Bio 3000 Chapter 53

Specific immunity in the extracellular fluid is provide by mainly A. IgG and IgM B. IgM and IgD C. IgA and IgE D. IgD and IgA E. IgE and IgG

A. IgG and IgM

Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched for cells and the molecules they secrete? A. Neutrophils; heparin B. Basophils; heparin C. Mast cells; histamine D. Natural killer cells; toxic chemicals E. Eosinophils; toxic chemicals

A. Neutrophils; heparin

Which option would be the LEAST effective initial line of defense against pathogens? A. Thin, unkeratinized skin of a salamander B. Strong stomach acid C. Thick mucus coating the trachea D. Lysosomes in the fluid bathing the eye E. Exoskeleton of a beetle

A. Thin, unkeratinized skin of a salamander

It is estimated that humans can produce over 1.5 million different types of antibodies. Which of the following statements regarding this extraordinary variation is INCORRECT? A. We inherit over 1.5 million different and distinct immunoglobulin genes from our parents at fertilization. B. V and J domains of antibody light chains are randomly joined. C. Random segments of DNA can be removed from antibody genes. D. V and J domains of antibody heavy chains are randomly joined. E. Cytosines in the variable regions of antibody genes can be converted to uracils via hypermutation.

A. We inherit over 1.5 million different and distinct immunoglobulin genes from our parents at fertilization.

In mammalian defenses against invading pathogens, all of these are considered nonspecific defense mechanisms EXCEPT A. acquired immunity. B. the skin. C. mucous membranes. D. the inflammatory response. E. antimicrobial proteins (e.g., interferon).

A. acquired immunity.

To infect a cell, HIV must A. bind both CD4 and a cytokine co-receptor. B. bind both CD8 and a cytokine co-receptor. C. bind both CD8 and a class I MHC protein. D. kill cytotoxic T cells and bind CD4.

A. bind both CD4 and a cytokine co-receptor.

Antigens are A. non-self proteins. B. proteins on the surface of B-cell membranes. C. proteins that consist of two light and two heavy chain polypeptide chains. D. proteins on the surface of macrophage membranes. E. proteins on the surface of T-cell membranes.

A. non-self proteins.

Immunoglobulins inactivate microbes in all of the following ways EXCEPT via A. perforating the microbial cell membrane. B. binding toxins. C. linking microbes to complement proteins. D. opsonization. E. perforating membranes or binding toxins.

A. perforating the microbial cell membrane

Plasma cells A. produce antibodies. B. kill infected cells. C. mature in the thymus. D. remain present in the body at low levels after an infection. E. secrete cytokines.

A. produce antibodies.

Phagocytosis is a process in which a cell A. takes in foreign particles and destroys them. B. creates molecules and then excretes them. C. lyses itself. D. merges with another cell forming antibodies. E. adheres to another cell.

A. takes in foreign particles and destroys them.

Humoral immunity is mostly the function of A. cytotoxic T cells. B. B cells. C. MHC I. D. complement cells. E. mast cells.

B. B cells.

What is part of the body's initial line of defense against pathogens? A. Phagocytes B. Mucous membranes C. T cells D. Memory T cells E. Cytokines

B. Mucous membranes

The clonal selection theory implies that A. related people have similar immune responses. B. antigens activate specific lymphocytes. C. only certain cells can produce interferon. D. memory cells are present at birth. E. the body selects which antigens it will respond to.

B. antigens activate specific lymphocytes.

Which type of phagocytic immune cell would you find in the nasal epithelium? A. monocyte B. macrophage C. basophil D. mast cell E. natural killer cell

B. macrophage

The protection provided through transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus is an example of A. active immunity. B. passive immunity. C. cell-mediated immunity. D. clonal selection. E. autoimmunity.

B. passive immunity.

Most innate immune responses rely on A. recognition of specific antigens. B. pathogens being engulfed and destroyed. C. plasma cells to secrete antibodies. D. IgM antibodies. E. clonal selection to replicate specific lymphocytes.

B. pathogens being engulfed and destroyed.

Cytotoxic T cells destroy cancerous cells by A. forming the membrane attack complex. B. releasing vesicles containing perforin. C. activating natural killer cells. D. opsonization. E. secreting cytokines.

B. releasing vesicles containing perforin.

Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched? A. macrophage; class II MHC protein B. B cell; class I MHC protein C. B cell; IL-2 secretion D. helper T cell; CD4 E. cytotoxic T cell; class I MHC protein

C. B cell; IL-2 secretion

What will happen to a child that is fed formula instead of breast milk? A. The child will not receive any antibodies from the mother. B. The child can never develop certain antibodies. C. The child will receive less antibodies from the mother. D. The child will never have passive immunity.

C. The child will receive less antibodies from the mother.

Most allergy medicines contain antihistamines that block the actions of histamine. These drugs reduce cold symptoms by directly A. lysing virus-infected cells and preventing further propagation of the pathogen. B. stimulating components of the immune system through the release of cytokines. C. blocking or reducing the inflammation response in mucous membranes. D. stimulating the production of specific antibodies. E. recruiting macrophages to the nasal epithelium.

C. blocking or reducing the inflammation response in mucous membranes.

A doctor discovers that her patient can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but he is unable to protect himself against viral infections. The doctor suspects a disorder in her patient's A. B cells. B. plasma cells. C. cytotoxic T cells. D. suppressor T cells. E. macrophages.

C. cytotoxic T cells.

HIV infection and the subsequent destruction of which cell type is most devastating to overall immune system function? A. cytotoxic T cells B. memory B cells C. helper T cells D. monocytes E. natural killer cells

C. helper T cells

The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is NOT important in A. distinguishing self from non-self. B. recognizing infected cells. C. identifying bacterial pathogens. D. identifying abnormal cells. E. presenting antigenic determinants.

C. identifying bacterial pathogens.

Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? A. multiple sclerosis B. type I diabetes C. myasthenia gravis D. HIV E. All of these conditions are autoimmune diseases.

D. HIV

What would the result be if histamine and nitric oxide were NOT secreted during a puncture injury? A. The blood vessels would dilate. B. The blood vessels would be more permeable. C. The blood mast cells would constrict. D. Healing would be slower. E. Healing would not take place at all.

D. Healing would be slower.

The allergic response is primarily mediated by _____ antibodies. A. IgG B. IgM C. IgA D. IgE E. IgD

D. IgE

Which of the following statements about antibody-mediated immunity is CORRECT? A. It primarily defends against viruses that have already infected cells. B. It is responsible for transplant tissue rejection. C. It protects the body against cells that become cancerous. D. It defends against parasites, bacteria, and viruses. E. It primarily defends against bacteria that have already infected cells.

D. It defends against parasites, bacteria, and viruses.

Which cells in our body possess the MHC II protein? A. Erythrocytes B. Neurons C. Thymus cells D. Macrophages E. Nasal epithelial cells

D. Macrophages

_________ is a characteristic of the early stages of a local inflammation response. A. Arteriole constriction B. Fever C. Attack by cytotoxic T cells D. Release of histamines E. Release of CD4

D. Release of histamines

You wanted to test a single fruit fly for the presence of the TOLL protein , so you prick it with a needle coated in fungal spores. The fly dies 2 days later. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. This is evidence that the TOLL protein is present. B. This is evidence that the TOLL protein is not present. C. The TOLL protein is only found in humans. D. This is inconclusive evidence.

D. This is inconclusive evidence.

Which of the following lifestyle changes would NOT boost the immune system? A. reducing stress by practicing yoga B. walking 20 minutes a day C. eating amino acids D. reducing inflammation by using a cortisol supplement E. All of these actions will boost the immune system

D. reducing inflammation by using a cortisol supplement

Boiling water before drinking can prevent which types of pathogens from harming the body? A. Bacteria B. Fungi C. Viruses D. Protists E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following is TRUE of both T cells and B cells? A. They are lymphocytes. B. They recognize specific antigens on the cell surface. C. They have class I MHC molecules on their cell surface. D. They are involved in the humoral immune response. E. All of the responses are correct.

E. All of the responses are correct.

Anti-inflammatory medication would suppress A. the release of cytokines. B. vasodilation. C. leukocyte movement through the capillary wall. D. the release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells. E. All of these statements are correct.

E. All of these statements are correct.

Which of the following is true of both T cells and B cells? A. They are effector cells against specific pathogens. B. They are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow. C. They can help attack and destroy invading pathogens. D. They typically have a short life span. E. All of these statements are true.

E. All of these statements are true.

Which of the following is NOT involved in nonspecific defenses? A. natural killer cells B. monocytes C. neutrophils D. mast cells E. B cells

E. B cells

All of the following are components of nonspecific immunity EXCEPT A. skin. B. phagocytes. C. complement. D. lysozyme. E. B cells.

E. B cells.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system? A. Tonsils B. Spleen C. Lymph node D. Bone marrow E. Pancreas

E. Pancreas

Your patient becomes sick due to an infection by the influenza virus and now has the flu. The cells which would most directly lyse virally infected host cells in this case are __________. These cells mature in the __________. A. T cells; bone marrow B. B cells; thymus C. T cells; lymph nodes D. B cells; spleen E. T cells; thymus

E. T cells; thymus

Strategies to fight HIV include A. inhibition of the reverse transcriptase enzyme. B. inhibition of virus assembly. C. prevention of HIV entering healthy cells. D. prevention of other infections. E. a combination of all of the above.

E. a combination of all of the above.

During the inflammatory response, dilation of blood vessels is caused by A. nitric oxide. B. histamine. C. cytokines. D. phagocytes. E. both histamine and nitric oxide.

E. both histamine and nitric oxide.

Antigen-presenting cells include A. macrophages. B. macrophages and B cells. C. dendritic cells and macrophages. D. dendritic cells and B cells. E. macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells.

E. macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells.

Generally speaking, vaccinations are effective in combating future infections because they induce the production of A. helper T cells. B. neutrophils. C. prostaglandins. D. mutations in the host genome. E. memory cells.

E. memory cells.

T/F During inflammation, blood vessels are constricted to prevent leakage.

FALSE

T/F Hypermutation refers to the process by which immunoglobulin gene domains recombine to form a diverse array of antibodies.

FALSE

T/F IgA antibodies are involved in innate immunity.

FALSE

T/F Most bacteria damage the body by infecting cells, multiplying within cells and killing cells.

FALSE

T/F PAMP is an enzyme involved in creating immunoglobulin light chains.

FALSE

T/F The first stage of a specific immune response is the activation of B cells and T cells.

FALSE

T/F The membrane attack complex is involved in specific immune defense mechanisms.

FALSE

T/F The three major types of pathogens are bacteria, viruses, and cancer.

FALSE

T/F Helper T cells activate both B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

TRUE

T/F The probability of the immune system attacking a transplanted organ as opposed to transfused blood is higher.

TRUE