biomass in the lower level is consumed by the next trophic level.
climate
Earth's climate varies by latitude and season The long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area constitute as: ________
Trophic Interactions
Energy enters the ecosystem through Net Primary Production and flows through ________ ________. How energy flows through the community: "who eats who"
Eutrophication effects on Ecosystems
Eutrophication from fertilizers and sewage Nutrients dumped into the body of water.
Keystone species
Exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches. Not usually abundant in a community Removal will result in a loss of diversity in the ecosystem. If doesn't decrease diversity, is NOT a keystone.
micronutrient iron
Experiments in the sargasso sea in the subtropical Atlantic ocean showed that the __________ _______ can also limit primary production. Iron is also limiting primary production; discern which nutrients are for primary production Greatest uptake of carbon: much higher productivity when iron is present
Sunlight, temperature, water, nutrients
Factors that influence NPP (Net primary productivity) Key factors in climate patterns Availability of nutrients in that ecosystem: Relative contribution of sunlight Range of temperature
Trophic Structure
Feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem
- Insulation - Circulatory adaptations - Cooling by evaporative heat loss - Adjusting metabolic heat production - Behavioral responses
Five adaptations help animals thermoregulate:
Plant thermogenesis
Flower organs are generating a huge amount of heat Represents huge thermal gradient
set point;stimulus
For a given variable, fluctuations above or below a ___ _____ serve as a ________; these are detected by a sensor.
Temperature, precipitation, sunlight, wind
Four major physical components of climate: ______, _____, _____, _______. Global climate patterns are determined largely by solar energy and Earth's movement in space.
NPP of Different Biomes
Gives rise to characteristic plant life and animal life Green bars indicate land Blue bars indicate wet life/aquatic systems Graph indicates net primary production of different biomes Productivity of energy being produced as body mass Open ocean has the lowest net primary productivity (per meter square) Oceans yielding in high NPP
Variation in earth's climate by latitude and season:
Global climate patterns are determined largely by solar energy and Earth's movement in space
intestine
Glucose is absorbed from the ___________, into the cell. Main action: to stimulate cells to take up glucose
Passive transport of glucose via carrier transporter
Glucose transport into/out of cells/organs is dependent on [glucose] gradient across the membrane of the cells (eg. muscle, liver, RBCs) The specific glucose transporter is called GLUT# (# refers to isoform of transporter)
Diffusion
Heat will move down any gradient that is available.
Local micoclimates
Higher magnification Differences in how much sunlight hits; how much sun is received Changes in precipitation and air movement Apply these idea in global level to valley Describe microbiome
What are the different types of diabetes?
Homeostasis impacted Provide detail regarding what aspect of glucose homeostasis is impacted. Answer: type 1 (pancreas can't break down because insulin production compromised), autoimmune disease type 2 (too much to break down, insulin demand exceeds production) - wester diet gestational diabetes (diabetes while pregnant).
Pathway
Homeostatic regulation in a metabolic level
How did homeotherms evolve from poikilotherms?
Homeotherm mitochondria vs. poikilotherm mitochondria. - More mitochondria - More extensive inner membrane system - Leakier membranes (to H+)
Air circulation patterns
Hot air rises: further into the atmosphere, starts to cool: Ascending moist air: releases moisture and a high amount of precipitation in the equator. Descending try air absorbs more and more moisture Different land masses in 30 degrees north
Alternate oxidase (AOX)
How do thermogenic plants perform thermogenesis? Defenition: *Passes electrons to O2 to make water. Instead of using energy from electron flow to pump H+ for eventual ATP synthesis, AOX releases energy as heat
Global patterns of NPP
How much biomass is generated Far more ocean system then ecosystem Half biomass comes from green ecosystems Color Coating showing concentration of chlorophyll A (more=yellow-red) Deepest parts of ocean: lowest amount of NPP Deserted regions: not much vegetation Differences over space All along the coast line Arctic regions
- Only a small % of light that strikes hits plants - Green wavelengths: greater - Less than 1% is used for photosynthesis (used to make plant tissue)
How much light is used in photosynthesis? How much energy/sunlight is sticking to the earth's surface?
carbon sink
If NEP is bigger than 0, means GPP is bigger than respiration: ecosystem is a ___________ _______.
carbon source
If NEP is less than 0, (respiration is greater than the amount of CO2 fixed by photosynthesis) ecosystem is releasing CO2 and becoming a - burning fossil fuels - Drilling for oil - Ecosystems becoming a carbon source more than a carbon sink
GLUT-4
Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation After a while ______ will be recycled and more insulin will be needed to allow glucose to enter cell.
Trophic Cascade in Alaskan Kelp Ecosystems
In Kelp Ecosystems, does the sea otter appear to be a keystone species? What effect does killer whale predictions on otters have on kelp density? Desolation of a species in the environment Determining if they are a main factor in the environment Food chain Arrows show relative influence and density of species Each have an effect Low level of sea urchin: high level of kelp
Nonshivering thermogenesis
In certain species of bees, the colony hive is kept warm via non-shivering thermogenesis Heat is not generated by muscle contraction (via ATP hydrolysis) but instead, is generated by a "futile cycle" at step 3 of glycolysis
Dead zones are increasing in size, persistence and locations in the oceans
Increased use of fertilizers and their runoff as well as increased ocean temperatures contribute to eutrophication and areas of hypoxia/anoxia (low or no O2). Because of the runoff of terrestrial fertilizers. Dead Zones are increasing in size and persistence. Increased use: contribute to eutrophication and areas of hypoxia anoxia Large pockets in the ocean for regions to not grow
Presence of greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere
Infrared radiation back into our planet Accumulation of a variety of greenhouse gasses. Energy is remaining in the atmosphere: causing a rise in temperature.
Insulin and glucagon process:
Insulin and glucagon Insulin: produced by beta Insulin is released when blood glucose levels go up (having something to eat) Readily available from small intestine to your blood Rise: following a meal 1-2 hours A signal is sent to the pancreas: circulatory system, will bind with insulin receptors (target cells), signal in cell will send a signal to bind to the cell. When is glucagon released: when fasting a glucose levels drop - Made by alpha cells - Too low blood levels
Normal blood glucose curve
Insulin sends signal to target cells to take in glucose at a high rate
Process of insulin needed for glucose uptake:
Intercellular How insulin inserts effect when binding to receptor I nsulin has been released then binds to insulin receptor: when binds, intercellular signaling system activated: multitude effects on the cell which is indicated in the rectangle: (insulin signal pathway) Glucose transports into the membrane to increase glucose even more. When binds to receptor: movement which enhances a higher level of glucose. Once insulin levels drop: insulin will be released Taken off the membrane and can be recycled
The greenhouse effect
Keeps Earth warmer than it should be based on distance from the sun most radiation is absorbed by earth's surface; some is reflected As heat is being emitted from the earth and to the atmosphere, some radiation passes through the atmosphere Greenhouse gas molecules are capable of absorbing heat
How metabolic rate varies in temperature whether poikilotherm or ectotherm:
Look at relationship (graph 2): non linear - Black line indicated metabolic rate of poikilotherm as temperature increases (ambient) - Optimum temperature: temperature where you find that animal - Once you find it: it decrease - Trying to regulate body temp my limiting activeness Upper Limit tolerance: dropped down to nothing - Optimum temp to lower limit temp: slope from right to left: lets cellular metabolism rate track that. Lower temp: less kinetic energy Metabolism drops because temperature is pervasive (especially of an unwelcome influence or physical effect) spreading widely throughout an area or a group of people.)
evaporation
Loss of heat
Large Bodies of Water and Mountains Affect Climate
Mountains also affect the amount of sunlight reaching an area. In north hemisphere, south facing slopes recieve more sunlight than north-facing slopes.
Non-diabetic
NORMAL peak and decline
Homeothermy graph
Narrow range in ambient temperatures where body rate is insensitive: contant in narrow range 32 degrees celsius to 45 degrees celsius: THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE: outside of it, body increases slope/rate changes/ differs Sweating: ambient temperature is higher than body temperature: find a way to offload heat from metabolism Affective in releasing heat: volume/ratio Good at unloading heat: when temperature goes up: gradient gets smaller and smaller (layering body in salt water, water has a high heat capacity) Sweating costs energy: use ATP: water follows to produce the sweat Have a greater ATP demand from sweating: why metabolic rate goes up when sweating If we compare humans to other animals Dogs: don't have as many sweat glands as humans do: use panting as a way to offload heat Combination of strategies to maintain body temperature Even if graph: Temperature is high in Tb: still constant When in a cold environment:
Limiting Nutrients for Plant Growth
Nitrogen (Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonium) Although N2 is extremely abundant, it isn't available for use by most organisms. - Phosphate - Iron - Calcium - Potassium Looking at nutrients: - What nutrients can limit plant growth - Limiting nutrients in pristine ecosystems - Pollutants result in phosphates being released into ecosystems impacting plant productivity - N: molecules utilized by organisms
Abiotic
Non-living
Not all energy is assimilated by organisms
Not all work is utilized Will not be utilizing all energy Lost though: Heat Net primary production: consumed Certain percentage that is consumed Consumed that is assimilated Assimilated: what is put to use Production: what is used to produce
Bottom up control
Of ecosystems (each trophic level is controlled by productivity of previous level). For example, limiting nutrients or other resources control productivity.
Top down control
Of ecosystems comes from action of predators: Trophic Cascade. Different hypotheses Predators of herbivores How much energy/biomass available by produces is dictated by bottom up control Top and bottom depend on single food web Control happening at all trophic levels: exerting a greater effect than others Evidence from various studies
signal is sent to beta cells to release insulin.
Once particles are high __________.
Radiation, Evaporation, Convection, Conduction
Organisms exchange heat with the environment by four physical proccess:
How to measure an organism's metabolic rate?
Perform calorimetry. Metabolic processes produce heat. Calorimeter measures rate of heat production (or rate of metabolic activity) Example of basic schematic of measuring metabolic rate of an animal Air flow in and out Collect the air that is coming out then measure how much co2, water is being produced Lets access metabolic rate: Heat production Volume of ice, measure: how much heat Refine technology
Thermogenic plants
Plants are capable of thermogenesis & skunk cabbage Corpse flower generates a smell Pollinators are attracted: flies Mechanism to emit that odor is heat Skunk cabbage is able to melt snow around itself
Species distributions change in response to climate change
Poleward and/or higher altitude shifts or range concentrations are generally associated with warming climate. Note current and predicted ranges of American beech. American beech: Current range If temperature goes up, beech can only live in eastern canada - Will be found elsewhere - As temperatures increase: plants have a certain range in where they can live
Green world hypothesis
Predators of herbivores control their numbers and limit herbivory, retaining biomass of terrestrial plants.
Limitation by temperature
Primary production in terrestrial ecosystems As average annual temperature increases, there is a greater biomass production
Limitation by annual precipitation
Primary production in terrestrial ecosystems Lower range of precipitation: linear relationship More rain: greater primary production (higher net) Higher ranges: saturates the system
Net Primary Production (NPP)
Primary production: Chemical energy made by Autotrophs: new organic matter Amount of energy captured by autotrophs that results in an increase in living plant matter (Biomass). Some energy is lost in respiration _______ = GPP - Respiration of that gross amount how much goes in to make plant biomass Varies in space and time
Gross Primary Production (GPP)
Primary production: Chemical energy made by Autotrophs: new organic matter Total amount of carbon fixed by autotrophs in an ecosystem. How much carbon from CO2 is fixed.
Glucagon
Released from a cells of pancreas into blood stream when blood glucose levels fall Sigma sent to alpha cells to pancreas to release glucagon What it does: binds to liver cell: receptors in order to activate: glycogen phosphorylase Converted to glucose then exported to the blood (from glycogen to glucose)
Diabetic
SPIKED peak and decline
What Endotherms do to control body temperature:
Seek warm places when cold and orient themselves toward heat sources. Bathe, move to cooler areas. Attempt to arrange body temperature to engage in flight and minimize heat absorption Heat delivered to wings then transferred to body Heat air above their thorax: engage in that position Need to cool off: change location
How insulin does glucose homeostasis
Sends a signal inside the cell to send transporters to the membrane (send signals that more will be taken up by cell) Muscles can store glycogen Activates the synthesis of glycogen Convert it to triglycerides Fine regulation of blood glucose levels
Food webs
Show more complex interactions among organisms than a food chain. A species may play a role at more than 1 trophic level. Food webs can be simplified by grouping species with similar trophic relationships into broad functional groups. Ecologists like to simplify relationships Phytoplankton are primary producers in marine ecosystems Arrows indicate whos eating who throughout the food web
Endothermy, Poikilothermy, Homeothermy, and Ectothermy figure (web)
Shows where we find different groups of animals Break it down into basic quadrants Arrows Ectothermic homeotherms: rely on environment but body temperature is constant: this is because "what environment do they live in?" Environment temperature constant: body temperature constant Flying insects physiology: warm up their flight levels Development: eggs Generate metabolism to increase success and development rate for eggs
various adaptations help plants access limiting nutrients from soil:
Some plants form mutualism with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Many plants release enzymes that increase the availability of limiting nutrients. Mutualism with nitrogen fixing bacteria Fungi: supply plants with phosphorus and other limiting elements Increase their uptake in nutrients Release enzymes into soil to increase the availability of limiting nutrients
Insulin action
Stimulates cells to take up glucose. Stimulates liver cells to convert glucose to glycogen
Trophic pyramids of biomass in aquatic ecosystems may be Inverted
Studies that support these hypotheses Primary producers become tiny microscopic organisms Consumption rate after equals cell producer rate : keeps the numbers of producers at a low level As soon as reproduced; keeps the numbers low; capable of producer energy.
Latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity
Sun light intensity varies with latitude Strongest in the tropics (dotted lines)
Q10
Temperature coefficient, is a measure of a temperature sensitivity of a rate. For every 10 degrees increase, there is a 2-3 fold increase in rate (example metabolism, heart, muscle contraction, gill beat, and ventilation). Q10 of 3: 3 increase in 30 degree 3 is more sensitive: bigger the Q10: greater the sensitivity Q10 in 1: no change; process intensity to temperature In general, variety of processes Values between 2 and 3
Important for flight in winter...
Temperature is maintained in the thorax:
step 3 of glycolysis to generate reaction
Temperature stress need to generate more heat: signal is sent to activate enzyme Takes the product from step 3 ______. Develop a cycle of substrate and product back and forth: net result = generate heat Higher metabolic rate: greater heat production Establishing this cycle: end will generate heat
Terrestrial Habitats - Limiting Nutrient is usually available Nitrogen
Terrestrial environments plant production is limited by nitrogen Agricultural crop growth; farmers supplement soil with nitrogen: can get very high crop yield: NPP Legumes have a symbiont: mutualistic/symbiotic relationship Nitrogen modified into a form that will allow them to grow Converts to NH3: gas readily diffuse into plants to use as biosynthesis (making amino acids, proteins)
solar constant
The average amount of solar radiation received by the earth's atmosphere, per unit area: "how much is hitting earth" 1370 joules/(m^2 x sec) Sun: energy output - huge amount of energy Less than half the energy coming from the sun hits the earth.
organismal ecology
The branch of ecology concerned with the morphological, physiological, and behavioral ways in which individual organisms meet the challenges posed by their biotic and abiotic environments.
Adjusting metabolic heat production to maintain body temp:
Thermogenesis - Increased by muscle activity such as moving or shivering Common in mammals Birds, some nonavian reptiles and some insects also raise body temperature through shivering
Sunlight intensity explanation
To reinforce understanding: Trip around the sun is not equidistant. Seasonal variation in say lay, solar radiation, temperature Seasonality at high latitudes is caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation.
Signaling by hormones and neurons
Usually hormones are synthesized in cell Release the hormone/disruption in homeostasis Receptor in membrane Insulin receptors Within the area of cell/molecular biology How hormones regulate and exert a response
Seen in insects (graph)
Vertebrate: open circulatory system High temperatures in thorax: flight muscles are housed Preflight warm up occurs: x axis Help with locomotion to help with activity for animals to maintain body temperature in habitat
solar energy
Warms the atmosphere, land, and bodies of water. Variation in solar energy intensity establishes - Temperature variations - Global air currents (air movements) - Water currents - Evaporation patterns
uncoupling protein (UCP)
What's happening to the brown fat to generate heat? Mechanism by which atp is reduced ____ get's generated. disconnects proton from in atp production a mitochondrial protein that facilitates the conversion of nutrients into heat in mammals: nonshivering thermogenesis.
Trophic Pyramid of Energy
What's the efficiency of trophic structure: 10% of each level is transferred to the next level.
Why is insulin needed for glucose uptake?
When insulin binds to its receptor, it signals for vesicles containing the glucose transporter to go to the cell surface so the transporter can allow glucose to enter the cell by facilitated diffusion. Increases the glucose uptake rate!
blood
Where is ice crystals allowed to form?
This unit focuses on
Whole Organismal Metabolism Look at whole animal and estimate body rate Understanding what homeostasis is Very careful of diet and glucose levels How our whole body metabolism is regulated: how do we measure it How environmental temperature has an impact on animals and organisms in general - Endotherm: coming from metabolism (from inside) - Poikilotherm: raise their body temperature to raise body rate comes from the environment
Mechanisms of homeostasis
________ moderate changes in the internal environment. Mechanisms: To sense and respond to challenges in that given system to maintain a value in a range of that environment Example: thermostat "How a thermostat works" Sweating is a response to offloading excess heat If dropping below, shiver: muscles contracting to produce heat This applies to our own thermoregulation
Extrinsic regulation of metabolism
_____________: hormonal regulation. Focusing on blood glucose regulations Increase in blood glucose levels when eat Drop when you don't eat after a few hours
Insulation
a major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds - Skin, feathers, fur, blubber reduce heat flow between an animal and its environment. Threat of heat loss is a lot higher in water than in air
hormone
a molecule produced by one part of the body that is released into the bloodstream and acts on another part of the body.
When blood glucose levels rise:
a signal is sent to the beta cells to release insulin into the bloodstream
acclimation
adjustment in physiology and or biochemistry in response to changes in 1-2 well defined variables in a laboratory held organism.
acclimatization
adjustment in physiology and/or biochemistry in response to changes in 1-2 well defined variables in an organism in its native habitat. Green line: summer fish: acclimatized to increase in temperature Starred: climatized to corresponding Same metabolic rate regardless of what temperature they are living in: after acclimate to different seasons: maintain the same activity whether they are in the winter or summer Black dots: showing metabolic rates of accurately transferred fish: home acclimatized temperature.
Global Patterns of Surface Ocean Circulation
affected by global wind patterns, Coriolis Force generate by Earth's rotation, and location of land masses. Is a major force in poleward distribution of heat and in moderation of global temperate and atmospheric CO2
Energy flow and chemical cycling
among trophic levels in an ecosystem
positive feedback
amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis in animals. Feedback inhibition: blood clotting response: activates protein
Homeotherm
an animal whose body temp is constant (not due to endothermy) defend a constant body temperature regardless of what is going on in the environment
Poikilotherm
an animal whose body temp is variable and dependent on ambient temp. *don't defend their body temp, just go with temperature: turtles, lizards, fish. Gain heat from the sun.
Hyperglycemic
are your blood levels high?
Hypoglycemic
are your blood levels low?
Hadley Cell
because of the intense amount of sunlight that hits the equator, a lot of water escapes into the gas phase: water vapor. Great amount of water vapor generated around the equator: tropics (plant life/organismal life)
Ectothermal
body temp depends on heat from environment. *snake, lizards (outer)
Endothermal
body temp depends on heat production from metabolism. *to maintain high body temp; mammals and birds (internal)
Heterothermal
body temp is can be dependent upon environment or metabolism. *animals were dependent on heat from environment or metabolism, related to both above; relative to environment
poikilothermy
body temperature varies with environmental temperature Body temperature and ambient temperature. As a increases, body temperature increases To raise body temperature, must rely on heat from the environment Lizards: low body temperature when they wake, muscles for locomotion Animals bask in the sun to locomote
elevated blood glucose concentration
causes B cells to release insulin into bloodstream. "Blobs" are insulin particles
Population ecology
communities of different species
homeothermy
constant, high body temperature Body temperature of homeotherm As ambient temperature varies, there's a constant in body temperature If below body temp, changes in metabolism to keep body temperature going
Adaptation: evolutionary change (at a population level): homeothermy
constant, high body temperature. Resting metabolism of endotherm is 5 - 10 x higher than ectotherm Narrow range in ambient temperatures where body rate is insensitive: contant in narrow range
Mountains can affect where sunlight is hitting on landmass/air currents
cool air coming across the ocean, greater amount of precipitation. Dryer air makes its way up the range. Rain shadow region in land masses
In certain regions of the body V and A
countercurrent to each other: organized where close to each other. Veins run superficial: Thermoregulatory regulation Carrying heat with it Veins serve as a mechanism to offload heat: ways to offload heat (veins are more pronounced in heated areas) Exchanging heat while artery and veins are contracting together
cAMP
cyclic adenosine monophosphate When levels go up: sends a signal meaning something has to happen Breaks down glycogen
Detritus
detritivores eat ___________: decaying material, waste products, and dead organisms.
How does climate change impact net primary production?
due to decrease cloud cover At the equator: increase in NPP due to shift in climate patterns Net ecosystem production: gross primary production minus respiration of all organisms. NEP determines whether there is more carbon emission being fixed or released into the atmosphere
Endotherms to ectotherm metabolic rate
ectotherms are much lower Influenced by a ray of factors Ectotherms have much lower metabolic rates than endotherms of comparable size. Rates influenced by age, sex, size, activity, temperature, and nutrition.
Ecosystem ecology
emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment more than one community system operating in one system Biotic and abiotic factors in a given area
system ecology
energy flow between the ionic material: living organisms in a given space.
Global ecology
examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere ecological factors living in this planet
Climograph
for some major types of biomes in North America Because of all dynamic movement of water, wind: all has worked for years for setting up biomes. Same characteristic plants in animal species Shapes indicate where you find these bios in different temperatures and years Graph indicates bios
negative feedback
homeostasis in animals relies largely on ___________. Feedback inhibition: enzyme
Focus on temperature
how the environmental temperature leads to a challenge in metabolic rate. Huge variation in temperature Important terms
Invasive Species
induced to a new environment by humans, may become dominant because they lack natural predators or parasites.
Terrestrial regions
large bodies of water and land masses can affect climate
Biotic
living things
Insulin
made by B cells of the pancreas
glucagon
made by a cells of pancreas
Testing the energetic hypothesis:
manipulate productivity Researchers varied the amount of leaf litter available to consumers in tree-hole communities and measured the number of links in the food chain. Available dictates how many number if tropic links. Trees are primary producers Well examined Manipulate natural tree whole communities Under normal conditions: the rate of litterfall under those conditions; tree whole rate. 1/10 dramatically reduce in trophic links Seen in different communities and ecosystems: varies in size and food web
antifreeze
molecules found in some animals or other adaptations that allow them to survive in colder temperatures.
Convection (passing of air or water against animal)
moving on the animal: flow will vary amount of heat loss.
Covalent bonds
not strong bonds on their own; thousands are stabilized by protein structure: place protein in the environment.
homeostasis; internal balance
organisms use ____ to maintain a "steady state" or _______ regardless of external environment. - In humans, body temperature, blood pH, and glucose concentration are each maintained at a constant level. - not in steady state: stable - All examples of homeostatic systems - Not highly regulated: fluctuation in range
More folding in membrane
oxidative metabolated machinery can be inserted
When synthesized
packaged into the vesicles, are then moved into the cell membrane. Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane; which then allows for blobs to enter the membrane
Food chain
pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level.
Global Air Circulation and Precipitation Patterns
play major roles in determining climate patterns - Rising air masses release water and cause high precipitation, especially in the tropics - Dry, descending air masses, create arid climates, especially near 30 degrees north and south - Air flowing close to Earth's surface creates predictable global wind patterns - Cooling trade winds blow from east to west in the tropics, and prevailing westerlies blow from west in the temperate zones.
Metabolic rate
rate at which all these chemical reactions occur in an organisms or sum of all energy an animal uses in a given time interval.
glucose homeostasis
regulation of blood sugar levels (a negative feedback loop) Through this function: brings down insulin levels: back to normal Cycle
Algo bloom
setting up issues for availability of oxygen for aquatic animals Depleted _______ prevent sunlight: plants end up dying and cannot tribute oxygen to water (depleting oxygen levels) Consequence: decomposition which further depletes oxygen in the water; death of ecosystem; no life is possible. Fish and all other organisms die. Governments introduce or ban different services bc effects water
Brown fat
specialized for rapid heat production - infants of many mammals - in adult mammals that hibernate - the amount of ____ ____ in human adults has been found to vary depending on the temperature of the surrounding environment. Obese able to maintain cooler temperatures Beige fat: thermoregulation
sudden heat
suddenly accelerated metabolism
Poikilotherms in the cold
suddenly or acutely exposed to cold temperatures *Try to measure thermal sensitivity How much do they increase and decrease Measurement used: acute change in temperature
Sudden cold
suddenly slowed metabolism
Glycogen: polysaccharide
synthesized by animals. When insulin interacts with the glucose cells: its then imported Activates the enzymes that activate glycogen Insulin is enhancing that import
Homeostasis
the maintenance of equilibrium within an animal by a tendency to compensate for disrupting changes - is non-equilibrium - the maintenance of a stable internal environment of an organism: done so by sensing and responding to disruptive changes.
standard metabolic rate (SMR)
the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature. Nongrowing, fasting, and non-stressed animal
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
the metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a comfortable temperate Nongrowing, fasting, and non-stressed animal
Eutrophication
the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients (such as phosphates) that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life.
thermoregulation
the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range. Depends on the organism's ability to control the exchange of heat with its environment. Dependent on how avenues of heat transfer are regulated
Microorganisms thrive in hot springs
they evolve proteins that are stable. Disulfide bridges
Dominant species
those that are most abundant or have the highest biomass. - Most competitive in exploiting resources. - Most successful at avoiding predators or disease.
phytoplnakton
tiny floating algae that are eaten by small animal plankton called zooplankton Primary production: production of new organic matter by autotrophs.
Phosphate
typically limiting in freshwater exosystems - Were manned in all detergents in the US Cleaning agents: loaded with phosphates ended in lakes, rivers and streams: which causes issues with freshwater ecosystems. Leads to eutrophication
Q10 analysis
when take poikilotherm place into new lower temperatures, low metabolic rate drops Measure Q10 value: 24 degrees/14 degrees: give Q10 value: take equation: Adjustment in thermosensitivity HOW: Q10
1971 research: which research limit production in ecosystem
which nutrient limits NPP and phytoplankton growth in this ecosystem? Phytoplankton density: Millions of cells per mL How does that impact NPP The highest growth of phytoplankton is realized when exposed to nitrogen rich environment Phosphate had really little effect on NPP.
Glucagon
work to control blood glucose. A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.
Post-meal - [Glucose]blood > 5mM due to absorption from meal ** need to ¯ blood [Glucose]blood ...how?
• insulin released from pancreas b islet cells into the blood • insulin binds to RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) on cell membranes of muscle, liver and fat cells. • intracellular signal causes vesicles containing GLUT4 to fuse with cell membrane. • GLUT4 population now greater on cell membrane - WHAT DOES THIS DO TO GLUCOSE TRANSPORT - KINETICS? • glucose uptake into liver/muscle is greater (direction of gradient?) • [Glucose]blood (up)
