bio

Workers from a nearby greenhouse accidentally introduce white flower seeds into this population's habitat

Mechanism: gene flow Effect on allele frequencies: frequency of white allele increases

A storm kills many plants at random

Mechanism: genetic drift Effect on allele frequencies: allele frequencies change but not predictably

A person uproots the five closest plants which all happen to have white flowers

Mechanism: genetic drift Effect on allele frequencies: frequency of purple allele increases

Plants with purple flowers attract more insects which pollinate the plants

Mechanism: natural selection Effect on allele frequencies: frequency of purple allele increase

During an extreme heat wave, plants with white flowers survive better

Mechanism: natural selection Effect on allele frequencies: frequency of white allele increases

Which of the following evolutionary forces could create new genetic information in a population?

Mutation Mutations, which are changes in a cell's DNA, can introduce new genetic information in a population.

Most CO2 is transported to the lungs in which of the following ways?

attached to hemoglobin or as bicarbonate ions

What situation most likely explains the occasional high frequency of certain inherited disorders among human populations established by a small population?

founder effect

A result of the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

gene flow

can introduce new alleles into a population's gene pool

gene flow

Responsible for the found effect

genetic drift

The oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells is

hemoglobin

DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that - humans evolved from chimpanzees. - humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. - humans and chimpanzees are not closely related. - chimpanzees evolved from humans. - convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities.

humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.

The original source of all genetic variation is _____.

mutation Mutation is, in itself, very important to evolution because it is the original source of the genetic variation that serves as the raw material for evolution.

Which of the following plant hormones would be found in very low amounts in a mature, water-stressed tomato plant?

auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins

Which plant hormones would likely be found in high amounts in a sprouting vegetative stem?

auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins

Strains of pathogens that mildly harm, but do not kill, the host plant are termed ____.

avirulent An avirulent pathogen gains enough access to its host to enable it to perpetuate itself without severely damaging or killing the plant.

Viruses that infect bacteria are called _________

bacteriophages

Hair cells in the human ear are located on the

basilar membrane

why do freshwater fish excrete a large amount of very dilute urine?

because they live in a hyposmotic solution, their cells take up excess water that must be excreted.

Feedback regulation includes __________.

both negative feedback where the pathway shuts down and positive feedback where the pathway speeds up

Which of the following hormones would never be found in high concentrations in a dormant overwintering flower bud?

ethylene!

The possession of two pairs of antennae is a characteristic of crustaceans. insects. spiders. millipedes. centipedes.

crustaceans

Restriction enzymes help defend bacteria against viral infections by _______

cutting viral DNA once it has entered the cell

Molecular data suggest that plastids originated as __________ engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote.

cyanobacteria

The ripening of fruit and the dropping of leaves and fruit are principally controlled by

ethylene.

Trypanosomes

evade detection by immune system by switching surface proteins on surface from generation to generation

The fundamental organizing principle of biology and core theme is __________.

evolution

Animals that possess homologous structures probably __________.

evolved from the same ancestor

If the wings of extant flying birds originally arose as thermoregulatory devices in ancestral reptiles, then the bird wings could be accurately described as __________.

exaptations

which is an accurate pairing of a key excretory function with its definition?

excretion moves urine, the processed filtrate, out of the kidney, through the ureter, the bladder, and finally out of the body via the urethra.

in a marine environment, animals that are isosmotic relative to their environment ___

experience no net water loss by osmosis

Prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake would be ____

extreme halophiles

In the moss life cycle _____ cells within a sporangium undergo _____ to produce _____ spores.

diploid ... meiosis ... haploid

The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____.

diploid sporophyte

When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____.

diploid sporophyte

Karyogamy produces a _____.

diploid zygote.

Double fertilization in the life cycle of seed plants results in the production of a _____ zygote and a _____ endosperm nucleus.

diploid; triploid

The larvae of many common tapeworm species that infect humans are usually found

encysted in the muscles of an animal, such as a cow or pig.

Organisms found only in specific places in the world are referred to as

endemic

which of the following systems is correctly paired with one of its parts?

endocrine system... thyroid gland

___ filter solutes from water and allow them to pass through to the vascular tissue.

endodermal cells

Which of the following would likely not contribute to the surface area available for water absorption from the soil by a plant root system?

endodermis

Which tissue acts as a filter on the water absorbed by root hairs?

endodermis

Against which hard structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?

endoskeleton

Which of the following does not take place during the process of conjugation?

engulfed a photosynthetic red alga in a secondary endosymbiosis event

Which of the following is an advantage of asexual reproduction in plants?

enhanced survival of genetically favorable offspring In constant environments, asexually produced offspring have higher survival rates.

Which of the following is the correct ordering of divisions of the geologic record from largest to smallest?

eon, era, period, epoch

A widespread outbreak of a viral disease is called a(n) __________, and a global outbreak is called a(n) __________

epidemic; pandemic

The ripening of fruit and the dropping of leaves and fruit are principally controlled by

ethylene

Earth probably formed _____ years ago, and the first life evolved as early as _____ years ago.

4.5 billion years ago ... 3.9 billion years ago

How are retroviruses different from other types of viruses?

Retroviruses use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to transcribe a copy of DNA from their own RNA

Legume plant roots are colonized by _____ to form root nodules.

Rhizobia

Manure containing labeled nitrogen is applied to a plot where CO2 is also labeled. Which of the following signifies a potential mutualism?

Rhizobia contains labeled carbon and the pea plant contains labeled nitrogen.

Root hairs are important for plants because they _____.

Increase the surface area available for water and nutrient uptake.

A population of birds colonizes an area in which the insects upon which they feed live inside trees. Which of the following events accounts for an observed increase in average beak size in the bird population over time?

Increased fitness of large-beaked birds, leading to natural selection

According to the acid growth hypothesis, auxin works by

Increasing wall plasticity and allowing the affected cell walls to elongate.

Which observations and inferences led Charles Darwin to his theory of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution?

Individuals in a population of any species vary in many heritable traits. Individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment will generally produce a disproportionate number of healthy, fertile offspring. A population of any species has the potential to produce far more offspring than will survive to produce offspring of their own. Individuals of a population are unequal in the likelihood of surviving and reproducing.

Which of the following is not an observation or inference that Darwin made while developing his theory of evolution

Interactions between individuals and their environments cause individuals to evolve

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?

It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.

How does the dark-pigmented tissue of the choroid aid vision?

It collects stray light that would otherwise interfere with clear vision.

In cladistics, biologists attempt to place species into groups that each include an ancestral species and all of its descendants. A group that is paraphyletic fails to accomplish this goal in what way?

It consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants

Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?

It functions as a haploid food reserve.

You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate?

Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.

Flowering plants first appeared during the _____.

Mesozoic (Why: Angiosperms first appeared during the Mesozoic)

Which of the following is an example of active exclusion of a metal like cadmium?

Metallothionein proteins bind to cadmium, rendering them harmless.

Plastid evolution

Mitochondria were first to evolve thru descent of bacteria that were engulfed by host.

Which of these are amniotes?

More than one of these is correct.

decomposers, Fungi obtain nutrients from nonliving organic matter.

Most fungi are _____. -photoautotrophs -decomposers -herbivores -carnivores -chemoautotrophs

Red Algae

Multicellular Contain phycoerythrin (red photosynthetic pigment)

Why do some scientists believe that RNA, rather than DNA, was the first genetic material?

RNA has both information storage and catalytic properties.

Reverse transcription, carried out by retroviruses, is the process by which __________.

RNA information is copied into DNA

When comparing DNA and RNA viruses, which mutate more quickly, and why?

RNA viruses, because no proofreading is done on RNA molecules

Second Endosymbiosis and Eukaryotic Evolution

Red and green algae were ingested in the food vacuoles of a host heterotrophic eukaryotes and become endosymbionts themselves.

Dinoflagellate

Reinforced by cellulose plates 2 Flagella Symbiotic relationship with corals "Red tide"

Which of the following statements about reinforcement is true?

Reinforcement is a type of natural selection.

Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree? - The skeletal remains of the organisms depicted by the tree were incomplete (in other words, some bones were missing). - Relationships between DNA sequences among the species did not match relationships between skeletal patterns. - Some of the organisms depicted by the tree had lived in different habitats. - None of the organisms depicted by the tree ate the same foods. - Transitional fossils had not been found.

Relationships between DNA sequences among the species did not match relationships between skeletal patterns.

Which of the following does not take place during the process of conjugation?

Reproduction

What were the two major "problems" that had to be solved before plants, animals, and fungi could move into terrestrial habitats?

Reproduction and prevention of dehydration

What hypothesis did the researchers test in this study? Dusky Salamander

Reproductive isolation increases with geographic distance between dusky salamander populations.

What does the scatter plot suggest about the process of allopatric speciation?

Reproductive isolation is more likely to occur as populations become separated by greater distances.

How do reproductive isolation values change with geographic distance among pairs of dusky salamander populations?

Reproductive isolation values increase with geographic distance.

Acquiring an R plasmid would allow a bacterium to do what?

Resist antibiotics

The ___ of water to the walls of the xylem results from hydrogen bonds between water molecules and the cell walls of xylem cells.

adhesion

which of the following are connective tissues?

adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood

In addition to transporting sugar, the phloem also ____.

all of the above (transmits electrical signals; transports viral RNA throughout the plant; transports plant RNA throughout the plant; transports proteins throughout the plant) The phloem and symplasm are dynamic parts of the plant, with many important functions.

Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____.

all of these

All known organisms transcribe genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that

all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor

Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants and animals. Which of the following is an example of such a relationship?

all the above (fungi help break down plant material in the guts of grazing animals; fungi can help increase drought tolerance in plants; fungi help break down wood in the guts of termites)

The Casparian strip ensures ___.

all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele

deleterious alleles

alleles that lower fitness

Nutrients can flow through the entire mycelium in fungi with coenocytic hyphae, but not in fungi with septate hyphae.

false

cellulose gives rigidity and strength to the cell walls of fungi.

false.

Which mollusc clade includes members that undergo embryonic torsion? chitons gastropods cephalopods bivalves

gastropods

At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?

gastrulation

The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during

gastrulation

The process that directs the manufacture of a cell product from a gene is called __________

gene expression

What is the most important factor that holds a gene pool of a species together and prevents speciation? gene flow sexual selection hybridization behavioral isolation prezygotic barriers

gene flow ****Gene flow refers to the transfer of alleles among populations. As long as populations are exchanging alleles, speciation is unlikely.

The units of inheritance are called __________.

genes

Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors. Select the exception.

genetic drift

Causes allele frequencies to fluctuate randomly

genetic drift

Responsible for the bottleneck effect

genetic drift

heterozygote advantage

heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than homozygous individuals do

Why is it important for plants to exclude certain ions?

high levels of some ions are toxic; some metal ions are poisonous to plants

As water vapor is lost through transpiration, more water evaporates from the cell walls of ___.

leaf mesophyll cells

Hydrogen bonds are broken when water molecules evaporate inside ___.

leaves

Gingkos only

leaves have fan-like appearance only one living species today

If a plant's stomata are closed and no transpiration is occurring, ___.

less water will be absorbed from the soil

According to modern ideas about phototropism in plants,

light causes auxin to accumulate on the shaded side of a plant stem

According to modern ideas about phototropism in plants,

light causes auxin to accumulate on the shaded side of a plant stem.

What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall?

lignified vascular tissue

A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. A dissection of the interior of this organism's stem should reveal

lignified vascular tissues.

Ectoprocts and brachiopods are collectively referred to as _____. trochophorates lophophorates eumetazoans ecdysozoans flatworms

lophophorates

A plant cell placed in a solution with a lower (more negative) water potential will ___.

lose water and plasmolyze Water moves from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential. Loss of water pulls the plasma membrane away from the cell wall, producing plasmolysis.

On a cloudy day with low soil moisture, the photosynthesis rate is low and stomata are closed, so the transpiration rate is ___.

low

On a dry, cloudy day, the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration in a plant are ___.

low

Root pressure can move water a short distance up the xylem because of the ___ water potential of the xylem in comparison to the water potential in the surrounding cells.

lower

Which group's members have had both lungs and gills during their adult lives?

lungfishes

A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. This student has probably found a(n)

lycophyte sporophyte.

Microphylls are found in which plant group?

lycophytes

A phage that inserts itself into the host DNA is called __________

lysogenic

The phage reproductive cycle that kills the bacterial host cell is a __________ cycle, and a phage that always reproduces this way is a __________ phage

lytic; virulent

Auxins (IAA) in plants are known to affect all of the following phenomena except

maintenance of dormancy

If a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located?

mantle cavity

Phloem transport of sucrose is often described as going from source to sink. Which of the following would not normally function as a sink?

mature leaf

Plants must always compromise between _____ and _____.

maximizing photosynthesis ... minimizing water loss

Plants must always compromise between ____ and _____.

maximizing photosynthesis .... minimizing water loss Structures, such as broad leaves, that enhance photosynthesis also maximize water loss. Plant form is generally a compromise between the two, depending on the plant's environment.

A result of differential success in reproduction

natural selection

Cannot cause a harmful allele to become more common

natural selection

Consistently causes a population to become better adapted to its environment

natural selection

Darwin's explanation of how adaptations arise centered on __________.

natural selection

Environmental conditions dictate that green individuals are more likely to reproduce than are red individuals.

natural selection

All of the following may function in signal transduction in plants except

nonrandom mutations.

Which protists were once categorized as fungi due to their multinucleate filaments that resemble hyphae?

oomycetes

an organism is to an albatross an a(n) ___ is to an intestine

organ

What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus's essay on human suffering?

organisms have capacity to overproduce

The first membrane in the cochlea, which receives vibrations directly from the stirrup, is the

oval window.

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?

ovule

Retention of juvenile body features into sexual maturity is referred to as the presence of __________.

paedomorphosis

What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have?

partial or complete skull

Which of the following is not a class I virus?

parvovirus

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower?

petals

Bacteria that use light for their energy source and CO2 for their carbon source are called __________.

photoautotrophs

What process produces Earth's atmospheric oxygen?

photosynthesis

Structures, such as broad leaves, that enhance ___ also maximize ___. Plant form is generally a compromise between the two, depending on the plant's environment.

photosynthesis ... water loss

Rabbits and guinea pigs both belong to class Mammalia. This means they must also both belong to __________.

phylum Chordata

The detector of light during de-etiolation (greening) of a tomato plant is (are)

phytochrome

secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from the ___ occurs in response to ___ and causes ___

pituitary gland... high blood osomolarity... increased permeability to water of a collecting duct

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that

plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.

External stimuli would be received most quickly by a plant cell if the receptors for signal transduction were located in the

plasma membrane

External stimuli would be received most quickly by a plant cell if the receptors for signal transduction were located in the

plasma membrane.

Candidates for the original source of viral genomes include _________

plasmids and transposon

Water and ions can pass from cell to cell via ___ which are a type of cell junction.

plasmodesmata

The chemical bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule are ___ bonds.

polar covalent

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

pollen

The adaptation that made possible the colonization of dry land environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____.

pollen

Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms?

pollen

The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____.

pollen grains

Which of the following are structures of angiosperm gametophytes?

pollen tubes

not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?

poorly adapted organisms never reproduce

A(n) __________ is the smallest unit that can evolve.

population

Natural selection tends to act at which of the following levels?

population

Hydrogen bonds among water molecules are responsible for the tendency of those molecules to ___.

stick together

In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species.

stigma

A carpel is composed of _____.

stigma, style, and ovary

Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because ___.

stomata close, restricting CO2 entry into the leaf

What drives the flow of water through the xylem?

the evaporation of water from the leaves

some fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients.

true.

Evidence for phototropism due to the asymmetric distribution of auxin moving down the stem

was first demonstrated in the coleoptiles of monocots

Evidence for phototropism due to the asymmetric distribution of auxin moving down the stem

was first demonstrated in the coleoptiles of monocots.

Sporozoites

Apicomplexans spread through their hosts as infectious cells

The Precambrian time began at least _____ million years ago.

4,600

By applying a molecular clock, researchers have proposed that the first HIV-1 M invasion into humans occurred in the __________.

1930s

What prevents speciation from occurring in sympatric populations?

Gene flow

In order for speciation to occur, what must be true? -At least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change. -Large numbers of genes that affect a single phenotypic trait must change. -Large numbers of genes that affect numerous phenotypic traits must change. -Changes to centromere location or chromosome size must occur within the gene pool. -The number of chromosomes in the gene pool must change.

-At least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change.

On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. What is the best way to promote fusion between two related populations of mosquitofish, one of which lives in a predator-rich pond, and the other of which lives in a predator-poor pond? -Transfer only female mosquitofish from a predator-rich pond to a predator-poor pond. -Remove predators from a predator-rich pond and transfer them to a predator-poor pond. -Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators. - Perform a reciprocal transfer of females between predator-rich and predator-poor ponds.

-Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators.

Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? -The isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population. -The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs. -Different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations. -Gene flow between the two populations is extensive. -A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population.

-Gene flow between the two populations is extensive.

In Europe, there is a long narrow hybrid zone, shown in red on the map, between the high-altitude habitat of the yellow-bellied toad and the lowland habitat of the fire-bellied toad. Despite this, there is little gene flow between the two species. Select the correct explanation. -Toads mate only with their own kind in order to avoid producing unhealthy hybrid young. -Hybrids have poor survival and reproduction and thus produce few viable offspring with members of either parent species. -Yellow-bellied toads and fire-bellied toads are two different species.

-Hybrids have poor survival and reproduction and thus produce few viable offspring with members of either parent species.

Calculate the value of the reproductive isolation index if all of the matings within a population were successful but none of the matings between populations were successful.

2.0

Which of these is an example of temporal isolation? -One species is nocturnal, and the other species is not. -One is a type of primate, the other is a type of marsupial. -One species performs a specific courtship dance. the other species does not. -The average weight of the individuals in one species is 45 kg; in the other species the average is 290 kg. -One species is found only in New York, the other only in London.

-One species is nocturnal, and the other species is not. ****In temporal isolation, two species that breed during different times of the day cannot mix their gametes.

Select the correct statement describing sympatric speciation. -Sympatric speciation is always initiated by geographic isolation of two populations. -Sympatric speciation has never been observed in nature. -Sympatric speciation can occur in a single generation.

-Sympatric speciation can occur in a single generation.

Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification? -The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. -The two forms have many genes in common. -The two forms live in similar habitats. -The two forms are very similar in coloration. -The two forms have similar food requirements.

-The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction.

According to the phylogenetic species concept, what is a species? -a clone of genetically identical organisms -a population that interbreeds and produces fertile offspring -a population with a distinct fossil record -a population that is physically able to mate even if there are no offspring or the offspring are infertile -a set of organisms with a unique genetic history

-a set of organisms with a unique genetic history ****The phylogenetic species concept relies on finding unique organisms with a unique genetic history.

hormones ___

-act only on cells with receptors specific to that hormone -are chemical signals broadcast throughout the body -are distributed by the bloodstream -are relatively slow-acting

A hybrid zone is properly defined as -a zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline. -an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring. -an area where two closely related species' ranges overlap. -an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but experience no gene flow. -a zone that features a gradual change in species composition where two neighboring ecosystems border each other.

-an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring.

What is the frequency of the A1A2 genotype in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals?

0.4 The calculation to determine the frequency of the A1A2 genotype is: 80 A1A2 individuals / (20 + 80 + 100) total individuals = 0.4, the frequency of the A1A2 genotype.

The phenomenon of fusion is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and -a constant number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. -a decreasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. -the hybrid zone is inhospitable to hybrid survival. -an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. - their chromosomes are no longer homologous enough to permit meiosis.

-an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations.

the fluid that enters vertebrate nephrons is called the filtrate. What is the source of the filtrate?

-blood in capillaries -filtration occurs as blood pressure forces water, urea, salts, and other small solutes from the blood n the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman's capsule.

as filtrate passes through the long loop of Henle, salt is removed and concentrated in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla. Because of this high salt concentration, nephron is able to ___

-establish a hyperosmotic interstitial medullary concentration. -because the interstitial fluid is hyperosmotic, water can be drawn from the filtrate in the collecting duct.

many insects, birds, and other reptiles excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid, which ___

-forms solids that are relatively insoluble and nontoxic. -uric acid precipitates out of solution and can be stored within an egg as a solid

it is a cold day in the lecture hall. When you rest your arm on the cool laminated desktop on your seat, heat is transferred ___

-from your body to the desk by conduction -conduction is the direct transfer of heat between molecules of the environment and those of the body surface. -heat is always conducted from a body of higher temperature to one of lower temperature.

the wolf, his coat glowing in the early spring sunshine, sat atop a cold boulder after unsuccessfully pursuing a plump jackrabbit. He continued to pant while ___

-heat radiated from his tired body -heat would also radiate from the sun to him

how is the level of thyroxine in the blood regulated?

-high levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the secretion of TRH and TSH. -this is a negative feedback loop

which of the following is a question about physiology?

-how is blood pressure affected by physical activity? -asking about circular system

during a fever, the ___ readjusts the set point of the body to a ___ temperature.

-hypothalamus... higher -hypothalamus is the main thermostat in the body

humid weather makes you feel warmer because humid air, which is saturated with water molecules, ___

-interferes with heat loss by evaporation. -for evaporation cooling to occur, water molecules must leave the skin and become water vapor. When the humidity of the air is high, the air is closer to its saturation value for water vapor.

which of the following is a function of the excretory system?

-maintenance of salt balance -maintenance of water balance -production of urine -elimination of nitrogenous wastes

when a jogger starts to run, the rate at which his muscles produce CO2 rises sharply. But the CO2 in his blood rises only slightly before he starts to breathe faster nd his heart starts beating stronger. Soon his increased rate of CO2 production is balanced by an increased rate of CO2 removal. This would be an example of ___ feedback because the jogger's circulatory and respiratory systems are ___

-negative... acting to oppose the increase of CO2 from the preferred concentration. -in negative feedback, a change in the variable being monitored triggers the body control mechanism to counteract further change in the same direction.

An organ such as the heart or liver consists of ___

-nervous tissue -muscle tissue -connective tissue -epithelial tissue

the filtrate formed by the nephrons in the kidney is not urine. The filtrate is first refined and concerned by the processes of ___, which form the urine that leaves the body.

-reabsorption and secretion -reabsorption returns valuable molecules filtered from the plasma, and secretion permits selected substances, such as salts and hydrogen ions, to be removed more rapidly from the blood than by filtration alone.

which is an accurate statement regarding the difference between steroid and nonsteroid hormones?

-steroid hormones are made from lipids -nonsteroid hormones are made from one or more amino acids.

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate? -the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability -the postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown -gametic isolation -the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility

-the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability

which of the following is the most accurate and comprehensive description of the function of kidneys?

-the regulation of body fluid composition -this includes waste molecule elimination in urine, but also the regulation of salt and hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.

which of the following substances is generally filtered from the blood by the kidneys?

-urea -sodium -glucose -water

which of the following best illustrates homeostasis?

-when blood CO2 increases, you breathe faster, ridding the body of excess CO2. -homeostasis maintains an internal consistency by negative feedback.

A sink is an area where sugars are used or stored; typically, these are the roots and fruits of a plant.

...

The houseplants in a windowless room with only fluorescent lights begin to grow tall and leggy. Which of the following treatments would promote normal growth?

...

Water and minerals that are taken up in the soil are transported from roots to leaves by the xylem.

...

Calculate the value of the reproductive isolation index if salamanders were equally successful in mating with members of their own population and members of another population.

0

The Mesozoic era began approximately _____ million years ago.

251

In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population?

0.80

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms are applicable? 1. sympatric species 2. prezygotic isolation 3. postzygotic isolation 4. allopatric species 5. habitat isolation 6. reduced hybrid fertility 1 and 2 2 and 4 1, 3, and 6 2, 4, and 5 1, 2, 5, and 6

1 and 2

When a shark stops swimming, it does which of the following? 1. sinks 2. quickly dies 3. oxygenates its blood less effectively

1 and 3

If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include 1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. 2. chlorophylls a and b. 3. alternation of generations. 4. cell walls of cellulose. 5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin.

1 and 5

Key points about Genetic Drift

1) Genetic drift is random with respect to fitness 2) Genetic drift is most pronounced in small populations 3) over time, genetic drift can lead to the random loss or fixation of alleles

Natural selection occurs in 4 modes:

1) directional selection 2) stabilizing selection 3) disruptive selection 4) balancing selection

2 fundamental points about inbreeding:

1) inbreeding increases homozygosity 2) inbreeding itself does not cause evolution because allele frequencies do not change in the population as a whole

3 Fundamental Messages about the role of Mutation in Evolution

1) mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation 2) if mutation did not occur, evolution would eventually stop 3) mutation alone is usually inconsequential in changing allele frequencies at a particular gene

5 Important Assumptions based on the Hardy-Weinberg theory:

1) random mating 2) no natural selection 3) no genetic drift (random allele frequency changes) 4) no gene flow 5) no mutation

Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1. pollen transported by wind 2. lignified xylem 3. microscopic gametophytes 4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators 5. endosperm

1, 2, and 3

On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. The predatory fish rely on visual cues and speed to capture mosquitofish. Mosquitofish rely on speed and visual cues to avoid the predatory fish. Which adaptation(s) might help the predators survive in ponds that are home to faster mosquitofish? 1. directional selection for increased speed 2. stabilizing selection for speed that matches that of the mosquitofish 3. change in hunting behavior that replaces reliance on visual cues with reliance on tactile cues, which can be used to hunt at night 4. change in hunting behavior that eliminates speed in favor of better camouflage, which permits an ambush strategy 1 only 2 only either 1 or 3 either 2 or 3 1, 3, or 4

1, 3, or 4

How many of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the phylum Cnidaria? 1. a gastrovascular cavity 2. a polyp stage 3. a medusa stage 4. cnidocytes 5. a pseudocoelom

1,2,3,4

fundamental asymmetry of sex

1. Eggs are large and energetically expensive; females produce relatively few young over the course of a lifetime 2. Because sperm are so energetically inexpensive to produce, a male can father almost limitless number of offspring 3. Sexual selection should act more strongly on males than on females

SAR Clade

1. Stramenopiles - Diatoms - Brown Algae - Gold Algae 2. Alveolates - Dinoflagellates - Apicomplexans - Ciliates 3. Rhizarians - Forams - Cercozoans - Radiolarians

Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage?

1. They do not form heterokaryons. 2. their spores are probably produced by mitosis.

Single-celled prokaryotes had the Earth to themselves for approximately

1.5 billion years

How many of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm? 1. type of body cavity 2. number of muscle layers in the body wall 3. presence of segmentation 4. number of embryonic tissue layers 5. shape of worm in cross-sectional view 1 2 and 3 1, 2, and 3 2, 3, 4 and 5 All of the options are correct.

123

How many of the following are characteristics of arthropods? 1. protostome development 2. bilateral symmetry 3. a pseudocoelom 4. three embryonic germ layers 5. a closed circulatory system 1 1 and 2 1, 2, and 4 2, 3, 4, 5 All of the options are correct.

124

The age of fossils can sometimes be determined by radiometric dating, which is based on the constant rate of decay of radioactive isotopes. The time required for half of a radioactive isotope to decay is called the half-life of that isotope. For example, the isotope carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years. Suppose it is determined that a fossilized leaf contains 12.5% of the carbon-14 that was present when the fossil formed. How old is the fossil? Express your answer numerically.

17190

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals.

2 and 3

Among known plant species, which of these have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species? 1. allopatric speciation 2. sympatric speciation 3. sexual selection 4. polyploidy 2 and 4 1 and 4 1 and 3 2 and 3

2 and 4

Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, etc.) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is (are) true? 1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated. 2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods. 3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods. 4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts. 5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.

2 and 5

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship. - 4 → 1 → 2 → 3 - 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 - 4 → 2 → 1 → 3 - 2 → 4 → 3 → 1 - 2 → 4 → 1 → 3

2 → 4 → 1 → 3

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart

2, 3, 4, 1, 5

Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes. 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes. 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf. 5. Sugar moves down the stem.

2, 4, 3, 1, 5

Which of these groups includes unicellular organisms that, due to the structure of their cell walls, can withstand pressures equal to the pressure under each leg of a table supporting an elephant? 1. Dinoflagellates 2. Diatoms 3. Euglenids 4. Ciliates 5. Apicomplexans

2. Diatoms

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks. 2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. 3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pH's. 4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals. 5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes.

3 and 5

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals.

3 only

The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos 2. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos 3. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians 4. anterior-posterior orientation in vertebrate embryos

3 → 2 → 1 → 4

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores 2. sporophylls 3. sporophytes 4. sporangia

3, 2, 4, 1

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest. 1. antheridia 2. gametes 3. gametophytes 4. gametangia

3, 4, 1, 2

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. lobe-fins 2. amphibians 3. gnathostomes 4. osteichthyans 5. tetrapods

3, 4, 1, 5, 2

With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. ecdysozoan 2. protostome 3. eumetazoan 4. triploblastic

3, 4, 2, 1

How long ago do scientists believe life first began on Earth?

3.7 billion years

Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs? 1. sporophyte embryo 2. female gametophyte 3. egg cell 4. megaspore

4 → 2 → 3 → 1

Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. 1. ovary 2. ovule 3. egg 4. carpel 5. embryo sac

4, 1, 2, 5, 3

Of the 59 matings in the experimental groups, how many were between like-adapted flies (flies adapted to the same medium)?

42

Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.

475

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterians

5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4

Arrange the following taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. apes 2. hominins 3. Homo 4 anthropoids 5. primates

5, 4, 1, 2, 3

The Cenozoic era began approximately _____ million years ago.

65

14 and 15 are pics

:)

18 and 19 are pics

;)

106) Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes E) an early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily

A

13) Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans? A) a mineralized, bony skeleton B) opercula C) bony fin rays D) a spiral valve intestine E) a swim bladder

A

26) Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? A) the shelled, amniotic egg B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature C) two pairs of appendages D) bony scales E) a four-chambered heart

A

28) At the end of which era did most dinosaurs and pterosaurs become extinct? A) Cretaceous B) Permian C) Devonian D) Ordovician E) Triassic

A

3) Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? A) lancelets B) adult tunicates C) amphibians D) reptiles E) chondrichthyans

A

31) Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the A) phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles. B) contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. C) claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. D) idea that the first birds were ratites. E) hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic.

A

32) During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 B) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 D) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 E) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5

A

40) Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? A) ray-finned fishes B) birds C) amphibians D) nonbird reptiles E) mammals

A

47) Which of these species was apparently the first to craft stone tools? A) Australopithecus garhi B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

A

51) With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree? A) Humans and apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor. B) Humans evolved directly from Old World monkeys. C) Humans represent the pinnacle of evolution and have escaped from being affected by natural selection. D) Humans evolved from chimpanzees. E) Humans and apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of chimpanzee.

A

54) Which of the following statements is correct in regard to Homo erectus? A) Their fossils are not limited to Africa. B) On average, H. erectus had a smaller brain than H. habilis. C) H. erectus had a level of sexual dimorphism less than that of modern humans. D) H. erectus was not known to use tools. E) H. erectus evolved before H. habilis.

A

58) At least one of these has been found in all species of eumetazoan animals studied thus far. A) Hox B) Dlx C) Otx D) FOXP2 E) more than one of these

A

67) In coelacanths, a swim bladder is present, but the swim bladder is full of adipose tissue (fat), which is there on a fairly permanent basis. If such a swim bladder is used by coelacanths to affect buoyancy, then it does so in much the same way as does the A) liver of a shark. B) physoclistus swim bladder. C) physostomus swim bladder. D) lung of a lungfish.

A

73) Which pair of numbers represents extinct reptiles that had returned to an aquatic life? A) 1 and 2 B) 3 and 4 C) 5 and 7 D) 6 and 8 E) 7 and 9

A

85) Terry saved some of the tooth-like objects within the hagfish's round mouth to analyze their composition in his mentor's biochemistry research lab. Terry will find that they are composed of the same protein found in tetrapod A) skin. B) teeth. C) bones. D) cartilage. E) muscles.

A

88) The adaptation of the body shape of snakes has resulted in one of their lungs becoming vestigial. Another adaptation (to a fossorial lifestyle) is snakes' absence of limbs. If the "mystery organism" has also become adapted to a fossorial lifestyle, though its ancestors moved about on the surface, then which structures should one expect to find upon dissecting the organism? 1. reduced or absent pelvic and/or pectoral girdles 2. metanephridia 3. hydrostatic skeleton A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3

A

92) Birds generate a lot of heat, especially during flight. Yet the adipose tissue under their skin and the feathers atop their skin make it difficult to eliminate excess heat across the skin. Which of the following alternatives can absorb body heat and eliminate it from the bird most effectively? A) air in the air sacs B) lymph in the lymphatic vessels C) blood in the vessels D) blood in the heart E) urine in the bladder

A

96) Which type of bird is most likely to need air sacs to reduce its weight? A) birds that migrate long distances B) waterfowl that float on water, but do not dive C) birds that spend much of their time underwater D) ratites

A

97) The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of exchange mechanism possible, at least theoretically? A) the same as that occurring in fish gills B) the same as that occurring in insect tracheae C) the same as that occurring in mammalian lungs D) the same as that occurring in echinoderm skin gills

A

98) The Gd mat on the fur of the bats should be expected to consist of A) hyphae. B) haustoria. C) arbuscules. D) yeasts. E) basidia.

A

Chapter 32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following terms or structures is properly associated only with animals? A) Hox genes B) cell wall C) autotrophy D) sexual reproduction E) chitin

A

Concept 32.1 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 8) In individual insects of some species, whole chromosomes that carry larval genes are eliminated from the genomes of somatic cells at the time of metamorphosis. A consequence of this occurrence is that A) we could not clone a larva from the somatic cells of such an adult insect. B) such species must reproduce only asexually. C) the descendents of these adults do not include a larval stage. D) metamorphosis can no longer occur among the descendents of such adults. E) both C and D.

A

Concept 32.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 19) An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also A) triploblastic. B) a deuterostome. C) eucoelomate. D) the product of metamorphosis. E) highly cephalized.

A

Concept 32.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Almost all of the major animal body plans seen today appeared in the fossil record over 500 million years ago at the beginning of the A) Cambrian period. B) Ediacaran period. C) Permian period. D) Carboniferous period. E) Cretaceous period.

A

Concept 32.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 43) An animal that swims rapidly in search of prey that it captures using visual senses concentrated at its anterior end is likely to be A) bilaterally symmetrical and cephalized. B) coelomate and a protostome. C) eumetazoan and asymmetrical. D) diploblastic and radially symmetrical. E) heterotrophic and sessile.

A

Concept 32.3 Skill: Application/Analysis Page 8 Figure 32.1 Figure 32.1 shows a chart of the animal kingdom set up as a modified phylogenetic tree. Use the diagram to answer the following questions. 33) Which group contains diploblastic organisms? A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

A

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) The blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is known as the A) archenteron. B) blastula. C) coelom. D) germ layer. E) blastocoel.

A

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Page 12 51) If an undisturbed embryo is allowed to develop further, then one should expect that A) the first opening of the gastrula will ultimately serve as the mouth. B) upon metamorphosis, the resulting trochophore larva will gain a backbone. C) upon gastrulation, a solid ball of cells will be produced. D) both A and B E) both B and C

A

Concept 32.4 Skill: Application/Analysis Page 17 64) In the traditional phylogeny (Fig. 32.2A), the sponges are considered to be a clade, whereas in the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 32.2B), sponges A) do not all have a common ancestor that is unique only to them. B) are polyphyletic. C) called the Calcarea should actually be included among the eumetazoa. D) called the Silicea are the sole organisms that should be properly called ʺsponges.ʺ E) called the Calcarea diverged from the lineage that eventually produced the eumetazoa earlier than did the Silicea.

A

Concept 32.4 Skill: Application/Analysis Page 20 76) Two competing hypotheses to account for the increase in the number of Hox genes from the last common ancestor all bilaterians to the last common ancestor of insects and vertebrates are: (1) a single duplication of the entire 4-gene cluster, followed by the loss of one gene, and (2) 3 independent duplications of individual Hox genes. To prefer the first hypothesis on the basis of parsimony requires the assumption that A) the duplication of a cluster of four Hox genes is equally likely as the duplication of a single Hox gene. B) there is an actual process by which individual genes can be duplicated. C) genes can exist is spatial groupings called ʺclusters.ʺ D) clusters of genes can undergo disruption, with individual genes moving to different chromosomes during evolution.

A

Concept 32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 58) According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is A) monophyletic. B) paraphyletic. C) polyphyletic. D) euphyletic. E) multiphyletic.

A

Concept 32.4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Page 15 The following eight questions refer to Figure 32.2A (morphological) and Figure 32.2B (molecular) phylogenetic trees of the animal kingdom. Figure 32.2A: Morphological Phylogeny Page 16 Figure 32.2B: Molecular Phylogeny 63) According to both phylogenies depicted in Fig. 32.2, if one were to create a taxon called ʺRadiataʺ that included all animal species whose members have true radial symmetry, then such a taxon would be A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic. D) a clade. E) both C and D

A

Concept 32.4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Self-Quiz Questions 1) Among the characteristics unique to animals is A) gastrulation. B) multicellularity. C) sexual reproduction. D) flagellated sperm. E) heterotrophic nutrition.

A

Concepts 32.2-32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) Which of these is the basal group of the Eumetazoa? A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

A

Concepts 32.2-32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Organisms that are neither coelomate nor pseudocoelomate should, apart from their digestive systems, have bodies that A) are solid with tissue. B) lack the ability to metabolize food. C) are incapable of muscular contraction. D) lack true tissues. E) lack mesodermally derived tissues.

A

soredia

A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island? -soredia -yeasts -basidiospores -spores of ectomycorrhizae -leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants)

What is one way in which a cellular slime mold differs from a plasmodial slime mold?

A cellular slime mold is multicellular.

Mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome.

What is genetic drift?

A change in allele frequencies caused by random events

Which of the following conclusions is supported by the research of both Went and Charles and Francis Darwin on shoot responses to light?

A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips

Which of the following conclusions is supported by the research of both Went and Charles and Francis Darwin on shoot responses to light?

A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips.

Alveolata

A in "SAR" tiny air sacs in lungs that promote gas exchange

Which of these structures is a separate generation from the plant sporophyte?

A male gametophyte within a pollen grain

Basidiaomycota

A muchroom is a member of a group of fungi called the _______.

16) What should be added to soil to prevent minerals from leaching away? A) humus B) sand C) mycorrhizae D) nitrogen E) silt

Answer: A

Define microevolution

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population

In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. The presence of which of the following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism? A) a mantle B) a heart C) a body cavity D) a filter-feeding apparatus E) eyes

A) a mantle

Which of the following is a characteristic of adult echinoderms? A) bilateral symmetry B) spiral cleavage C) gastrovascular cavity D) exoskeleton E) lophophore

A) bilateral symmetry

Which of the following is the best description of protists' contribution to photosynthesis?

About 30% of the world's photosynthesis is performed by protists.

Which of the following plant hormones are most likely to act synergistically if expressed or applied to a drought-stricken plant?

Abscisic Acid and Ethylene

Which of the following plant hormones would most likely be found in high concentrations in a mature, slightly overripe fruit?

Abscisic Acid and Ethylene

Which of the following field treatments would be most likely to result in a wheat or corn field with the most of the plants being of uniform height?

Abscisic Acid spray late in the season

_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.

Adaptive radiation

Which of the following statements about adaptive radiation is correct?

Adaptive radiation occurs within a single lineage.

Which of the following statements about adaptive radiation is correct?

Adaptive radiation occurs within a single lineage. (Why: Adaptive radiation occurs when a single lineage produces many descendant species.)

A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Which of the following predictions would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection?

Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small.

Which of the following characteristics is a reason why a Gram-stain to distinguish gram-positive from gram-negative bacteria is an important tool in a medical diagnosis of a bacterial infection? 1.None of the listed characteristics is a reason why a Gram-stain is important in medicine. 2.The outer membrane of a gram-negative bacterium helps protect it from the body's defenses. 3.Certain gram-positive bacteria are resistant to antibiotics 4.The cell walls of many gram-negative bacteria are toxic.

All of the listed characteristics are reasons why a Gram-stain is important in medicine.

Which of the following is not a structure used for locomotion in protists? 1. Pseudopodia 2. Flagella 3. Cilia 4. All of the listed structures are used for locomotion in protists. 5. Undulating membrane

All of the listed structures are used for

Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? - All organisms require energy. - All organisms have undergone evolution. - All organisms reproduce. - All organisms use essentially the same genetic code. - All organisms show heritable variation.

All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.

Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of evolution in a population over time? - The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present. - The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate. - All phenotypic variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors. - The population size is large.

All phenotypic variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors.

Why are the large finches now living on the Galápagos Islands different from the original source population from a nearby island?

All three answers are correct.

What do a carnivorous dinoflagellate, a parasitic apicomplexan, and a ciliate have in common? 1. All three are parasitic on other species of organisms. 2. All three are photosynthetic. 3. All three form colonies of cells. 4. All three have sacs known as alveoli just beneath their plasma membranes. 5. All three are heterotrophic and autotrophic.

All three have sacs known as alveoli just beneath their plasma membranes.

Which of the following would not have been a consequence of tectonic plate movements bringing previously separated landmasses together in the formation of the supercontinent of Pangaea about 250 million years ago?

Allopatric speciation increased

Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts in mutualistic or parasitic relationships?

Alpha

Most aquatic animals excrete ammonia, whereas land animals excrete urea or uric acid. What is the most likely explanation for this difference?

Ammonia is very toxic, and it takes a lot of water to dilute it.

Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not.

Among sac fungi, which of these correctly distinguishes ascospores from conidia? Ascospores are larger, whereas conidia are smaller. Ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, whereas conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae. Ascospores are diploid, whereas conidia are haploid. Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not. Ascospores are produced only by meiosis, whereas conidia are produced only by mitosis. SubmitMy AnswersGive Up

animals

Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? -vascular plants -brown algae -animals -mosses -slime molds

_____ were the dominant vertebrate life form during the Paleozoic era.

Amphibians

The aleurone layer is stimulated to release _______ and _________ as a result of giberrellin release from the embryo.

Amylase, Protease

Beneficial Allele

An allele that allows individuals to produce more surviving offspring, increasing fitness

Neutral Allele

An allele with no effect on fitness, as occurs when a point mutation is silent

What is the blind spot?

An area of the retina that has no receptor cells

Territory

An area that is actively defended and that provides exclusive or semi-exclusive use by the owner

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations with the roots of plants, which enhance the absorption of nutrients.

An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____. -cause the decay of cellulose and lignin -help plants take up nutrients and water -sicken herbivores that attempt to feed on plants -provide carbohydrates to the plant partner -control soil nematodes

Which of the following is an example of vertical transmission of a virus in plants?

An infected plant produces seeds that contain the virus, giving rise to infected progeny.

The separate lineages leading to dolphins and sharks both evolved streamlined bodies, dorsal fins, and broad tail fins as adaptations to efficient locomotion in a marine environment. In this comparison, the bodies and fins of dolphins and sharks are what type of structures

Analogous

Which of the following would be the least useful in determining the relationships among various species?

Analogous structures

Which of the following is currently the most powerful method of research on plant hormones?

Analyzing mutant plants

The hold-fast of brown algae functions in: 1. locomotion 2. fusing with other algae to transfer 3. genetic material 4. filtering particles of organic material from the water 5. housing a concentration of plastids 6. anchoring the algae

Anchoring the algae

A radula is present in members of which clade(s)?

both chitons and gastropods

20) If you were the county agriculture agent, what would be the best advice you could give the farmer who owns the field under study in Figure 37.2? A) Plant a variety of cotton that requires less water and can tolerate salinity. B) Continue to fertilize, but stop irrigating and rely on rainfall. C) Continue to irrigate, but stop fertilizing and rely on organic nutrients in the soil. D) Continue to fertilize and irrigate, but add the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium to the irrigation water until the productivity increases. E) Add acid to the soil and increase its cation exchange capabilities so more nutrients are retained in the soil.

Answer: A

42) Which of the following best describes the general role of micronutrients in plants? A) They are cofactors in enzymatic reactions. B) They are necessary for essential regulatory functions. C) They prevent chlorosis. D) They are components of nucleic acids. E) They are necessary for the formation of cell walls.

Answer: A

46) Iron deficiency is often indicated by yellowing in newly formed leaves. This suggests that iron A) is a relatively immobile nutrient in plants. B) is tied up in formed chlorophyll molecules. C) is concentrated in the xylem of older leaves. D) is concentrated in older leaves. E) is found in leghemoglobin and reduces the amount available to new plant parts.

Answer: A

5) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The number of essential macronutrients required by plants (B) The number of essential micronutrients required by plants A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Answer: A

53) The most efficient way to increase essential amino acids in crop plants for human consumption is to A) breed for higher yield of deficient amino acids. B) increase the amount of fertilizer used on fields. C) use 20-20-20 fertilizer instead of 20-5-5 fertilizer. D) engineer nitrogen-fixing nodules into crop plants lacking them. E) increase irrigation of nitrogen-fixing crops.

Answer: A

62) Hyphae form a covering over roots. Altogether, these hyphae create a large surface area that helps to do which of the following? A) aid in absorbing minerals and ions B) maintain cell shape C) increase cellular respiration D) anchor a plant E) protect the roots from ultraviolet light

Answer: A

8) Mycorrhizae enhance plant nutrition mainly by A) absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae. B) providing sugar to the root cells, which have no chloroplasts of their own. C) converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. D) enabling the roots to parasitize neighboring plants. E) stimulating the development of root hairs.

Answer: A

1) All of the following contributed to the dust bowl in the American southwest during the 1930s except A) overgrazing by cattle. B) clear cutting of forest trees. C) plowing of native grasses. D) planting of field crops. E) lack of soil moisture.

Answer: B

1) Most of the mass of organic material of a plant comes from A) water. B) carbon dioxide. C) soil minerals. D) atmospheric oxygen. E) nitrogen.

Answer: B

Unikonta

Includes protists that are closely related to fungi, animals, and other protists.

12) The best conclusion from the data in Figure 37.1 is that the plant A) grows best without air in the soil. B) grows fastest in 5 to 10% air. C) grows best at soil air levels above 15%. D) does not respond differently to different levels of air in the soil. E) would grow to 24 grams in 40% soil air.

Answer: B

2) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The average size of particles that constitute silt (B) The average size of particles that constitute clay A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Answer: B

2) Micronutrients are needed in very small amounts because A) most of them are mobile in the plant. B) most serve mainly as cofactors of enzymes. C) most are supplied in large enough quantities in seeds. D) they play only a minor role in the growth and health of the plant. E) only the most actively growing regions of the plants require micronutrients.

Answer: B

27) In hydroponic culture, what is the purpose of bubbling air into the solute? A) to keep dissolved nutrients evenly distributed B) to provide oxygen to the root cells C) to inhibit the growth of aerobic algae D) to inhibit the growth of anaerobic bacteria E) to provide CO2 for photosynthesis

Answer: B

32) The bulk of a plant's dry weight is derived from A) soil minerals. B) CO2. C) the hydrogen from H2O. D) the oxygen from H2O. E) the uptake of organic nutrients from the soil.

Answer: B

37) In the 1640s Jan Baptista van Helmont planted a small willow in a pot that contained 90.9 kg of soil. After five years, the plant weighed 76.8 kg, but only 0.06 kg of soil had disappeared from the pot. What did van Helmont conclude from this experiment? A) 80—90% of the tree's mass is the result of C3 photosynthesis. B) The increase in the mass of the tree was from the water that he added over the five years. C) Most of the increase in the mass of the tree was due to the uptake of CO2. D) Soil simply provides physical support for the tree without providing any nutrients. E) The 0.06 kg of soil was mainly nitrogen.

Answer: B

39) What is the major function of nitrogen in plants? A) component of lignin-biosynthetic enzymes B) component of DNA and RNA C) a component of chlorophyll D) active in amino acid formation E) required to regenerate phospophenolpyruvate in C4 and CAM plants

Answer: B

4) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The amount of molybdenum in a gram of dried plant material (B) The amount of sulfur in a gram of dried plant material A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Answer: B

4) Some of the problems associated with intensive irrigation include all but A) mineral runoff. B) overfertilization. C) land subsidence. D) aquifer depletion. E) soil salinization.

Answer: B

55) If a plant is infected with Rhizobium, what is the probable effect on the plant? A) It gets chlorosis. B) It dies. C) It is supplied with phosphate from the soil. D) It probably will grow faster E) It becomes flaccid due to the loss of water from the roots

Answer: D

48) Why is nitrogen fixation such an important process? A) Nitrogen fixation can only be done by certain prokaryotes. B) Fixed nitrogen is most often the limiting factor in plant growth. C) Nitrogen fixation is very expensive in terms of metabolic energy. D) Nitrogen fixers are sometimes symbiotic with legumes. E) Nitrogen-fixing capacity can be genetically engineered.

Answer: B

49) In what way do nitrogen compounds differ from other minerals needed by plants? A) Only nitrogen can be lost from the soil. B) Only nitrogen requires the action of bacteria to be made available to plants. C) Only nitrogen is needed for protein synthesis. D) Only nitrogen is held by cation exchange capacity in the soil. E) Only nitrogen can be absorbed by root hairs.

Answer: B

5) A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if A) the mineral is a micronutrient. B) the mineral is very mobile within the plant. C) the mineral is required for chlorophyll synthesis. D) the mineral is a macronutrient. E) the older leaves are in direct sunlight.

Answer: B

51) The enzyme complex nitrogenase catalyzes the reaction that reduces atmospheric nitrogen to A) N2. B) NH3. C) NO2. D) NO+. E) NO-.

Answer: B

54) Among important crop plants, nitrogen-fixing root nodules are most commonly an attribute of A) corn. B) legumes. C) wheat. D) members of the potato family. E) cabbage and other members of the brassica family.

Answer: B

58) What is the function of a root nodule's leghemoglobin? A) extract macronutrients from the soil. B) regulate the supply of oxygen to Rhizobium. C) promote ion exchange in the soil. D) form a mutualistic relationship with insects. E) supply the legume with fixed nitrogen.

Answer: B

6) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The percent of plant species that form ectomycorrhizae (B) The percent of plant species that form arbuscular mycorrhizae A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Answer: B

7) If you wanted to increase the cation exchange and water retention capacity of loamy soil, what should you do? A) Adjust the soil pH to 7.9. B) Add clay to the soil. C) Practice no-till agriculture. D) Add fertilizer containing potassium, calcium and magnesium to the soil. E) Increase the number of sand particles in the soil.

Answer: B

15) Why does over-watering a plant kill it? A) Water does not have all the necessary minerals a plant needs to grow. B) Water neutralizes the pH of the soil. C) The roots are deprived of oxygen. D) Water supports the growth of root parasites. E) Water lowers the water potential of the roots.

Answer: C

24) Most of the dry weight of a plant is the result of uptake of A) water and minerals through root hairs. B) water and minerals through mycorrhizae. C) CO2 through stoma. D) CO2 and O2 through stomata in leaves. E) carbohydrates in the root hairs and concentration in the root cortex.

Answer: C

28) When performing a mineral nutrition experiment, researchers use water from a glass still. Why is it not a good idea to use regular distilled water from a stainless steel still? A) With a steel still, lime deposits from hard water will build up too quickly. B) Salts in the water corrode steel more quickly than glass. C) Metal ions dissolving off the steel may serve as micronutrients. D) A glass still allows the distillation process to be observed. E) There is no difference; both kinds of stills produce distilled water.

Answer: C

3) For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (A) The amount of nitrogen in a fertilizer marked "15-10-5" (B) The amount of nitrogen in a fertilizer marked "15-5-5" A) Item (A) is greater than item (B). B) Item (A) is less than item (B). C) Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). D) Item (A) may stand in more than one of the above relations to item (B).

Answer: C

3) The rhizosphere would best be described as A) legume root swellings that are involved in nitrogen fixation. B) the part of the topsoil that supplies carbohydrates to plants. C) soil that is bound to roots and differs from the surrounding soil in containing many more microbes. D) the spherical soil horizon in which roots typically grow. E) all of the living organisms that inhabit the soil.

Answer: C

33) What are the three main elements on which plant growth and development depend? A) nitrogen; carbon; oxygen B) potassium; carbon; oxygen C) oxygen; carbon; hydrogen D) phosphorus; nitrogen; oxygen E) sulfur; nitrogen; phosphorus

Answer: C

34) A growing plant exhibits chlorosis of the leaves of the entire plant. The chlorosis is probably due to a deficiency of which of the following macronutrients? A) carbon B) oxygen C) nitrogen D) calcium E) hydrogen

Answer: C

36) Which element is important in the formation and stability of cell walls? A) zinc B) chlorine C) calcium D) molybdenum E) manganese

Answer: C

40) What is the major function of magnesium in plants? A) component of lignin-biosynthetic enzymes B) component of DNA and RNA C) a component of chlorophyll D) active in amino acid formation E) required to regenerate phospophenolpyruvate in C4 and CAM plants

Answer: C

44) What is meant by the term chlorosis? A) the uptake of the micronutrient chlorine by a plant B) the formation of chlorophyll within the thylakoid membranes of a plant C) the yellowing of leaves due to decreased chlorophyll production D) a contamination of glassware in hydroponic culture E) release of negatively charged minerals such as chloride from clay particles in soil

Answer: C

56) You are weeding your garden when you accidentally expose some roots. You notice swellings (root nodules) on the roots. Most likely your plant A) suffers from a mineral deficiency. B) is infected with a parasite. C) is benefiting from a mutualistic bacterium. D) is developing offshoots from the root. E) contains developing insect pupa.

Answer: C

57) Which of the following is a true statement about nitrogen fixation in root nodules? A) The plant contributes the nitrogenase enzyme. B) The process is relatively inexpensive in terms of ATP costs. C) Leghemoglobin helps maintain a low O2 concentration within the nodule. D) The process tends to deplete nitrogen compounds in the soil. E) The bacteria of the nodule are autotrophic.

Answer: C

6) Two groups of tomatoes were grown under laboratory conditions, one with humus added to the soil and one a control without the humus. The leaves of the plants grown without humus were yellowish (less green) compared with those of the plants grown in humus-enriched soil. The best explanation for this difference is that A) the healthy plants used the food in the decomposing leaves of the humus for energy to make chlorophyll. B) the humus made the soil more loosely packed, so water penetrated more easily to the roots. C) the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll. D) chlorophyll synthesis. E) the healthy plants absorbed chlorophyll from the humus.

Answer: C

60) A woodlot was sprayed with a fungicide. What would be the most serious effect of such spraying? A) a decrease in food for animals that eat mushrooms B) an increase in rates of wood decay C) a decrease in tree growth due to the death of mycorrhizae D) an increase in the number of decomposing bacteria E) A and B

Answer: C

61) What is the mutualistic association between roots and fungi called? A) nitrogen fixation B) Rhizobium infection C) mycorrhizae D) parasitism E) root hair enhancement

Answer: C

63) Which of the following is a primary difference between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae? A) Endomycorrhizae have thicker, shorter hyphae than ectomycorrhizae. B) Endomycorrhizae, but not ectomycorrhizae, form a dense sheath over the surface of the root. C) Ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate root cells, whereas endomycorrhizae grow into invaginations of the root cell membranes. D) Ectomycorrhizae are found in woody plant species; about 85% of plant families form ectomycorrhizae. E) There are no significant differences between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.

Answer: C

64) The earliest vascular plants on land had underground stems (rhizomes) but no roots. Water and mineral nutrients were most likely obtained by A) absorption by hairs and trichomes. B) diffusion through stomata. C) absorption by mycorrhizae. D) osmosis through the root hairs. E) diffusion across the cuticle of the rhizome.

Answer: C

8) Which of the following describes the fate of most of the water taken up by a plant? A) It is used as a solvent. B) It is used as a hydrogen source in photosynthesis. C) It is lost during transpiration. D) It makes cell elongation possible. E) It is used to keep cells turgid.

Answer: C

9) There are several properties of a soil in which typical plants would grow well. Of the following, which would be the least conducive to plant growth? A) abundant humus B) numerous soil organisms C) compacted soil D) high porosity E) high cation exchange capacity

Answer: C

13) The data in Figure 37.1 indicate that that the plant A) grows best at the lower levels of air in the soil. B) grows about the same in 15% and 20% soil air percent. C) grows best in soil air levels above 15%. D) B and C only E) A, B and C

Answer: D

17) Which soil mineral is most likely leached away during a hard rain? A) Na+ B) K+ C) Ca++ D) NO3- E) H+

Answer: D

18) The N-P-K percentages on a package of fertilizer refer to the A) total protein content of the three major ingredients of the fertilizer. B) percentages of manure collected from different types of animals. C) relative percentages of organic and inorganic nutrients in the fertilizer. D) percentages of three important mineral nutrients. E) proportions of three different nitrogen sources.

Answer: D

19) Based on the information provided above, what is the most likely cause of the decline in productivity? A) The farmer used the wrong kind of fertilizer. B) The cotton is developing a resistance to the fertilizer and to irrigation water. C) Water has accumulated in the soil due to irrigation. D) The soil water potential has become more negative due to salination. E) The rate of photosynthesis has declined due to irrigation.

Answer: D

21) A young farmer purchases some land in a relatively arid area and is interested in earning a reasonable profit for many years. Which of the following strategies would best allow such a goal to be achieved? A) establishing an extensive irrigation system B) using plenty of the best fertilizers C) finding a way to sell all parts of crop plants D) selecting crops adapted to arid areas E) converting hillsides into fields

Answer: D

26) You are conducting an experiment on plant growth. You take a plant fresh from the soil that weighs 5 kg. Then you dry the plant overnight and determine the dry weight to be 1 kg. Of this dry weight, how much would you expect to be made up of organic molecules? A) 1 gram B) 4 grams C) 40 grams D) 960 grams E) 1 kg

Answer: D

30) Which of the following is of least concern to a researcher in a mineral nutrition experiment? A) purity of the chemicals used to make the nutrient solutions B) purity of the water used to make the nutrient solutions C) chemical inertness of the container used to make and store the nutrient solutions D) ability of a laboratory balance to weigh very small quantities of chemicals E) medium in which the test seedlings were grown

Answer: D

31) Which two elements make up more than 90% of the dry weight of plants? A) carbon and nitrogen B) oxygen and hydrogen C) nitrogen and oxygen D) oxygen and carbon E) carbon and potassium

Answer: D

41) Reddish-purple coloring of leaves, especially along the margins of young leaves, is a typical symptom of deficiency of which element? A) C B) M++ C) N D) P E) K+

Answer: D

43) Which of the following is not true of micronutrients in plants? A) They are the elements required in relatively small amounts. B) They are required for a plant to grow from a seed and complete its life cycle. C) They generally help in catalytic functions in the plant. D) They are the essential elements of small size and molecular weight. E) Overdoses of them can be toxic.

Answer: D

47) Nitrogen fixation is a process that A) recycles nitrogen compounds from dead and decaying materials. B) converts ammonia to nitrate. C) releases nitrate from the rock substrate. D) converts nitrogen gas into ammonia. E) A and B

Answer: D

50) Most crop plants acquire their nitrogen mainly in the form of A) NH3. B) N2. C) CN2H2. D) NO3.. E) amino acids absorbed from the soil.

Answer: D

66) What are epiphytes? A) aerial vines common in tropical regions B) haustoria used for anchoring to host plants and obtaining xylem sap C) plants that live in poor soil and digest insects to obtain nitrogen D) plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts E) plants that have a symbiotic relationship with fungi

Answer: D

67) Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of A) energy. B) carbohydrates. C) lipids and steroids. D) minerals. E) water.

Answer: D

9) We would expect the greatest difference in plant health between two groups of plants of the same species, one group with mycorrhizae and one group without mycorrhizae, in an environment A) where nitrogen-fixing bacteria are abundant. B) that has soil with poor drainage. C) that has hot summers and cold winters. D) in which the soil is relatively deficient in mineral nutrients. E) that is near a body of water, such as a pond or river.

Answer: D

10) A soil well suited for the growth of most plants would have all of the following properties except A) abundant humus. B) air spaces. C) good drainage. D) high cation exchange capacity. E) a high pH.

Answer: E

11) What soil(s) is(are) the most fertile? A) humus only B) loam only C) silt only D) clay only E) both humus and loam

Answer: E

14) The best explanation for the shape of the growth response curve in figure 37.1 is that A) the plant requires air in the soil for photosynthesis. B) the roots are able to absorb more nitrogen (N2) in high levels of air. C) most of the decrease in weight at low air levels is due to transpiration from the leaves. D) increased soil air produces more root mass in the soil but does not affect the top stems and leaves. E) the roots require oxygen for respiration and growth.

Answer: E

22) A farming commitment that embraces a variety of methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe, and profitable is called A) hydroponics. B) nitrogen fixation. C) responsible irrigation. D) genetic engineering. E) sustainable agriculture.

Answer: E

23) Some plants extract and concentrate heavy metals from the soil. A current use for such plants is A) to help locate suitable sites for toxic waste storage. B) to concentrate rare metals for medicinal use. C) to minimize soil erosion in arid lands. D) nitrogen fixation by symbiotic bacteria in root nodules. E) photoremediation of polluted sites.

Answer: E

25) Organic molecules make up what percentage of the dry weight of a plant? A) 6% B) 17% C) 67% D) 81% E) 96%

Answer: E

29) Which of the following essential nutrients plays an essential role in the opening and closing of the stomatal aperture? A) Fe B) Bo C) Mg D) H E) K

Answer: E

Which of these groups includes parasitic unicellular organisms with a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues?

Apicomplexans

35) Which of the following elements is incorrectly paired with its function in a plant? A) nitrogencomponent of nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, coenzymes B) magnesiumcomponent of chlorophyll; activates many enzymes C) phosphoruscomponent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, several coenzymes D) potassiumcofactor functional in protein synthesis; osmosis; operation of stomata E) sulfurcomponent of DNA; activates some enzymes

Answer: E

38) What is the major function of sodium in plants? A) component of lignin-biosynthetic enzymes B) component of DNA and RNA C) a component of chlorophyll D) active in amino acid formation E) required to regenerate phospophenolpyruvate in C4 and CAM plants

Answer: E

45) If an African violet has chlorosis, which of the following elements might be a useful addition to the soil? A) chlorine B) molybdenum C) copper D) iodine E) magnesium

Answer: E

52) In a root nodule, the gene coding for nitrogenase A) is inactivated by leghemoglobin. B) is absent in active bacteroids. C) is found in the cells of the pericycle. D) protects the nodule from nitrogen. E) is part of the Rhizobium chromosome.

Answer: E

59) Which of the following is not a function of rhizobacteria? A) produce hormones that stimulate plant growth B) produce antibiotics that protect roots from disease C) absorb toxic metals D) carry out nitrogen fixation E) supply growing roots with glucose

Answer: E

65) Dwarf mistletoe grows on many pine trees in the Rockies. Although the mistletoe is green, it is probably not sufficiently active in photosynthesis to produce all the sugar it needs. The mistletoe also produces haustoria. Thus, dwarf mistletoe growing on pine trees is best classified as A) an epiphyte. B) a nitrogen-fixing plant. C) a carnivorous plant. D) a symbiotic plant. E) a parasite.

Answer: E

69) Plant roots excrete substances that bind the soil particles and raise the soil pH.

Answer: FALSE

70) Macronutrients, elements required in relatively large amounts, typically have catalytic functions as cofactors of enzymes.

Answer: FALSE

73) Plants acquire most of their nitrogen in the form of N2 that they obtain from rhizobacteria.

Answer: FALSE

68) Phytoremediation is a biotechnology that uses the ability of some plants to extract soil pollutants and concentrate them in portions of the plant that can be easily removed for safe disposal.

Answer: TRUE

71) Deficiency of a mobile nutrient usually affects older organs more than younger ones.

Answer: TRUE

72) Young seedlings rarely show mineral deficiency symptoms because their mineral requirements are met largely by minerals released from stored reserves in the seed itself.

Answer: TRUE

74) The fungal hyphae of both ectomycorrhizae and arbuscular mycorrhizae absorb water and minerals, which they supply to their plant hosts.

Answer: TRUE

The members of which clade in the phylum Cnidaria occur only as polyps?

Anthozoa

Genetic Drift

Any change in allele frequencies in a population that is due to chance

The largest structure is the ascomycete, then the ascocarp, then the ascus, and finally the smallest is the ascospore.

Arrange the following from largest to smallest: 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus

Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body?

Arthropoda

cup Fungi are in the phylum_____.

Ascomycota (sac Fungus).

plasmogamy

At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced? -plasmogamy -germination -karyogamy -fertilization

Experiments on the positive phototropic response of plants indicate that

Auxin can move to the shady side of the stem

Plants growing in a partially dark environment will grow toward light in a response called phototropism. Which of the statements is true regarding phototropism?

Auxin causes a growth increase on one side of the stem

Plants growing in a partially dark environment will grow toward light in a response called phototropism. Which of the following statements is true regarding phototropism?

Auxin causes a growth increase on one side of the stem.

Auxin triggers the acidification of cell walls, which results in rapid growth, but also stimulates sustained, long-term cell elongation. What best explains how auxin brings about this dual growth response?

Auxin causes second messengers to activate both proton pumps on the plasma membrane and certain genes within the same cells

Why do coleoptiles grow toward light?

Auxin moves away from the light to the shady side

Why do coleoptiles grow toward light?

Auxin moves away from the light to the shady side.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the acid growth hypothesis in an actively growing shoot?

Auxin-activated proton pumps lower the pH of the cell

Which of the following hormones would be most useful in promoting the rooting of plant cuttings?

Auxins!

Which of the following plant hormones would be found in very low amounts in a mature, water-stressed tomato plant?

Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins

1) Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as A) the digestive system's opening. B) suspension-feeding devices. C) components of the jaw. D) gill slits for respiration. E) portions of the inner ear.

B

101) Gd is a cold-loving fungus. Thus, which characteristics of normal bat behavior can be most expected to favor the spread of this fungus to uninfected bats? A) southward migration during the winter B) communal roosting in tightly packed clusters during hibernation C) reliance on fat reserves for calories during hibernation D) much-reduced metabolic rate during hibernation E) hibernating in parts of the cave that are farthest away from the mouth of the cave

B

107) Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials A) lack nipples. B) have some embryonic development outside the uterus. C) lay eggs. D) are found in Australia and Africa. E) include only insectivores and herbivores.

B

11) The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in seawater, are similar in this respect to certain species of A) chondrichthyans. B) actinopterygians. C) lungfishes. D) coelacanths. E) hagfishes.

B

12) Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes? A) lampreys B) chondrichthyans C) ray-finned fishes D) lungfishes E) placoderms

B

16) Which group's members have had both lungs and gills during their adult lives? A) sharks, skates, and rays B) lungfishes C) lancelets D) amphibians E) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs

B

24) Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? A) It has a shell that increases gas exchange. B) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment. C) It prolongs embryonic development. D) It provides insulation to conserve heat. E) It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.

B

25) Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"? A) Cenozoic B) Mesozoic C) Paleozoic D) Devonian E) Cambrian

B

30) Examination of the fossils of Archaeopteryx reveals that, in common with extant birds, it had A) a long tail containing vertebrae. B) feathers. C) teeth. D) Three of the options listed are correct. E) Two of the options listed are correct.

B

36) Female birds lay their eggs, thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight. Which "strategy" seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal? A) lay shelled eggs B) limit litters to a single embryo C) refrain from flying throughout pregnancy (about 6 weeks long) D) give birth to underdeveloped young, and subsequently carry them in a pouch that has teats E) feed multiple embryos internally using placentas

B

39) Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of A) amphibians. B) nonbird reptiles. C) chondrichthyans. D) mammals. E) birds.

B

4) A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics? A) legs B) no jaws C) an amniotic egg D) endothermy

B

41) What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates? A) endothermy B) feathers C) an amniotic egg D) flight E) a four-chambered heart

B

42) Arrange the following taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. apes 2. hominins 3. Homo 4 anthropoids 5. primates A) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 B) 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 C) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 5, 2, 1, 4, 3 E) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3

B

48) Which of these species was the first to have some members migrate out of Africa? A) Australopithecus garhi B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

B

59) Which of the following is a cluster of genes coding for transcription factors involved in the evolution of innovations in early vertebrate nervous systems and vertebrae? A) Hox B) Dlx C) Otx D) FOXP2 E) more than one of these

B

62) If a physoclistus fish removes gas from its swim bladder, this fish's density cannot actually change until that gas arrives at the A) mouth. B) gills. C) skin. D) heart. E) anus.

B

65) We should expect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined with tissue that is derived from A) ectoderm. B) endoderm. C) mesoderm. D) mesoglea. E) neurectoderm.

B

66) Regarding its position in the water column, the same thing that happens to a shark when it stops swimming also happens to a A) physostomus fish when it gulps air. B) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the water. C) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the swim bladder into the blood. D) physoclistus fish when it moves gas from the blood into the swim bladder.

B

79) The organisms represented by number 8 are A) birds. B) mammals. C) nonbird, terrestrial reptiles. D) aquatic reptiles. E) all mammals except humans.

B

84) Having caught and handled a hagfish, what will Terry's shipmates most likely require Terry to do before returning to further fishing? A) Wash his hands and then don gloves to prevent the spread of harmful microbes that live only on hagfish skin. B) Clean the bucketsful of hagfish slime from the deck of the boat. C) Dispose of the fishing tackle that had been poisoned by coming into contact with the hagfish. D) Cut up the remaining hagfish and share pieces of this highly sought-after baitfish.

B

89) Which one of these, if found, should clear up any remaining doubt as to the identity of the organism? A) vestigial pelvic girdle B) blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from both the skin and the functional lung to the heart C) closed circulatory system D) ability to produce toxins from glands located on the skin, or that empty into the mouth E) two-chambered heart

B

9) The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function? A) reproduction B) feeding C) locomotion D) defense E) respiration

B

94) Which feature of some carinates has the same effect on weight as the presence of air sacs? A) presence of a large, heavily keratinized beak B) absence of a urinary bladder C) presence of a carina (keel) D) number of chambers in the heart E) presence of large pectoral muscles

B

Concept 32.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following most directly favors the evolution of the latter, more radical, kind of metamorphosis? A) natural selection of sexually immature forms of insects B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development C) the evolution of meiosis D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

B

Concept 32.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna? A) true tissues B) hard parts C) bilateral symmetry D) cephalization E) embryos

B

Concept 32.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterians A) 5 → 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 B) 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 C) 5 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 D) 3 → 5 → 4 → 2 → 1 E) 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 4

B

Concept 32.3 Skill: Application/Analysis Page 5 22) A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny? A) genes involved in chitin synthesis B) collagen genes C) beta-catenin genes D) genes involved in eye-lens synthesis E) genes that cause radial body symmetry

B

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo? A) fertilization B) cleavage C) gastrulation D) coelom formation E) metamorphosis

B

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) During metamorphosis, echinoderms undergo a transformation from motile larvae to a sedentary (or sometimes sessile) existence as adults. What differentiates echinoderm adults, but not their larvae? Adults should A) be diploblastic. B) have radial symmetry, or something close to it. C) lack mesodermally derived tissues. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

B

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Cephalization is most closely associated with which of the following? A) sedentary lifestyle B) concentration of sensory structures at the anterior end C) predators, but not prey D) a backbone E) a sessile existence

B

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 44) The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during A) fertilization. B) gastrulation. C) the eight-cell stage of the embryo. D) coelom formation. E) cleavage.

B

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 47) Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development? A) radial cleavage B) determinate cleavage C) diploblastic embryo D) blastopore becomes the anus E) archenteron absent

B

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 50) If we were to separate these eight cells and attempt to culture them individually, then what is most likely to happen? A) All eight cells will die immediately. B) Each cell may continue development, but only into an inviable embryo that lacks many parts. C) Each cell may develop into a full-sized, normal embryo. D) Each cell may develop into a smaller-than-average, but otherwise normal, embryo.

B

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Page 11 46) Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes? A) spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth B) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth C) spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus D) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus E) radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth

B

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions are based on the description below. A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (spiral cleavage). 49) This embryo may potentially develop into a(n) A) turtle. B) earthworm. C) sea star. D) fish. E) sea urchin.

B

Concept 32.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 67) In the traditional phylogeny (Fig. 32.2A), the phylum Platyhelminthes is depicted as a sister taxon to the rest of the protostome phyla, and as having diverged earlier from the lineage that led to the rest of the protostomes. In the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 32.2B), Platyhelminthes is depicted as a lophotrochozoan phylum. What probably led to this change? A) Platyhelminthes ceased to be recognized as true protostomes. B) The removal of the acoel flatworms (Acoela) from the Platyhelminthes allowed the remaining flatworms to be clearly tied to the lophotrochozoa. C) All Platyhelminthes must have a well-developed lophophore as their feeding apparatus. D) Platyhelminthesʹ close genetic ties to the arthropods became clear as their Hox gene sequences were studied.

B

Concept 32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 57) Phylogenetic trees are best described as A) true and inerrant statements about evolutionary relationships. B) hypothetical portrayals of evolutionary relationships. C) the most accurate representations possible of genetic relationships among taxa. D) theories of evolution. E) the closest things to absolute certainty that modern systematics can produce.

B

Concept 32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 59) If a multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can properly be included among the A) eumetazoans. B) metazoans. C) choanoflagellates. D) lophotrochozoans. E) bilateria.

B

Concept 32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 62) If the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is well substantiated in the future, then what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record? A) The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax. B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been incorrect because it is incomplete. C) The fossil record will henceforth be ignored. D) Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded. E) Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to be discarded.

B

Concept 32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Page 13 55) What is characteristic of all ecdysozoans? A) the deuterostome condition B) some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer covering C) a pseudocoelom D) agile, speedy, and powerful locomotion E) the diploblastic condition

B

Concept 32.4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 66) What is true of the deuterostomes in the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 32.2B) that is NOT true in the traditional phylogeny (Fig. 32.2A)? A) ʺDeuterostomiaʺ is a clade. B) to maintain Deuterostoia as a clade, some phyla had to be removed from it. C) Deuterostomia now includes the Acoela. D) It is actually a grade, rather than a clade. E) It diverged from the rest of the Bilateria earlier than did the Acoela.

B

Concept 32.4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Page 19 72) Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry? 1. Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects. 2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians. 3. All extant cnidarians, including Nematostella, are diploblastic. 4. Beta-catenin turns out to be essential for gastrulation in all animals in which it occurs. 5. All cnidarians are acoelomate. A) 1 only B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 4 and 5

B

Concepts 32.2-32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) Which group consists of deuterostomes? A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

B

Concepts 32.2-32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Page 9 36) Which two groups are most clearly represented in the Ediacaran fauna? A) I and II B) I and III C) II and IV D) II and V E) IV and V

B

Skill: Page 21 5) Which of these is a point of conflict between the phylogenetic analyses presented in Figures 32.10 and 32.11 of your textbook? A) the monophyly of the animal kingdom B) the relationship of segmented taxa relative to nonsegmented taxa C) that sponges are basal animals D) that chordates are deuterostomes E) the monophyly of the bilaterians

B

Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes? A) All species can be characterized as scavengers. B) They have only longitudinal muscles. C) They have a true coelom. D) They have a gastrovascular cavity. E) Many species are diploblastic.

B) They have only longitudinal muscles.

Which of the following describe(s) echinoderms? A) They have an exoskeleton of hard calcareous plates. B) Tubefeet provide motility in most species. C) Digestion occurs completely outside of the organism. D) Hemolymph circulates in the water vascular system. E) They are found in both freshwater and saltwater environments.

B) Tubefeet provide motility in most species.

Bacteria function primarily in which ecological role?

Bacteria are common in all of the listed ecological roles

meiosis, Basidia produce spores by meiosis.

Basidia produce spores by a process known as ____. decomposition mitosis meiosis hyphae binary fission

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom?

Basidia.

Although they originated around 180 million years ago, mammals underwent an adaptive radiation starting approximately 65 million years ago. Why?

Between 180 and 65 million years ago, mammals were outcompeted by the well-established dinosaurs.

What are biofilms?

Biofilms are cooperative colonies of bacteria

Three of the most prominent definitions of species are the biological species concept, the phylogenetic species concept, and the morphological species (morphospecies) concept.

Biological: not applicable for extinct species Morphological: relies on similarities in structure Phylogenetic: based on evolutionary history Morphological and phylogenetic: accommodates asexual reproduction; species acceptance criteria can be subjective Morphological, phylogenetic, and biological: used scientists in classification

Most plants close their stomata at night. What color of light would be most effective in promoting stomatal opening in the middle of the night?

Blue

Which example below is a characteristic shared by diplomonads and parabasalids?

Both lack plastids.

Nematodes and arthropods are the largest ecdysozoan phyla. Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply. Select all that apply. Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle. The cuticle in nematodes lengthens as the animal grows. Nematodes are acoelomate, whereas arthropods are coelomate. Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. Some nematodes are parasitic on humans. Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. Nematodes possess a closed circulatory system. Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size. Both nematodes and arthropods have segmented body plans.

Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. Some nematodes are parasitic on humans Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size

Why is the relationship between most mycorrhizal fungi and their host plants considered mutualistic?

Both species benefit from the association.

How do plants use electrical power to import cations such as magnesium?

By releasing CO2. This cation exchange is driven by the release of CO2 by root cells because CO reacts with H2O in soil to produce carbonic acid, which releases protons.

105) Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals may represent A) the first chordates. B) a "missing link" between urochordates and cephalochordates. C) early craniates. D) marsupials. E) nontetrapod gnathostomes.

C

108) Which clade does not include humans? A) synapsids B) lobe-fins C) diapsids D) craniates E) osteichthyans

C

109) As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first? A) reduced jawbones B) language C) bipedal locomotion D) the making of stone tools E) an enlarged brain

C

21) A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was A) the appearance of jaws. B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. C) feet with digits. D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton. E) the amniotic egg.

C

stabilizing selection

Genetic variation in the population is reduced, but there is no change in the average value of a trait over time

22) What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods? A) They should show evidence of internal fertilization. B) They should show evidence of having produced shelled eggs. C) They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land. D) They should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that lived at the same time. E) They should feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws.

C

38) Their scales most closely resemble teeth in both structure and origin. A) amphibians B) nonbird reptiles C) chondrichthyans D) mammals E) osteichthyans

C

46) Which of these species was the first to have been adapted for long-distance bipedalism? A) Australopithecus garhi B) H. erectus C) H. ergaster D) H. habilis E) H. sapiens

C

53) The oldest fossil remains of Homo sapiens found so far date from about A) 6 million years ago. B) 1.6 million years ago. C) 195,000 years ago. D) 60,000 years ago. E) 16,000 years ago.

C

56) Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have fully opposable thumbs? A) apes B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates

C

57) Which of the following is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys? A) apes B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates

C

63) Which shark structure is most analogous to a swim bladder full of gas? A) its lateral line system B) its spiral valve C) its liver D) its dead-end nostrils E) its gills

C

68) Which graph properly depicts the relationship between the amount of gas in the swim bladder and the density of the fish?

C

76) Which of these numbers represents ectotherms that were able to fly? A) 1 B) 2 C) 7 D) 8 E) It is not possible to say.

C

8) The feeding mode of the extinct conodonts was A) herbivory. B) suspension feeding. C) predation. D) filter feeding. E) absorptive feeding.

C

80) Which feature excludes the organism from possibly being a leech? A) elongated shape B) lack of scales C) lack of external segmentation D) round mouth E) anterior sucker

C

81) Terry detaches the snakelike organism from the fish and uses a knife to cut off its head. In doing so, its brain slides out onto the deck of the boat. Terry peers into the cut end of the head and notices that the brain had lain in a sort of panlike structure that only partially surrounded the brain. What is the structure Terry is observing, and what is it made of? A) skull, made of bone B) cranium, made of bone C) cranium, made of cartilage D) vertebral column, made of bone E) vertebral column, made of cartilage

C

86) The class decided to humanely euthanize the organism and subsequently dissect it. Having decided that it was probably not a reptile, two of their original hypotheses regarding its identity remained. Which of the following, if observed, should help them arrive at a conclusive answer? A) presence of a closed circulatory system B) presence of moist, highly vascularized skin C) presence of lungs D) presence of a nerve cord E) presence of a digestive system with two openings

C

87) The organism was found to have two lungs, but the left lung was much smaller than the right lung. Kelly added that the herpetology instructor had said that in most snakes, the same condition exists. If the size difference between the lungs in this organism is not a shared ancestral characteristic with its occurrence in snakes, then its existence in this organism is explained as which of the following? 1. a result of convergent evolution 2. an example of homologous structures 3. a similar adaptation to a shared lifestyle or body plan 4. a result of having identical Hox genes 5. a homoplasy A) 3 only B) 1 and 5 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 3, 4, and 5

C

90) If the inner lining of the air sacs is neither thin nor highly vascularized, then what can be inferred about the air sacs? A) They must not belong to the respiratory system. B) They cannot be derived from endoderm. C) They cannot be sites of gas exchange between air and blood. D) They must obtain nutrition from some source other than the bloodstream. E) They cannot effectively moisturize the air before it reaches the lungs.

C

95) The movement of air along parabronchi is most similar to the movement of A) air in the lungs of other amniotes. B) food/waste in a gastrovascular cavity. C) food/waste in a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. D) the frog tongue during feeding. E) air in lungs of terrestrial amphibians.

C

Concept 32.1 Skill: Application/Analysis 4) Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) cells that have mitochondria B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin C) nervous conduction and muscular movement D) heterotrophy E) both A and C

C

Concept 32.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition A) from organic matter. B) by preying on animals. C) by ingesting it. D) by consuming living, rather than dead, prey. E) by using enzymes to digest their food.

C

Concept 32.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments. 4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas. A) 2 → 4 → 3 → 1 B) 2 → 1 → 4 → 3 C) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 D) 2 → 3 → 1 → 4 E) 2 → 1 → 3 → 4

C

Concept 32.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) Sponges and cnidarians are among the fossilized animals found in both the Ediacara Hills and the Burgess Shale from the Rocky Mountains of British Colombia. This observation requires that A) ancestral sponges and cnidarians had formerly been terrestrial animals. B) North America and Australia were united to each other about 550 million years ago (mya). C) land that now comprises the Ediacara Hills and the Rocky Mountains was underwater about 550 million years ago. D) only sponges and cnidarians existed at the time the sediments were deposited.

C

Concept 32.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) An obsolete taxon, the ʺRadiata,ʺ included all phyla whose adults had true radial symmetry. Today, the ʺRadiataʺ is more correctly considered to be 1. a clade. 2. a grade. 3. monophyletic. 4. paraphyletic. 5. polyphyletic. A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 2 and 5 E) 1, 2, and 3

C

Concept 32.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Page 3 14) Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of A) mass extinction. B) evolutionary stasis. C) adaptive radiation. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

C

Concept 32.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 21) Soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be able to flow directly into the A) blastopore. B) blastocoel. C) archenteron. D) pseudocoelom.

C

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo? A) fertilization B) cleavage C) gastrulation D) coelom formation E) metamorphosis

C

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) Organisms showing radial symmetry would likely A) be good swimmers. B) have rapid escape behavior. C) move from place to place relatively slowly, if at all. D) be able to fly. E) have many fins.

C

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 40) What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates A) have a body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have a solid body. B) contain tissues derived from mesoderm, whereas pseudocoelomates have no such tissue. C) have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not. D) have a complete digestive system with mouth and anus, whereas pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract with only one opening. E) have a gut that lacks suspension within the body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have mesenteries that hold the digestive system in place.

C

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Page 7 31) Which of the following is a correct association of an animal germ layer with the tissues or organs to which it gives rise? A) ectoderm: outer covering of digestive system B) endoderm: internal lining of blood vessels C) mesoderm: central nervous system D) mesoderm: skin E) endoderm: linings of liver passageways and lung passageways

C

Concept 32.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 65) If the traditional phylogeny (Fig. 32.2A) eventually becomes obsolete, the formerly close relationship depicted between the annelids and arthropods will probably be viewed, in retrospect, as an instance of A) scientific fraud. B) lack of objectivity on the parts of arrogant or egotistical scientists. C) scientists having mistakenly identified analogous features as homologous features. D) the inherent invalidity of all evolutionary biology. E) an evolutionary relationship that modern scientists had ʺset in stone,ʺ now having crumbled.

C

Concept 32.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 75) All things being equal, which of these is the most parsimonious explanation for the change in number of Hox genes from the last common ancestor of insects and vertebrates to ancestral vertebrates, as shown in Table 32.1? A) The occurrence of 7 independent duplications of individual Hox genes. B) The occurrence of 2 distinct duplications of the entire 7-gene cluster, followed by the loss of one cluster. C) The occurrence of a single duplication of the entire 7-gene cluster.

C

Choose the list below that contains the substances required by typical nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria

Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, light, and some minerals

Concept 32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 54) What does recent evidence from molecular systematics reveal about the relationship between grades and clades? A) They are one and the same. B) There is no relationship. C) Some, but not all, grades reflect evolutionary relatedness. D) Grades have their basis in, and flow from, clades. E) Each branch point on a phylogenetic tree is associated with the evolution of a new grade.

C

Concept 32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 56) What kind of data should probably have the greatest impact on animal taxonomy in the coming decades? A) fossil evidence B) comparative morphology of living species C) nucleotide sequences of homologous genes D) similarities in metabolic pathways E) the number and size of chromosomes within nuclei

C

Concept 32.4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 73) Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes, but no Hox genes. If true, this finding would A) strengthen spongesʹ evolutionary ties to the eumetazoa. B) mean that sponges must no longer be classified as animals. C) confirm the identity of sponges as ʺbasal animals.ʺ D) mean that extinct sponges must have been the last common ancestor of animals and fungi. E) require sponges to be reclassified as choanoflagellates.

C

Concepts 32.2-32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) Which group includes both ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans? A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

C

Concepts 32.2-32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 38) Which two groups have members that undergo ecdysis? A) I and II B) II and III C) III and IV D) III and V E) IV and V

C

Skill: 2) Which of the following was the least likely factor causing the Cambrian explosion? A) the emergence of predator-prey relationships between animals B) the accumulation of diverse adaptations, such as shells and different modes of locomotion C) the movement of animals onto land D) the evolution of Hox genes that controlled development E) the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support the more active metabolism of mobile animals

C

Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic? A) Mollusca B) Crustacea C) Echinodermata D) Nematoda E) Platyhelminthes

C) Echinodermata

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) cells that have mitochondria B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin C) nervous conduction and muscular movement D) heterotrophy E) Two of these responses are correct.

C) nervous conduction and muscular movement

these groups is characterized by cells that have more than one nucleus?

C. ciliates

What would happen if the secondary messenger cGMP was blocked in the de-etiolation pathway?

Ca2+ channels could open, and specific protein kinase 2 could still be produced.

Which would be an ideal soil for most plants?

Loam

In roots the _____ forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of _____ cells before entering the _____.

Casparian strip ... endodermis ... xylem

Which of the following plant growth responses is primarily due to the action of auxins?

Cell Elongation

We are living during the _____era.

Cenozoic

Select the correct statement about charophytes, a taxon of green algae.

Charophytes and land plants share four distinctive traits.

antibiotics

Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as hallucinogens. -aflatoxins. -antibiotics. -antigens. -antibodies.

In an experiment, a microbiologist put equal numbers of each of the following organisms into a flask of sterile broth, consisting mostly of sugar and a few amino acids. She then placed the flask in the dark. Which of the following organisms would be most likely to survive?

Chemoheterotrophic bacteria

Which group of bacteria is unusual in that they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

Chlamydias

Which of the following is not a protist genera that parasitizes humans?

Chlamydomonas

Which protist group is thought to be most closely related to animals?

Choanoflagellates

Which of the following is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators?

Cnidaria

Which of the following is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators? Mollusca Arthropoda Annelida Echinodermata Cnidaria

Cnidaria

In Figure 33.2 in your textbook, which two main clades branch from the most recent common ancestor of the eumetazoans? Rotifera and Deuterostomia Deuterostomia and Bilateria Porifera and Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa Cnidaria and Bilateria

Cnidaria and Bilateria

Which term best describes the relationship exhibited by mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots?

Commensal, because neither the plant nor the fungi gain a benefit from this relationship.

Ciliates

Contain motile cilia for locomotion and feeding Contain macro and micro nuclei Contractile vacuole

After a site is fenced off from cows, plants on it grow sparingly and at a slow rate. Why might this be?

Cows provide the limiting resource of nitrogen via their waste.

The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth's history was first proposed in the early 19th century writings of _________

Cuvier

The original atmosphere of Earth had little oxygen. What was the likely first source of oxygen that led to an oxygen atmosphere?

Cyanobacteria

Which of the following statements about cyanobacteria is true

Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs that conduct plantlike photosynthesis, during which they split water, liberating oxygen. Some cyanobacteria are able to use atmospheric nitrogen directly as a source of nitrogen. These photoautotrophs are the only prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis. Both solitary and filamentous cyanobacteria are abundant components of freshwater and marine phytoplankton, the collection of photosynthetic organisms that drift near the water's surface.

10) A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced? A) A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. B) Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. C) Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. D) Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. E) Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.

D

100) Gd is a cold-loving fungus. Thus, which characteristics of abnormal bat behavior can be most expected to favor the growth of this fungus? A) shifting roosting location to the mouth of the cave during winter B) searching for food during winter C) searching for food during the day D) All three of the options listed are correct. E) Only two of the options listed are correct.

D

15) Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes? A) The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales. B) They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. C) They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility. D) They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. E) A swim bladder helps control buoyancy.

D

18) The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes A) was probably modified from simple lungs of chondrichthyans. B) developed into lungs in saltwater fishes. C) first appeared in sharks. D) provides for regulation of buoyancy. E) Two of the options listed are correct.

D

Amoebozoans

Include Amoeba that have lobe shaped pseudopodia rather than thread ;like pseudopodia. included some molds, entameobas, and gymnamoebas

2) Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists? A) The extant lancelets are contemporaries, not ancestors, of vertebrates. B) The first fossils resembling lancelets appeared in the fossil record around 530 million years ago. C) Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that lancelets are the most recent common ancestor of all vertebrates. D) The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes. E) Lancelets display the same method of swimming as do fishes.

D

20) Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. lobe-fins 2. amphibians 3. gnathostomes 4. osteichthyans 5. tetrapods A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 B) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 E) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2

D

27) Which of the following is characteristic of most extant reptiles and most extant mammals? A) ectothermy B) diaphragm C) shelled eggs D) keratinized skin E) conical teeth that are relatively uniform in size

D

29) Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? A) lizards B) crocodiles C) snakes D) birds E) tuataras

D

35) Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones? A) They are similar in size to the reptilian jawbones. B) They are similar in shape to the reptilian jawbones. C) The mammalian jaw has fewer bones than does the reptilian jaw. D) These bones can be observed to move from the developing jaw to the developing middle ear in mammalian embryos. E) Mammals can hear better than reptiles.

D

37) In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal? A) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals B) amphibians, mammals, and reptiles C) chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles D) reptiles and mammals E) reptiles and amphibians

D

45) Which of the following are considered apes? A) lorises B) New World monkeys C) Old World monkeys D) orangutans E) tarsiers

D

49) Which of these species is currently thought to have coexisted (at the same time and places) with H. neanderthalensis? A) H. erectus B) H. ergaster C) H. habilis D) H. sapiens

D

5) How many of the following statements about craniates is (are) correct? 1. Craniates are more highly cephalized than are noncraniates. 2. Craniates' genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription factors. 3. The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade. 4. Pharyngeal slits that play important roles in gas exchange originated in craniates. 5. The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates. A) one of these B) two of these C) three of these D) four of these E) five of these

D

52) Which of these statements about human evolution is correct? A) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees. B) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens. C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. D) Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution. E) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals.

D

55) Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have foramina magna centrally positioned in the base of the cranium? A) hominoids B) Homo C) anthropoids D) hominins E) primates

D

6) What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have? A) brain B) vertebrae C) cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord D) partial or complete skull E) bone

D

64) When a shark stops swimming, it does which of the following? 1. sinks 2. quickly dies 3. oxygenates its blood less effectively A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 1 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3

D

70) Which graph below best represents the way that density changes over time in a physoclistus fish and in a physostomus fish, respectively? A) A and B B) B and A C) B and C D) C and B E) D and B

D

71) At 5, 10, and 15 hours in the graph below, which of the following statements should be true? A) This fish is in the process of adding gas to its swim bladder. B) This fish is in the process of removing gas from its swim bladder. C) This fish has a swim bladder that is relatively full of gas. D) This fish has a swim bladder that contains relatively little gas.

D

75) Which number represents the closest relative to the parareptiles? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 9 E) It is not possible to say.

D

82) Terry takes the body of the snakelike organism and slices it open along its dorsal side. If it is a hagfish, what should Terry see? A) a well-developed series of bony vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord B) a well-developed series of cartilaginous vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord C) a tube of cartilage (surrounding the notochord) with dorsal projections on both sides of the spinal cord D) a notochord, located underneath the spinal cord

D

83) The snakelike organism turned out to be a hagfish. Consequently, why should Terry throw the fish to which the hagfish was attached overboard, rather than having it for dinner? A) It has mucus on its skin. B) If it had an ectoparasite, then it must also have endoparasites. C) The bite of the hagfish introduces paralytic neurotoxins, which Terry wants to avoid. D) It was already sick or dying; otherwise, the hagfish would probably not have attacked it.

D

99) Gd is a cold-loving fungus. Thus, which characteristics of normal bat behavior can be most expected to favor the growth of this fungus? A) southward migration during the winter B) communal roosting in tightly packed clusters during hibernation C) reliance on fat reserves for calories during hibernation D) much-reduced metabolic rate during hibernation E) hibernating in parts of the cave that are farthest away from the mouth of the cave

D

Concept 32.1 Skill: Application/Analysis 6) What do animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common? A) body cavity between body wall and digestive system B) number of embryonic tissue layers C) type of body symmetry D) presence of Hox genes E) degree of cephalization

D

Concept 32.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 13) Which of these genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion? A) binary fission B) mitosis C) random segregation D) gene duplication E) chromosomal condensation

D

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a A) flatworm. B) jelly. C) comb jelly. D) sponge. E) nematode.

D

In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together.

False

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 48) Protostome characteristics generally include which of the following? A) a mouth that develops secondarily, and far away from the blastopore B) radial body symmetry C) radial cleavage D) determinate cleavage E) absence of a body cavity

D

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 52) The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having A) radial or bilateral symmetry. B) a well-defined head or no head. C) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. D) true tissues or no tissues. E) a body cavity or no body cavity.

D

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 53) With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. ecdysozoan 2. protostome 3. eumetazoan 4. triploblastic A) 4, 2, 3, 1 B) 4, 3, 1, 2 C) 3, 4, 1, 2 D) 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 4, 3, 2, 1

D

Concept 32.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 69) Phylogenetic trees, such as those in Fig. 32.2, are best understood as being scientific A) theories. B) laws. C) principles. D) hypotheses. E) dogmas.

D

Concept 32.4 Skill: Application/Analysis Table 32.1. Proposed Number of Hox Genes in Various Extant and Extinct Animals Last Common Ancestor of Bilateria Last Common Ancestor of Insects and Vertebrates Ancestral Vertebrates Mammals 4 7 14 38-4 74) What conclusion is apparent from the data in Table 32.1? A) Land animals have more Hox genes than do those that live in water. B) All bilaterian phyla have had the same degree of expansion in their numbers of Hox genes. C) Acoel flatworms should be expected to contain 7 Hox genes. D) The expansion in number of Hox genes throughout vertebrate evolution cannot be explained merely by three duplications of the ancestral vertebrate Hox cluster. E) Extant insects all have 7 Hox genes.

D

Concept 32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 61) Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. A) 5 B) 1, 3 C) 2, 4 D) 3, 5 E) 3, 4, 5

D

Concept 32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 70) Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular phylogeny? A) metazoan and eumetazoan B) radial and bilateral C) true coelom and pseudocoelom D) protostome and deuterostome E) molting and lack of molting

D

Concept 32.4 Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation Page 18 68) What is true of the clade Ecdysozoa? A) It includes all animals that molt at some time during their lives. B) It includes all animals that undergo metamorphosis at some time during their lives. C) It includes all animals that have body cavities known as pseudocoeloms. D) It includes all animals with genetic similarities that are shared with no other animals. E) It includes all animals in the former clade ʺProtostomiaʺ that truly do have protostome development.

D

Skill: 4) The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of A) a body cavity. B) a complete digestive tract. C) a circulatory system. D) true tissues. E) mesoderm.

D

What is true of the clade Ecdysozoa? A) It includes all animals that molt at some time during their lives. B) It includes all animals that undergo metamorphosis at some time during their lives. C) It includes all animals that have body cavities known as pseudocoeloms. D) It includes all animals with genetic similarities that are shared with no other animals. E) It includes all animals in the former clade Protostomia that truly do have protostome development.

D) It includes all animals with genetic similarities that are shared with no other animals.

A stalked, sessile marine organism has several feathery feeding structures surrounding an opening through which food enters. The organism could potentially be a cnidarian, a lophophorate, a tube-dwelling worm, a crustacean, or an echinoderm. Which of the following traits, if found in this organism, would allow the greatest certainty of identification?

D) a water vascular system

What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?

DNA

The genetic material within cells is called __________ and is organized into structures called __________.

DNA; chromosome

How did Hutton and Lyell's ideas influence Charles Darwin's thinking?

Darwin reasoned that the Earth must be very old and that slow, subtle processes could produce substantial biological changes.

Which of the following best summarizes the neutral theory?

Darwinian selection does not influence a lot of evolutionary change in genes and proteins because many of these changes do not affect fitness.

Imagine you have developed a plant that grows a cuticle on its root epidermal cells. One result would be _____.

Decreased nutrient uptake

Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are predators of other bacteria?

Delta

Which of these groups includes species that produce a substance that is toxic to humans?

Dinoflagellates

_____ were the dominant vertebrate life form during the Mesozoic era.

Dinosaurs

Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seedcrackers?

Disruptive selection Disruptive selection causes both extreme phenotypes (large and small beaks) to be favored over the intermediate phenotypes.

Which of the following is the correct order of taxonomic levels in the Linnean system of classification, from most to least inclusive

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

102) Almost all North American bats are insectivores, with one notable exception being a bat that bites and then laps blood from the wound. The blood-lapping bats are limited to the warm, southwestern United States. Thus, if WNS continues to decimate bat populations in the United States and Canada, then we can expect A) livestock bites from vampire bats to increase in frequency. B) plant diseases that are spread by insects to increase in frequency. C) plant diseases directly caused by insect feeding to increase in frequency. D) human and livestock diseases that are spread by insects to increase in frequency. E) all but one of these are correct.

E

103) Which feature(s) allow(s) hibernating bats to conserve heat without using calories? A) shivering B) fur C) fat layer below the skin D) All three of the options listed are correct. E) Two of the options listed are correct.

E

104) Vertebrates and tunicates share A) jaws adapted for feeding. B) a high degree of cephalization. C) the formation of structures from the neural crest. D) an endoskeleton that includes a skull. E) a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

E

14) To which of the following are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense? A) osteichthyan scales B) reptilian scales C) mammalian scales D) bird scales E) chondrichthyan teeth

E

17) There is evidence that ray-finned fishes evolved A) in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans. B) directly from lampreys and hagfish. C) early in the Cambrian period. D) directly from lancelets. E) the swim bladder from a lung.

E

19) Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade? A) chondrichthyans B) ray-finned fishes C) lampreys D) hagfishes E) tetrapods

E

23) Which of these are amniotes? A) amphibians B) fishes C) egg-laying mammals D) placental mammals E) More than one of these is correct.

E

There are three small bones in the inner ear. True or False?

False

33) Among extant vertebrates, a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in A) birds. B) monotremes. C) marsupials. D) placentals. E) Three of the options listed are correct.

E

34) Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? A) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. B) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. C) Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. D) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. E) Examine the teeth.

E

43) Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption of bipedalism? A) fingerprints B) enhanced depth perception C) shortened hind limbs D) opposable big toe E) repositioning of foramen magnum

E

44) Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct? A) Modern humans are the only human species to have evolved on Earth. B) Human ancestors were virtually identical to extant chimpanzees. C) Human evolution has occurred within an unbranched lineage. D) The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved simultaneously. E) Fossil evidence indicates that early anthropoids were arboreal and cat-sized.

E

50) Which of these species had members who moved out of Africa? A) H. erectus B) H. ergaster C) H. habilis D) H. sapiens E) both H. sapiens and H. erectus

E

60) The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still A) effectively circulate its blood. B) be highly maneuverable. C) use its lateral line system. D) use its swim bladder as a respiratory organ. E) not sink.

E

61) Rank the following fish, from most to least, in terms of the amount of energy it must use to maintain its position (depth) in the water column over the long term. 1. physoclistus fish 2. physostomus fish 3. chondrichthyan fish A) 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 3, 1 C) 2, 1, 3 D) 3, 1, 2 E) 3, 2, 1

E

69) If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use? A) its heart B) its pectoral fins C) its lateral line system D) its caudal (tail) fin E) its opercula

E

7) Lampreys differ from hagfishes in A) lacking jaws. B) having a cranium. C) having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits. D) having a notochord throughout life. E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.

E

72) Which number represents the birds? A) 3 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 10, if it were at the end of a branch emerging from the dinosaurs

E

74) If circle 3 includes all of the extant reptiles that are ectotherms, then what do circles 4 and 6 represent? A) crocodiles and birds B) turtles and birds C) ratites and carinates D) mammals and birds E) There is not enough information to say.

E

77) Whose DNA would have had the most sequence homologies with amphibian DNA? A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8 E) 9

E

The possession of two pairs of antennae is a characteristic of

crustaceans

78) In order for the four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals to be homologous, which other organisms would have to have had four-chambered hearts? A) dinosaurs B) thecodonts C) plesiosaurs D) synapsids E) stem reptiles

E

91) Some bird bones are hollow rather than honeycombed. The hollow bones mostly contain air sacs. The replacement of bone marrow with air sacs is properly understood as an adaptation to A) reduce the weight of the bird. B) facilitate flight. C) eliminate the functions that marrow performs. D) All three of the options listed are correct. E) Only two of the options listed are correct.

E

93) If Archaeopteryx had air sacs, then which of its features would have had the opposite effect on enabling Archaeopteryx to fly long distances from that provided by air sacs? 1. teeth 2. contour feathers 3. wing claws 4. long tail with many vertebrae A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 2, and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4

E

Concept 32.1 Skill: Application/Analysis Page 2 9) The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a A) unicellular chytrid. B) unicellular yeast. C) plant. D) multicellular fungus. E) flagellated protist.

E

Concept 32.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos 2. formation of water channels in sponges 3. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos 4. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians 5. anterior-posterior orientation in vertebrate embryos A) 4 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 5 B) 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 → 5 C) 4 → 2 → 5 → 3 → 1 D) 2 → 4 → 5 → 3 → 1 E) 2 → 4 → 3 → 1 → 5

E

Concept 32.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Page 1 5) The number of legs an insect has, the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column, or the number of joints in a digit (such as a finger) are all strongly influenced by A) haploid genomes. B) introns within genes. C) heterotic genes. D) heterogeneous genes. E) Hox genes.

E

Concept 32.2 Skill: Application/Analysis Page 4 18) Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that A) arthropods evolved before vertebrates did. B) extant terrestrial arthropods are better adapted to terrestrial life than are extant terrestrial vertebrates. C) ancestral arthropods must have been poorly adapted to aquatic life, thus experienced a selective pressure to invade land. D) vertebrates evolved from arthropods. E) arthropods have had more time to co-evolve with land plants than have vertebrates.

E

Concept 32.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships? A) increased incidence of worm burrows in the fossil record B) increased incidence of larger animals in the fossil record C) increased incidence of organic material in the fossil record D) increased incidence of fern galls in the fossil record E) increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record

E

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) Cephalization is primarily associated with A) adaptation to dark environments. B) method of reproduction. C) fate of the blastopore. D) type of digestive system. E) bilateral symmetry.

E

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate? A) It responds to food by moving toward it. B) It is triploblastic. C) It has bilateral symmetry. D) It possesses sensory structures at its anterior end. E) Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.

E

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Page 10 41) Which of the following functions is an advantage of a fluid-filled body cavity? A) Internal organs are cushioned and protected from injury. B) Organs can grow and move independently of the outer body wall. C) The fluid within the cavity acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

E

Concept 32.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Page 6 26) What may have occurred to prevent species that are of the same grade from also belonging to the same clade? A) similar structures arising independently in different lineages B) convergent evolution among different lineages C) adaptation by different lineages to the same selective pressures D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

E

Concept 32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 71) The last common ancestor of all bilaterians is thought to have had four Hox genes. Most extant cnidarians have two Hox genes, except Nematostella (of beta-catenin fame), which has three Hox genes. On the basis of these observations, some have proposed that the ancestral cnidarians were originally bilateral and, in stages, lost Hox genes from their genomes. If true, this would mean that A) ʺRadiataʺ should be a true clade. B) The radial symmetry of extant cnidarians is secondarily derived, rather than being an ancestral trait. C) Hox genes play little actual role in coding for an animalʹs ʺbody plan.ʺ D) Cnidaria may someday replace Acoela as the basal bilaterians. E) both B and D

E

Concept 32.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension Page 14 60) Which of the following organisms are deuterostomes? A) molluscs B) annelids C) echinoderms D) chordates E) both C and D

E

Concepts 32.1, 32.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 23) What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animalʹs development? 1. gastrulation 2. metamorphosis 3. fertilization 4. cleavage A) 4 → 3 → 2 → 1 B) 4 → 3 → 1 → 2 C) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 D) 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 E) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2

E

Skill: 3) Acoelomates are characterized by A) the absence of a brain. B) the absence of mesoderm. C) deuterostome development. D) a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm. E) a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs.

E

Skill: 6) What is the main basis for placing the arthropods and nematodes in the Ecdysozoa in one hypothesis of animal phylogeny? A) Animals in both groups are segmented. B) Animals in both groups undergo ecdysis. C) They both have radial, determinate cleavage, and their embryonic development is similar. D) The fossil record has revealed a common ancestor to these two phyla. E) Analysis of genes shows that their sequences are quite similar, and these sequences differ from those of the lophotrochozoans and deuterostomes.

E

Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? A) Echinodermata-bilateral symmetry as a larva, coelom present B) Nematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate C) Cnidaria-radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms D) Platyhelminthes-flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate E) Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present

E) Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present

Rank the fossils of organisms A-E from most common to least common. If two fossils have the same commonness, overlap them.

E, A, B, C, D

Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic? Nematoda Crustacea Echinodermata Mollusca Platyhelminthes

Echinodermata

which statement is true regarding thermoregulation?

Ectotherms generally do not conserve body heat as effectively as do polar bears.

disruptive selection

Eliminates phenotypes near the average value and favors extreme phenotypes

How do epiphytes obtain nutrients?

Epiphytes obtain nutrients from rainwater, dust, and particles that collect in their tissues or the crevices of bark.

The plant hormone involved in aging and ripening of fruit is

Ethylene

If you were shipping green bananas to a supermarket thousands of miles away, which of the following chemicals would you want to eliminate from the plant's environment?

Ethylene!!

Which of these groups includes photosynthetic unicellular organisms with flagella and contractile vacuoles?

Euglenids

Protists are best described as which of the following?

Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

A phylogenetic tree of bird families constructed by cladistic analysis would be a hypothesis about which of the following?

Evolutionary relationships among bird families

Bacterial flagella have a very complex structure composed of 42 distinct proteins. What is the most likely explanation for the evolution of these complex structures?

Exaptation

Four supergroups

Excavata "SAR" Clade Archaeplastida Unikonta

How does our understanding of genetics today refute Lamarck's principle of the inheritance of acquired characteristics?

Experiments in genetics show that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime are not inherited in the way proposed by Lamarck

Plasmodial Slime molds

Extends pseudopodia through soil, mulch, moist environments to phagocytize food particle as it grows

The molecule most involved in the flowering process is ____.

FT protein

True or false? A flood that separates a population of frogs onto opposite sides of a lake is an example of a vicariance event that may result in allopatric speciation.

False

True or false? A mating between a tetraploid individual and a diploid individual produces biologically fit offspring.

False

True or false? Plants use both active and passive transport processes to transport ions against their concentration gradients.

False

True or false? Root pressure can move water a long distance up the xylem because of the higher water potential of the xylem in comparison to the water potential in the surrounding cells.

False

True or false? Soil texture affects the amount of water available to plants; water is held best by clay and sand particles.

False

True or false? The evolution of different ecomorphs on the Caribbean islands is an example of stabilizing selection.

False

True or false? The last ice age produced many different species mainly because populations dispersed and colonized new habitats.

False

True or false? The rate of sugar transport in a plant depends on the rate of photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration, and the difference in turgor pressure between the source and the sink.

False

True or false? The evolution of different ecomorphs on the Caribbean islands is an example of stabilizing selection.

False (Why: The evolution of different ecomorphs is an example of disruptive selection. Each new ecomorph had characteristics that were ideal for a particular habitat, but as these characteristics developed, the lizards lost the ability to survive effectively in the other habitats on the island.)

pseudopodia

False feet. Amoebas feed using these

T/F: Fungi are more closely related to plants than to animals.

False.

T/F: Fungi evolved after the first plants colonized land.

False.

_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants.

Ferns

Which of the following statements about bacterial flagella is true?

Flagella can rotate 360 degrees.

Which of the following statements is supported by the data from the control group matings?

Flies were about as likely to mate with flies from different starch-adapted populations as with flies from their own starch-adapted population.

Many plants flower in response to day-length cues. Which of the following statements best summarizes this phenomenon?

Flowering in short-day and long-day plants is controlled by phytochrome.

by flagella

For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another? For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another? -by wind-blown spores -by hyphae -by cilia -by flagella -by pseudopods

Parasites of the genus Trypanosoma evade immune responses through what defense?

Frequently changing their surface proteins

What is a major difference between plants and fungi?

Fungi are heterotrophic and plants are autotrophic.

absorption, Fungi are heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorbing small molecules from the surrounding medium.

Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. -endocytosis -ingestion -absorption -chemosynthesis -photosynthesis

The production of saclike structures during sexual reproduction is characteristic of the phylum Ascomycota.

Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of _____ during sexual reproduction. -lichens -yeasts -flagellated zoospores -saclike structures -a dikaryotic structure

surroundings, Fungi then absorb the digested nutrients.

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. surroundings gastrovascular cavity stomach hyphae mycelia

the diploid phase of the life cycle is shortest in

Fungus.

gene pool

Gametes produced in each generation go into a single group

Which hypothesis suggests a possible cause of the relationship shown in the scatter plot?

Geographically separated populations of dusky salamanders gradually diverge, and the divergence increases with geographic distance.

Paleontology, the study of fossils, was developed by __________.

Georges Cuvier

The synthesis of which of the following hormones would be a logical first choice in an attempt to produce normal growth in mutant dwarf plants?

Gibberellin

If a farmer wanted more loosely packed clusters of grapes, he would most likely spray the immature bunches with

Gibberellins

Almost all the members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants.

Glomeromycota.

How does a retrovirus like HIV enter a host cell

Glycoproteins on the viral envelope bind to receptors on the host cell. The viral envelope fuses with the host cell's plasma membrane, facilitating uptake of the virus by the host cell

What is the structural feature of gram-positive bacteria that results in their retaining a crystal violet dye stain and thereby being distinguished from gram-negative bacteria in a Gram-stain technique?

Gram-positive bacteria have thicker cell walls

Which of the following is a legitimate way in which plants move?

Growth movements toward or away from light

Most of the dry weight of a plant is derived from

H2O and CO2

The history of life according to the fossil record Classify each event in the history of life into the appropriate eon or era. Drag each phrase to the appropriate bin.

Hadean eon: origin of Earth Archaean eon: oldest fossil of cells (prokaryotic appear Proterzoic eon: oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells appear. Paleozoic era: the Cambrian explosion, first tetrapods and insects appear Mesozoic era: origin of mammals, dinosaurs evolve and radiate Cenozoic era: humans appear, major radiation of pollinating insects

Which of the following is a mechanoreceptor?

Hair cell

How many chromosomes would be found in an allopolyploid plant if its parents had diploid numbers of 2 and 10, respectively?

Haploid number of 6

Euglenids

Have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell.

Why can flare-ups of herpes virus infection recur throughout a person's life?

Herpes virus can leave its DNA behind as minichromosomes in nerve cell nuclei. Stress can trigger another round of virus production, producing characteristic blisters and sores.

All fungi share which characteristic?

Heterotrophic.

A bald eagle and a black bear both have four limbs with digits because they are both tetrapods, descendants of a four-limbed ancestor. In this comparison, the limbs of the eagle and the bear are what type of structure

Homologous

Which event occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom?

Hyphae are produced by mitosis.

Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life. III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible. I and II I and III II and III I, II, and III

I and III

water and minerals

In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?

conidiophores

In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores? -rhizoids -zygosporangia -conidiophores -asci -gametangia

The idea of using molecules as clocks to time evolutionary events is very attractive, but there are many problems in actually applying the technique. What seems to be the best way to get reliable results?

It is important to use as many genes as possible. With this approach, fluctuations in evolutionary rate will tend to average out

What defines a micronutrient?

It is needed in very minute quantities.

To which domain is the domain Eukarya (the domain to which humans belong) most closely related?

It is not clear whether eukaryotes are more closely related to bacteria or archaea.

What makes a nutrient an essential nutrient to plants?

It is required for normal growth and reproduction.

What is true of microevolution?

It is the kind of evolution that can change the relative abundance of a particular allele in a gene pool over the course of generations. Microevolution is a generation-to-generation change in allele frequency.

Why is the four-stage hypothesis for the abiotic origin of life useful?

It leads to predictions that can be tested.

Which of the following is a true statement concerning genetic variation?

It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population.

Which of the following is one of the main weaknesses of the proposed classification scheme in which all eukaryotes are divided into five supergroups?

It shows all five supergroups diverging simultaneously from a common ancestor.

Which of the following is an elemental ion?

K+

The loops of Henle in the kidneys of a desert kangaroo rat are much longer than those in a white laboratory rat because ___

Kangaroo rat is adapted to living in an environment where water is scarce

What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation?

Karyogamy and Meiosis.

If you grew a plant with labeled atoms of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, which source would dominate the mass of the plant?

Labeled carbon and oxygen from carbon dioxide

Corn is a crop that requires a lot of nitrogen to grow properly. Farmers will often grow corn in a particular field every other year, alternating it with a legume (a member of the pea family) such as soybeans or clover. What is the purpose of this practice?

Legume roots contain bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants, thus helping to replenish soil nitrogen.

You add copper supplements to a potted plant and see normal, but not enhanced, growth. Why not?

Levels of copper in the soil were already at sufficient levels. Only small amounts of copper are needed and excess amounts do not necessarily contribute to growth.

cyanobacteria and green algae.

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and _____ and _____.

Which organisms are not examples of an adaptive radiation?

Mammals and reptiles in the post-dinosaur age

Which organisms are not examples of an adaptive radiation?

Mammals and reptiles in the post-dinosaur age (Why: mammals and reptiles are not descended from a single lineage.)

Why have protists been "mixed in" with plants, animals, and fungi under the hypothesis that groups eukaryotes into five supergroups?

Many protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to each other and recent evidence makes it clear that the former kingdom Protista was paraphyletic.

What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant?

Megaspores or microspores

What type of receptor is found in the skin and is responsible for detecting a light touch?

Meissner's corpuscle

Which mechanoreceptors are nearest the surface of the epidermis and respond to light touch?

Meissner's corpuscles

Some viruses have membranous envelopes. Where do viral envelopes typically originate from?

Membranes from the host cell

Dinosaurs went extinct during the _____.

Mesozoic

Flowering plants first appeared during the _____.

Mesozoic

_____ bonds are responsible for the cohesion of water molecules.

hydrogen

What is true of natural selection?

Mutations occur at random; natural selection can preserve and distribute beneficial mutations.

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself?

Mycelium.

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time

Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy

The early atmosphere may not have been as reducing as originally postulated by Haldane, Oparin, Miller, and Urey. In light of current thinking about the composition of the early atmosphere, what is regarded as a likely place for the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules to have occurred?

Near volcanoes

The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong?

Nematoda

A student observes a wormlike organism crawling about on dead organic matter. Later, the organism sheds its outer covering. One possibility is that the organism is a larval insect (like a maggot). However, it might be a member of the phylum ________, and one way to distinguish between the two possibilities is by looking for the presence or absence of ________. Nematoda; an alimentary canal Annelida; a body cavity Annelida; muscle in the body wall Platyhelminthes; a cuticle of chitin Nematoda; a circulatory system

Nematoda, circulatory system

Why is RNA, rather than DNA, thought to have been the first genetic material?

RNA can also function as a catalyst

A student observes a wormlike organism crawling about on dead organic matter. Later, the organism sheds its outer covering. One possibility is that the organism is a larval insect (like a maggot). However, it might be a member of the phylum ________, and one way to distinguish between the two possibilities is by looking for ________.

Nematoda; a circulatory system

Carnivorous plants trap and digest insects to overcome _____.

Nitrogen deficiency in low-nitrogen soils.

Which of the following statements correctly describe nitrogen and its role as a plant nutrient?

Nitrogen deficiency usually causes plant leaves to turn yellow; plant root hairs can only absorb nitrogen in the form of ammonium ions (NH4+) or nitrate ions (NO3-); nitrogen is a macronutrient in plants; nitrogen is a component of nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, and coenzymes.

Carnivorous plants, such as the Venus flytrap, trap insects with their leaves. What do these plants gain from the insects?

Nitrogen, which is present in very low quantities in habitats containing carnivorous plants.

How can an allopolyploid plant become a biologically fit new species?

Nondisjunction event during mitosis

Which of the following is an assumption that should be made when reading a phylogenetic tree?

None of the listed assumptions should be made.

What would you predict would happen to an epiphytic bromeliad if the tree it grew on suffered massive damage to its xylem?

Nothing would happen to the bromeliad.

What is the basis for the use of a molecular clock to determine the absolute time of evolutionary change

Nucleotide substitutions in a gene occur at a relatively constant rate.

When a virus infects an E. coli cell, what part of the virus enters the bacterial cytoplasm?

Only the nucleic acid

Which of the following is an accurate statement about pain receptors?

Pain receptors are activated by excessive heat or cold, excessive stretch, and chemicals released by injured tissue.

Bony fish first evolved during the _____ .

Paleozoic

Most modern animal phyla evolved during the _____ era.

Paleozoic

Reptiles first appeared during the _____ era.

Paleozoic

Seed plants first appeared during the _____.

Paleozoic

The correct order of the geologic eras, from most ancient to most recent, is __________.

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

Apicomplexans

Parasitic Require two or more different host species for completion of life cycle Causes Malaria

If a plant grows on another plant and depends on this plant for all its nutritional needs, including sugars, nutrients, and water, it can most specifically be called a(n) _____.

Parasitic plant

Incandescent light bulbs, which have high output of red light, are least effective in promoting

Phototropism.

What is a primary reason why a three-domain taxonomic scheme has been adopted over the previous five-kingdom taxonomic scheme

Phylogenies based on genetic data revealed that some prokaryotes (kingdom Monera) differ as much from each other as they differ from eukaryotes.

__________ is a protist that causes late blight of potatoes and was responsible for the Irish potato famine of the 19th century.

Phytophthora infestans

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

Plantae

Why might animal hormones function differently than plant hormones?

Plants are much more variable in their morphology and development than animals.

Which of the following statements about nutrient uptake by plants is true?

Plants require other elements besides carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen to grow, and they can obtain these in soil.

How do plants obtain organic molecules

Plants synthesize their own organic molecules.

Which of the following is a structure that bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes have?

Plasma membrane

The fusion of cytoplasm from 2 individuals.

Plasmogamy.

What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?

Population

Animals first appeared during the _____.

Precambrian

Life arose during the _____.

Precambrian

The first prokaryotic cells appeared during the _____.

Precambrian

How do prions propagate and replicate themselves?

Prions convert normal proteins into the misfolded prion version.

Why is salt a good preservative to use for foods such as pork and fish?

Prokaryotic cells living in the food will shrink from their cell walls, impacting their ability to reproduce.

Moderate soil acidity means there are protons in the soil. Protons help nutrient availability by _____.

Promoting cation exchange.

Root hairs absorb nutrients from soil against the nutrient concentration gradient. To achieve this, root hairs use _____.

Proton pumps

Rhizarian

R in "SAR" Many species are amoebas

Which clade in the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded (as opposed to boxlike) medusae? Anthozoa Scyphozoa Cubozoa Hydrozoa

Scyphozoa

What evidence most strongly suggests that an impact by an asteroid or meteorite may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?

Sedimentary rocks contain a layer of iridium, a mineral uncommon on Earth

Septate Hyphae are divided into cells by _______.

Septa.

Which of the following does not contribute to bacteria's ability to evolve rapidly?

Sexual reproduction

2 and 3, They do not form heterokaryons and their spores are probably produced by mitosis.

Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage? 1) They are currently classified among the ascomycetes. 2) They do not form heterokaryons. 3) Their spores are probably produced by mitosis. 4) They form dikaryotic mycelium. 5) The spores undergo crossing over during meiosis.

Parabaslids

Sexually transmitted parasite Caused vaginal infections when given the chance to outcompete beneficial bacteria.

A paleontologist finds a new tyrannosaur in a site she is excavating, and wishes to date the fossil. What is the most likely method she will use?

She will infer the age of the fossil by dating layers of volcanic rock above and below the stratum containing the fossil.

The ability of plant roots to penetrate through soil is determined by which of the following?

Soil texture

mutualistic

Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host? -mutualistic -parasitic -commensal -predatory

The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance to some antibiotic drugs. How did this resistance come about?

Some members of the bacteria populations possessed some sort of genetic variation for antibiotic resistance that was selected for when the bacteria was exposed to the drugs.

The researchers discovered that the 12 populations could be organized into 3 distinct species. Populations A, B, and C each belong to a different species.

Species 1) D, F, H, I, K Species 2) L, E Species 3) G, J

What was the main selective pressure behind the evolution of different Anolis lizard species in the Caribbean?

Specific ecological niches

What was the main selective pressure behind the evolution of different Anolis lizard species in the Caribbean?

Specific ecological niches (Why: Different species evolved in response to the selective pressures created by specific ecological niches on the islands.)

Which of the following is not a cellular organelle possessed by a protist? a protist? 1. Hydrogenosome 2. Mitosome 3. Mitochondria 4. Sporozoite 5. Plastid

Sporozoite

Small Aristelliger lizards have difficulty defending territories, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which kind of selection acts on the adult body size of these lizards?

Stabilizing selection Stabilizing selection causes no change in the average of the population; extreme phenotypes (large and small lizards) become less common.

Both red and blue light are involved in

Stem Elongation.

Which term below is the proposed kingdom that would include embryophytes and charophytes?

Streptophyta

Mixotroph

Switch between autotroph and heterotrophic nutrition. Autotrophic (perform photosynthesis if sunlight is available.) Heterotrophic (Absorb organic nutrients from environment if sunlight is available)

Radiolarians

Symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica

Which term is used to describe populations that live close enough to interbreed?

Sympatry

What is the relationship between systematics and taxonomy?

Systematics is a discipline within taxonomy.

What would be the ploidy of the viable gametes produced by a tetraploid individual if nondisjunction of all chromosomes occurred in meiosis I?

Tetraploid

Water rises in plants primarily by cohesion-tension. Which of the following is not true about the cohesion-tension model?

The "tension" of this model represents the excitability of the xylem cells.

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to -avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes. -an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition. -the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms. -the increased probability of contact between different mating types. -the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats.

directional selection

The average phenotype of a population changes in one direction

Before the formation of a root nodule, which partner secretes a Nod factor, the plant or the bacterium?

The bacterium

hyphae ... mycelium, Hyphae form a network called a mycelium.

The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____.

What is a difference between the cell walls of prokaryotes and the cell walls of eukaryotes?

The cell walls of prokaryotes are made of molecules different from those comprising the cell walls of eukaryotes

Why are lateral buds often inhibited from sprouting, even though a stem may be actively elongating?

The cells of lateral buds are more sensitive to auxin than the stem cells.

Plasmids __________

The cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes in both their internal structure and the physical arrangement of their DNA. The genome of a prokaryote is structurally different from a eukaryotic genome and in most cases has considerably less DNA. In the majority of prokaryotes, the genome consists of a circular chromosome with many fewer proteins than found in the linear chromosomes of eukaryotes. In addition to its single chromosome, a typical prokaryotic cell may also have much smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules called plasmids, most carrying only a few genes. Plasmids have a number of different characteristics. They replicate independently of the main chromosome and often contain antibiotic resistance genes. Plasmids are transferred from one bacterium to another by conjugation. They also allow bacteria to survive adverse conditions and may also direct the metabolism of rarely encountered nutrients.

What does each branch point on an evolutionary tree represent?

The common ancestor of the lineages beginning there and to the right of it

Which of the following is a true statement about the current status of Earth's biodiversity?

The current rate of extinctions is as high as 1,000 times the typical rate seen in the fossil record.

inbreeding depression

The decline in average fitness that may take place when homozygosity increases and heterozygosity decreases in a population

Using cladistic analysis, a taxonomist wishes to construct a phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among various species of mammals. Which of the following would be the least useful for this purpose?

The fact that all mammals have hair

Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants?

The flower includes sporophyte tissue.

C

The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. What is the most probable location of the oldest portion of this mycelium?

A

The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Which location is nearest to basidiocarps?

Proton pumps establish an electrochemical gradient across the plasma membranes of root hair cells. Which of the following statements about this gradient is true?

The gradient favors the entry of positively charged ions into the cell.

Which of the following events occurs during the lytic life cycle of phages?

The host cell usually dies, releasing many new copies of the virus.

Which of the following is a true statement concerning the history of Earth's biological diversity?

The majority of species that ever lived are now extinct.

Inbreeding

The mating between relatives; the most intensively studied form of nonrandom mating

Which of the following statements about the distribution of sap throughout a plant is true?

The mechanism that explains the movement of sugars throughout a plant is called the pressure-flow hypothesis.

Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart, but most reptiles have a three-chambered heart. How does this fact affect the construction of phylogenetic trees for these groups?

The most likely tree is not always the most parsimonious.

Gene Flow

The movement of alleles between populations

What was one ecological change that occurred following the Permian mass extinction?

The percentage of marine predators increased.

a green alga

The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often a small vascular plant. -an ascomycete. -a moss. -a green alga. -a brown alga.

Which of the following statements about the evolution of Anolis lizards in the Caribbean islands is true?

The phylogeny of ecomorphs on a given island reveals that adaptive radiation has taken place.

Which of the following statements about the evolution of Anolis lizards in the Caribbean islands is true?

The phylogeny of ecomorphs on a given island reveals that adaptive radiation has taken place. (Why: This statement is true; the historical evidence of adaptive radiation on an island is recorded in the evolutionary history of the ecomorphs currently living on the island.)

A subset of a population of birds leaves its habitat on the mainland and colonizes a nearby island. The birds, after a period of time, become reproductively isolated. The island sinks and the population of birds that lived on the island returns to itsoriginal habitat. Which of the following statements about these bird populations is true?

The populations will not be able to interbreed because they are different species.

Why is the decomposition of dead organisms important for soil formation?

The process adds organic matter to the soil, which is necessary to support the growth of larger plants.

Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____. - developed in response to the use of methicillin - already existed in the population before methicillin was developed - always have an advantage in every environment - were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections - The second and fourth answers are correct.

The second and fourth answers are correct. (Resistant varieties existed in the population but did not confer any advantage until the environment changed with the introduction of the drug methicillin.)

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data on matings in the experimental groups?

The starch-adapted flies and maltose-adapted flies are not different species, but a reproductive barrier is forming between the populations.

lateral gene transfer

The transfer of genes from one species to another, common among bacteria and archaea.

Which of the following statements best describes what is meant by "emergence"?

The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.

A similar control experiment was performed with flies adapted to maltose, and similar results were obtained. What were these control experiments testing?

These control experiments tested whether flies were more likely to choose mates from their own population than from another population adapted to the same medium.

Which of the following statements about autopolyploid individuals is true?

They contain more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.

How do proton pumps impact potassium uptake?

They decrease positive charge within the cell to attract potassium ions.

Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes?

They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure.

What evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts?

They have a single circular chromosome similar to bacterial chromosomes; their ribosomes are more like prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes

Which of the following best describes the archaeans described in the video?

They live in extreme habitats.

Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria? They are not capable of locomotion because they lack true muscle tissue. They are primarily filter feeders. They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton. They have either, or both, of two body forms: mobile polyps and sessile medusae. They are the simplest organisms with a complete alimentary canal (two openings).

They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton.

Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria? A) They are not capable of locomotion because they lack true muscle tissue. B) They are primarily filter feeders. C) They have either, or both, of two body forms: mobile polyps and sessile medusae. D) They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton. E) They are the simplest organisms with a complete alimentary canal (two openings).

They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton.

Which of the following statements applies to plant growth regulators?

They often have a multiplicity of effects

Which of the following is true of annelids? They perform gas exchange across their skin. They have pseudocoeloms. They have an open circulatory system. They have a gastrovascular cavity. They have a nerve net.

They perform gas exchange across their skin

Why is it important for plants to exclude certain ions?

They set up an electrochemical gradient that makes it possible for roots to absorb cations and anions.

What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods?

They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land.

Prior to the Cambrian explosion, all large animals had what characteristic in common?

They were all soft-bodied

You are watching a movie in which one of the characters excitedly claims to have found human remains in Asia dated at 10 million years old. The date was obtained by carbon-14 dating.

This can't possibly be true because carbon-14 dating can only be used back to about 75,000 years.

How many semicircular canals are in one inner ear?

Three

What is the function of a bacterial endospore?

To facilitate persistence in temporarily harsh environments

In most fungi, fertilization is a 2 step process consisting of the fusion of cells and then the fusion of nuclei in the fused cells.

True

True or false? Convergent evolution is said to have occurred if the mouse species on two islands with similar habitats are found to have similar characteristics even though they originated from different species that did not have these characteristics.

True

True or false? Convergent evolution is said to have occurred if the mouse species on two islands with similar habitats are found to have similar characteristics even though they originated from different species.

True (Why: Convergent evolution occurs when selective pressures produced by similar conditions (such as habitat) favor the evolution of similar solutions.)

Fulse, In most fungi, fertilization is a two-step process consisting of the fusion of cells and then the fusion of nuclei in the fused cells.

True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together.

True, A mushroom consists mainly of hyphae that are heterokaryotic, which means they have two distinct haploid nuclei per cell; these nuclei may fuse in specialized cells called basidia and become diploid in preparation for meiosis and spore production.

True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei.

Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei.

True.

T/F: Multicellularity probably arose independently in fungi and animals.

True.

Which Anolis lizard ecomorph has long legs?

Trunk/ground

Which Anolis lizard ecomorph has long legs?

Trunk/ground (Why: these ecomorphs need long legs to jump from one broad perch to another.)

Which of the following describe(s) echinoderms? Tubefeet provide motility in most species. Digestion occurs completely outside of the organism. They are found in both freshwater and saltwater environments. They have an exoskeleton of hard calcareous plates. Hemolymph circulates in the water vascular system.

Tubefeet provide motility in most species.

disease caused by bacteria

Tuberculosis

Diplomonads

Two nuclei and multiple flagella. Many are parasites. Found in towns with unsafe drinking water

Diatoms

Unicellular algae with a unique two part glass wall of Silicon Dioxide

Protists

Unicellular, Eukaryotes, and have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. Exhibit more structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes.

Which of the following is not an internal structure that appears in eukaryotic cells and was also not present in more ancient prokaryotic cells?

Vesicles

Which of the following statements correctly describes one difference between virulent phages and temperate phages?

Virulent phages replicate through the lytic cycle only, and temperate phages replicate using both the lytic and the lysogenic cycles.

Why are viruses often considered to be ?

Viruses do not carry out metabolic processes, a primary characteristic of living organisms

Genomes of viruses may consist of which of the following types of nucleic acids?

We usually think of genes as being made of double-stranded DNA, but many viruses defy this convention. Their genomes may consist of double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded RNA, depending on the type of virus. A virus is called a DNA virus or an RNA virus based on the kind of nucleic acid that makes up its genome. In either case, the genome is usually organized as a single linear or circular molecule of nucleic acid, although the genomes of some viruses consist of multiple molecules of nucleic acid. The smallest viruses known have only three genes in their genome, while the largest have several hundred to a thousand. For comparison, bacterial genomes contain about 200 to a few thousand genes.

Which of the following steps occurs first during soil formation?

Weathering of solid rock occurs

Which of the following is a true statement concerning horizontal gene transfer?

Which of the following is a true statement concerning horizontal gene transfer?

The sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus are asexual structures that produce haploid spores.

What are the sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus? -asexual structures that produce haploid spores -sexual structures that produce diploid spores -sexual structures that produce haploid spores -asexual structures that produce diploid spores

karyogamy and meiosis, During karyogamy, the haploid nuclei fuse, and meiosis produces genetic variation in several ways.

What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation? -karyogamy and meiosis -budding and meiosis -haustoria and karyogamy -diploidy and the heterokaryotic condition -plasmogamy and meiosis

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the....

Basidia are specialized cells in the gills of a mushroom in which haploid nuclei fuse in preparation for meiosis.

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? -Spores -Basidia -Mycelium -Hyphae

In which environment do you least expect to find nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

Where nitrogen is plentiful, while other essential nutrients are rare.

flagellated spores

Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? -parasitic lifestyle -the absence of chitin within the cell wall -coenocytic hyphae -flagellated spores

Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? -Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. -Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. -The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. -Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.

Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? -Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. -The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. -Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. -Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. -Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure.

conidiophores

Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? -Zygosporangia -basidiospores -ascocarps -conidiophores -ascospores

The presence of flagella is a characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi?

Which of the following characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi? -presence of flagella -autotrophic mode of nutrition -cell walls of cellulose -heterotrophic mode of nutrition -nucleotide sequences of several genes

The spore undergoes mitosis to produce hyphae, which then form a filamentous network called a mycelium.

Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? -A heterokaryotic mycelium forms. -The mycelium forms. -Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus. -Hyphae are produced by mitosis.

The mycelium is a mass of filaments with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, which allows for efficient nutrient absorption.

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? -Basidia -Mycelium -Gills -Spore

A mycelium is a network of filaments that forms the body of a fungus.

Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? -Mycelium -Basidium -Motile spores -Asci

Plasmogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm from different individuals.

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? -Spore -Karyogamy -Heterokaryotic -Plasmogamy

ascomycete

You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? -zygomycete -ascomycete -basidiomycete -chytrid -deuteromycete

A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb This type of change is illustrative of

a change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts

point mutation

a change in a single base pair in DNA

chromosome-level mutation

a change in the number or composition of chromosomes

Which of the following is found only among annelids? A) a hydrostatic skeleton B) segmentation C) a clitellum D) a closed circulatory system E) a cuticle made of chitin

a clitellum

Coenocytic hyphae do not have septa; these hyphae consist of _______.

a continuous cytoplasmic mass that contains many nuclei and organelles.

what conditions are responsible for the stimulation of the JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus)?

a decrease in the blood pressure or blood volume in the afferent arteriole

What is the driving force for the movement of solutes in the phloem of plants?

a difference in water potential (Ψ) between the source and the sink

Which characteristic(s) is (are) shared by both cnidarians and flatworms?

a digestive system with a single opening

Which characteristic(s) is (are) shared by both cnidarians and flatworms? a digestive system with a single opening true muscle dorsoventrally flattened bodies radial symmetry two of these

a digestive system with a single opening

which description is a behavior that helps warm the body?

a falcon migrates from san fransisco to brazil for the winter.

A brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of a distinct head. suspension feeding. a lophophore. two hinged shells. a digestive system with separate mouth and anus

a lophophore

A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share gills. a mantle. a radula. embryonic torsion. distinct cephalization.

a mantle

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

a mineralized, bony skeleton

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up __________.

a paraphyletic group

In a cladistic approach to systematics, an outgroup is __________.

a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes all the species under study

In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into _____.

a sporophyte

ligaments are what kind of connective tissue?

a type of fibrous connective tissue

A stalked, sessile marine organism has several feathery feeding structures surrounding an opening through which food enters. The organism could potentially be a cnidarian, a lophophorate, a tube-dwelling worm, a crustacean, or an echinoderm. Which of the following traits, if found in this organism, would allow the greatest certainty of identification? the presence of what seems to be radial symmetry a nervous system a water vascular system a hard covering made partly of calcium carbonate a digestive system with mouth and anus separate from each other

a water vascular system

Define the Casparian strip

a waterproof barrier that forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of endodermis cells

A scientific theory is __________.

a well-supported concept that has broad explanatory power

in the late fall, bats hibernate in clusters with many bats pressed together and holding on to one another. Which of the following supposed advantages of huddling behavior is, in reality, NOT present? a. huddling behavior helps bats stay warm while they feed. b. less surface area is exposed to the environment c. any heat generated by any bat is shared by other bats. d. in this configuration, less heat is needed for each bat and, therefore, each bat requires less food. e. huddling behavior decreases the amount of food needed for bats to stay warm.

a. huddling behavior helps bats stay warm while they feed. -this cannot be an advantage because huddling behavior is not possible while bats fly and catch food. This represents a compromise of feeding and thermoregulation.

According to the biological species concept, individuals belong to the same species if they can interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring. Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers ensure that members of different species do not reproduce with one another. This diagram shows some of these barriers along with examples of the barriers at work.

a.)prezygotic b.)Postzygotic c.)behavioral isolation d.)mechanical isolation e.)temporal isolation f.)gametic isolation g.)reduced hybrid fertility h.)two fish species spawn at different depths i.)a coral's sperm cannot fertilize another's eggs j.) offspring of two newts are sterile k.) lion-tiger hybrids don't reach maturity

Prions are __________ that are thought to cause disease by __________.

abnormally shaped proteins; inducing similar but normally shaped proteins in the brain to adopt the abnormal form

Which of these plant hormones is not typically considered a growth-promoting substance?

abscisic acid Abscisic acid inhibits some responses promoted by other hormones.

Absorptive protists

absorb nutrients from external environments, are fungus like (ex. slime mold)

Mycorrhizae greatly improve ___ of minerals and water from the soil.

absorption

Fungi obtain nutrients through _____.

absorption Fungi are heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorbing small molecules from the surrounding medium.

Fungi obtain nutrients through ____.

absorption.

A major long-term problem resulting from excessive irrigation is the ____.

accumulation of salts in the soil When irrigation water evaporates, the minerals dissolved in it are left behind and accumulate in increasing concentrations.

The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in seawater, are similar in this respect to certain species of

actinopterygians.

Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except ___.

active transport through xylem cells

An F+ bacterial cell __________.

acts as a donor during conjugation

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____.

adaptive radiation

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____.

adaptive radiation

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.

adaptive radiation

In the theme of biological organization, the approach called reductionism ________

allows us to reduce complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

Plant hormones produce their effects by

altering the expression of genes and modifying the permeability of the plasma membrane

Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?

alternation of generations

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?

alternation of multicellular generations

which of the following is filtered from blood but not normally found in urine?

amino acids

the term "endotherm" refers specifically to ___

an animal that gets most of its body heat from its metabolism

Define sink

an area where sugars are used or stored

The opening of stomata is thought to involve ___.

an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, system of tubes for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist should predict that the adults of this species would also feature

an open circulatory system.

Bacterial flagellum are_____ to eukaryotic flagellum

analogous

Human survival literally depends on the produce of _____.

angiosperms

A marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. It is uniformly segmented, with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. It has a complete digestive system and a closed circulatory system, plus multiple true coeloms. Based on this, you determine that the animal must be a(n) _____. A marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. It is uniformly segmented, with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. It has a complete digestive system and a closed circulatory system, plus multiple true coeloms. Based on this, you determine that the animal must be a(n) _____. lancelet annelid mollusc crustacean roundworm

annelids

Meiosis will produce microspores in the ____.

anther The diploid plant, the sporophyte, produces haploid spores by meiosis. Within the anther's sporangia, or pollen sacs, diploid microsporocytes undergo meiosis, each forming four haploid microspores.

A stamen consists of _____.

anther and filament

In moss, _____ produce sperm.

antheridia

In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.

archegonia ... egg

The three domains of life __________

are bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

All seed plants _____.

are heterosporous

Bacteria that __________ tend to have abundant internal membranes.

are photosynthetic

Which of the following people developed the idea known as the scala naturae, or scale of nature?

aristotle

Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? Porifera Mollusca Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Cnidaria

arthropoda

Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that

arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates.

The apical bud of a shoot produces ________, resulting in the inhibition of lateral bud growth.

auxin

Plant hormones can have different effects at different concentrations. This explains how

auxin can stimulate cell elongation in apical meristems, yet will inhibit the growth of axillary buds

A plant seedling bends toward sunlight because

auxin is found in greatest abundance on the dark side of the stem

A plant seedling bends toward sunlight because

auxin is found in greatest abundance on the dark side of the stem.

After some time, the tip of a plant that has been forced into a horizontal position grows upward. This phenomenon is related to

auxin movement toward the lower side of the stem

After some time, the tip of a plant that has been forced into a horizontal position grows upward. This phenomenon is related to

auxin movement toward the lower side of the stem.

On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. Which type of reproductive isolation operates to keep the mosquitofish isolated, even when fish from different ponds are reunited in the same body of water? behavioral isolation mechanical isolation temporal isolation gametic isolation habitat isolation

behavioral isolation

If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it

belongs to a species that is homosporous.

The fossil record is __________.

biased in favor of species that existed for a long time

There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans or into a separate species of their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example? phylogenetic biological morphological ecological

biological

As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?

bipedal locomotion

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

birds

Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development?

blastopore becomes the anus

what result would you expect following the binding of epinephrine to an a-type epinephrine receptor?

blood flow to the intestines decreases.

which of the six major types of connective tissue has a rigid matrix that contains collagen and calcium salts?

bone

What structure is responsible for gas exchange in most spiders? book lungs chelicerae Malpighian tubules tracheal tubes the pedipalp

book lungs

Plants do not have a circulatory system like that of some animals. If a water molecule did "circulate" (that is, go from one point in a plant to another and back in the same day), it would require the activity of ___.

both the xylem and the phloem

The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____.

bryophytes

Seedless plants include _____.

bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

Anions are repelled, not attracted, by the electric gradient established by the proton pumps. How do plants absorb anions?

by cotransport proteins

How do humans determine sound direction

by determining the differences in sound arrival in each ear and loudness in each ear

How does indoleacetic acid (IAA) affect fruit development?

by promoting rapid growth of the ovary

The stomata in the leaves are entry points for the ___ necessary for photosynthesis, but they are also exit points for the evaporation of water by ___.

carbon dioxide ... transpiration

Choose the list below that contains the substances required by typical nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, light, and some minerals.

The ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in a fossil can be used to determine the age of the fossil because __________.

carbon-14, unlike carbon-12, decays at a continuous rate after the death of an organism

Which of the following is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life?

cell

Which of the following is a major mechanism whereby hormones control plant development?

cell division via the cell cycle

We know from the experiments of the past that plants bend toward light because

cell expansion is greater on the dark side of the stem

We know from the experiments of the past that plants bend toward light because

cell expansion is greater on the dark side of the stem.

At which level in the hierarchy of plant structure is the polarity of a plant determined?

cells The first division of the one-celled zygote establishes the polarity of the future plant.

If nudibranch rhinophores are located at the anteriors of these sea slugs, then they contribute to the sea slugs' identity as lophotrochozoans. segmentation. lack of torsion. cephalization. ability to successfully carry out a sessile lifestyle

cephalization

frequency-dependent selection

certain alleles are favored when they are rare but not when they are common

Excavata

characterized by its cytoskeleton group members have excavated groove on the side of cell body.

The concept of "descent with modification" was proposed by __________he concept of "descent with modification" was proposed by __________

charles darwin

_____ are the green algae most closely related to plants.

charophyceans

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants?

charophytes

The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____.

charophytes

A shared derived characteristic for members of the arthropod subgroup that includes spiders would be the presence of

chelicerae.

A radula is present in members of which clade(s)? bivalves and chitons bivalves bivalves, gastropods and chitons bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods chitons, gastropods and cephalopods

chitons, gastropods and cephalopods

Green algae are divided into two main groups, the charophytes and the ________

chlorophytes

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?

chloroplasts

Which of the following is a symptom of magnesium deficiency in plants?

chlorosis Magnesium is a component of chlorophyll. Chlorosis is the yellowing of leaves due to a magnesium deficiency.

To which of the following are the scales of

chondrichthyan teeth

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

chondrichthyans

Match the extant vertebrate groups with the descriptions. 38) Their scales most closely resemble teeth in both structure and origin. A) amphibians B) nonbird reptiles C) chondrichthyans D) mammals E) osteichthyans

chondrichthyans

A biological cycle with a period of about 24 hours is called ___.

circadian rhythm The term "circadian rhythm" applies to events that follow approximately 24-hour cycles even in the absence of external cues.

A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. This organism probably belongs to the same phylum as the

club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses.

Where within the ear are sound waves converted into electrical signals?

cochlea

Water molecules pull on adjacent water molecules all the way down the xylem. This is possible because of the ___ of water, which is the result of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

cohesion

The term mixotroph indicates that a protist?

combines photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

which of the following tissues bind and support other tissues in the body?

connective tissue

on a cold day, blood vessels in the skin ___

constrict, reducing heat loss from the blood at the surface.

Photosynthetic protists

contain chloroplasts, are plant like. (ex. algae)

Mineral nutrients ____.

contribute little to a plant's overall mass

Using models that represented camouflaged and non-camouflaged mice, Hoekstra and her students tested the hypothesis that coloration of beach and inland mice provides camouflage that protects them from predation. Regardless of whether the models were placed in the beach or the inland habitat, the camouflaged model always acted as the __________ group

control

Even though rodents known as sugar gliders and flying squirrels are members of distinctly different groups of organisms and live on different continents, they possess similar characteristics.

convergent evolution

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil ____.

convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil _____.

convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

What is biological nitrogen fixation?

converting nitrogen gas into ammonia, nitrate, or nitrite by microbes

Which of the following are entirely, or partly, composed of calcium carbonate?

coral animals' exoskeletons

Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system?

cortex ... ground tissue system

negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that ___

counteracts a change in a condition by causing the change to either moderate or stop.

When growing plants in culture, IAA is used to stimulate cell enlargement. Which plant growth regulator has to now be added to stimulate cell division?

cytokinin

all of the following processes occur in the nephron of the kidney except ___ a. capsular filtration b. cellular respiration c. selective reabsorption d. blood cell formation e. tubular secretion

d. blood cell formation

Humus consists of ____.

decomposing organic material It provides energy for many soil organisms and is rich in nitrogen.

Odor molecules diffuse through mucus and bind directly to receptor proteins on the

dendrites.

The germination of seeds ____.

depends on imbibition Imbibition, the absorption of water by the seed, causes the seed to expand and rupture.

Archaeplastida

descended from the ancient heterotrophic protist that engulfed cyanobacterias endosymbiont... photosynthetic descendants evolved into red and green algae. Closest relative of land plants

With evolution as the core theme of biology, we can explain traits shared by organisms as evidence of __________ and traits that differ among organisms as evidence of __________.

descent from a common ancestor; adaptation through natural selection

Darwin originally defined evolution as __________

descent with modification

Protostome characteristics generally include which of the following?

determinate cleavage

Which clade does not include humans?

diapsids

In the species selection model, __________ is to macroevolution as __________ is to microevolution.

differential speciation success; differential reproductive success

An example of passive transport is the ___.

diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane

food processing, absorption, and distribution in your body are mainly accomplished by the ___ systems

digestive and circulatory

Which organisms are capable of producing a "red tide"?

dinoflagellates

Which association below is correct?

dioecious ... separate female and male parts The term "dioecious" means two houses, indicating that the males and females are on separate plants.

Once the seed germinates, it forms a _____ seedling (sporophyte) that will eventually develop into a mature diploid sporophyte.

diploid

The pollen grains produce sperm, one of which fertilizes one of the eggs, resulting in a _____ embryo inside a seed

diploid

Blue poppies native to China were grown at a plant-breeding center in California. The plants with the thickest leaves were most likely to survive and reproduce in the drier climate. After several generations, the percentage of thick-leaved plants had increased by 42%. This adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to _____.

directional selection

An important challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species was the observation that seemingly dissimilar organisms such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales have similar skeletal structures. This most directly suggested to biologists that ___

dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor

Carbon dioxide (does/does not) normally enter the plant through the roots.

does not

Which of these is unique to flowering plants?

double fertilization

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

double internal fertilization

What is the function of antiduretic hormone (ADH) in the body?

during times of higher solute concentrations, ADH causes more water to be released from the nephrons to be reabsorbed by the blood

Which of the following should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that was the common ancestor of the land plants?

early bryophytes

Humans most frequently acquire trichinosis by

eating undercooked pork.

In flowering plants one megaspore gives rise to _____ nuclei.

eight haploid

The larvae of many common tapeworm species that infect humans are usually found crawling in the abdominal blood vessels of cows and pigs. encysted in freshwater snails. encysted in the muscles of an animal, such as a cow or pig. crawling in the intestines of cows and pigs.

encysted in the muscles of an animal, such as a cow or pig

ecological (or environmental) selection

favor traits that enable organisms to do things other than obtain mates-such as survive in their physical and biological environments

What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates? A) endothermy B) feathers C) an amniotic egg D) flight E) a four-chambered heart

feathers

Regulation of molecules within an organism in response to a changing level of chemicals and the ability to self-regulate is called __________.

feedback regulation

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

feeding

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was

feet with digits.

In pine, the embryo develops within the _____.

female gametophyte

In gymnosperms megaspores develop into _____ .

female gametophytes

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the fruit?

female sporophyte

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the integument of a pine seed?

female sporophyte

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules?

female sporophyte

Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle?

fern

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a

fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia.

Which group is noted for the independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations from each other?

ferns

in each nephron of the kidney, the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule ___

filter the blood and capture the filtrate

Some prokaryotes stick to their substrate or to one another by means of hairlike appendages, each called a __________.

fimbria

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a

flagellated protist.

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____.

flowers

A nonlinear, realistic model of the scientific process is called the process of science. The core activity of this process is __________.

forming and testing hypotheses

How many of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the phylum Cnidaria? 1. a gastrovascular cavity 2. a polyp stage 3. a medusa stage 4. cnidocytes 5. a pseudocoelom

four of these

The water vascular system of echinoderms moves water through the animal's body during suspension feeding. is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical. functions in locomotion and feeding. is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms. functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells

functions in locomotion and feeding

The water vascular system of echinoderms

functions in locomotion and feeding.

Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi?

fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic Fungi are heterotrophic and absorb their nutrients, and plants are photosynthetic.

The diploid phase of the life cycle is shortest in which of the following?

fungus Most fungi are haploid except for a very brief diploid stage that is seen only when a fungus reproduces sexually.

Plasmogony is ____.

fusion of cytoplasm/hyphae.

Which of the following is an example of sexual reproduction?

fusion of sperm and egg nuclei in an ovule

Both male and female bryophytes produce _____.

gametangia

The _____ is a source of nourishment for the embryo.

gametophyte tissue

Pollen grains are male _____.

gametophytes

In the life cycle of bryophytes, _____ are the dominant stage and are generally larger than _____.

gametophytes; sporophytes

A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which clade?

gastropods

A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which clade? bivalves cephalopods chitons gastropods

gastropods

Allele frequencies in a gene pool may shift randomly and by chance. What is this random shift called?

genetic drift Genetic drift is due to chance events that alter allele frequencies.

There are 40 individuals in population 1, all with genotype A1A1, and there are 25 individuals in population 2, all with genotype A2A2. Assume that these populations are located far from each other and that their environmental conditions are very similar. Based on the information given here, the observed genetic variation is most likely an example of

genetic drift.

The binomial system assigns to each organism a unique name that describes its __________.

genus and species

If a physoclistus fish removes gas from its swim bladder, this fish's density cannot actually change until that gas arrives at the

gills.

Almost all of the members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants.

glomeromycota

the bed of capillaries in a vertebrate kidney where water, urea, and salts are filtered out of the blood is the ___

glomerulus

What are the largest particles formed from the breakdown of rock?

gravel

Water molecules pull on adjacent water molecules all the way down the xylem. Water molecules also adhere to the walls of xylem cells, which helps to counteract the force of ___.

gravity

_____ cells are the cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus playing a role in regulating transpiration.

guard

Angiosperms are most closely related to _____.

gymnosperms

At the time Darwin voyaged on the HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species __________.

had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before

What part of the inner ear is responsible for releasing neurotransmitters onto neurons whose axons form the auditory nerve?

hair cells

Plant gametophytes are _____ multicellular bodies.

haploid

In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.

haploid ... meiosis

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?

haploid spores

Fungi produce ____ spores.

haploid.

Vaccines for viral diseases are __________ and help prevent infection by __________.

harmless derivatives of pathogenic viruses; stimulating the immune system to mount a defense against the actual pathogen

A flash of red light, followed by a flash of far-red light given during the middle of the night to a short-day plant will likely

have NO effect upon flowering.

What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates

have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not.

Osmoconformers are animals that ___

have an internal environment isosmotic with their external environment

Cycads only

have palm-like leaves

Kinetoplastid

have single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast. Contains flagellum

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials

have some embryonic development outside the uterus.

Lampreys differ from hagfishes in

having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.

How is the information encoded in DNA actually used by organisms?

he information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into protein.

The primary growth of a plant adds ____ and secondary growth adds ____.

height .... girth Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots through primary growth. Lateral meristems add girth to woody plants through secondary growth.

An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____.

help plants take up nutrients and water Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations with the roots of plants, which enhance the absorption of nutrients.

An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners_____.

help plants take up nutrients and water.

Endosymbionic Theory

helps explain the diversity of protists and how these eukaryotic organisms evolved. Prokaryotes were engulfed by each other and created organelles.

Self-incompatibility _____.

helps maintain genetic variability in a population By preventing self-pollination or pollination by closely related individuals, variability is maintained.

Zygosporangia are ____.

heterokaryotic.

when your body temperature is too ___, ___ helps to correct the situation because it ___

high... peripheral vasodilation... redirects heat from the body core to the outside.

Which of the following would tend to increase transpiration?

higher stomatal density

Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group, all of whose members have foramina magna centrally positioned in the base of the cranium?

hominins

On an evolutionary tree, __________.

homologous characteristics form a nested pattern

Portions of the genomes of certain prokaryotic species are very similar to portions of the genomes of distantly related prokaryotes. The process that most likely accounts for this genetic similarity is _

horizontal gene transfer

the endocrine system relies on ___ that ___ all of the cells of the body

hormones... reach

On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago. Which of the following reduces gene flow between the gene pools of the two species on Sao Tomé, despite the existence of hybrids? a geographic barrier hybrid sterility temporal isolation hybrid breakdown hybrid inviability

hybrid sterility

The body of most fungi consists of threadlike ____, which form a network called a ___.

hyphae .... mycelium

The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _______.

hyphae...mycelium.

In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____.

immature sporophyte

Where are olfactory receptors found in humans?

in mucus-covered epithelial tissue in the upper portion of each nasal cavity

Macroevolution differs from microevolution in that macroevolution __________.

includes broad evolutionary changes above the species level

Gnetophytes only

includes three genera that vary greatly in appearance

Root hairs are most important to a plant because they ___.

increase the surface area for absorption

Root hairs are important to a plant because they ____.

increase the surface area for absorption Root hairs are extensions of individual epidermal cells on the root surface, which increase the absorptive surface area of the root tremendously.

Ingestive protists

ingest larger food particles, are animal like (ex. amoeba and paramecium)

Antibiotics administered in human medicine work against bacterial infections by __________.

interfering with an aspect of bacterial metabolism or structure that differs from that of eukaryotic cells

The use of energy by living organisms __________.

involves chemical cycling from light energy from the sun for the production of chemical energy in food to the decomposition and the returning of chemicals to the cycle

The red sedimentary rocks of Western Australia resulted from the combination of oxygen and _____.

iron

What evidence points to the date of the appearance of the first oxygen-producing organisms?

iron oxides in rock

A taxon __________

is a formal grouping at any given level

Topsoil ____.

is a mixture of rock fragments, living organisms, and humus

Reductionism

is a strategy for studying life which reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable. It is not a property or process associated with life itself.

The Calvin cycle of photosynthesis (is/is not) a plant adaptation to life on land

is not

It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that - common environments are inhabited by the same organisms. - island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors. - the islands were originally part of the continent. - the island forms and mainland forms are converging. - island forms and mainland forms have identical gene pools.

island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.

which is a correct statement about prolactin?

it controls fat metabolism and reproduction in birds.

The avian flu virus H5N1 is considered a greater long-term threat than the swine flu virus H1N1 because __________

it has a significantly higher mortality rate

what is the function of the ascending loop of Henle?

it helps maintain the concentration gradient of NaCl in the interstitial fluid, thus increasing water reabsorption.

For an element to be considered a macronutrient...

it must be required in relatively large amounts

For an element to be considered a macronutrient____.

it must be required in relatively large amounts

The sundew plant has to digest insects because ____.

it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil The sundew lives in nitrogen-poor soil and obtains its nitrogen from the digestion of insects.

Which shark structure is most analogous to a swim bladder full of gas?

its liver

If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?

its opercula

What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation?

karyogamy and meiosis During karyogamy, the haploid nuclei fuse, and meiosis produces genetic variation in several ways.

Which of the following is characteristic of most extant reptiles and most extant mammals?

keratinized skin

Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.

lack true leaves and roots

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance?

lancelets

Brown Algae

largest and most complex algae Multicellular Seaweed Important part of food chain

sexual selection

leads to changes in allele frequencies in the population and increases fitness

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms is applicable? hybrid breakdown reduced hybrid viability behavioral isolation mechanical isolation

mechanical isolation

Which of the following type of receptor is stimulated by sound waves?

mechanoreceptor

Which type of receptor signals that your stomach is full after a big meal?

mechanoreceptor

A cell in microsporangia divides by _____ to form haploid microspores

meiosis

Inside megasporangia, a diploid mother cell divides by _____ to form a haploid megaspore

meiosis

The excretory organs of annelids are protonephridia. flame bulbs. malpighian tubules. metanephridia. skin gills.

metanephridia

The excretory organs of annelids are

metanephridia.

In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.

micropyle

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

mitosis

The megaspore then divides by _____ to form the haploid female gametophyte, which produces eggs

mitosis

The microspores then divide by _____ to form haploid male gametophytes (pollen grains)

mitosis

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.

mitosis ... mitosis

Mixotrophs

mix between photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition; mix different ways of life. (ex. plankton and phytoplankton)

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.

moisture

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) echinoderm. nematode. mollusc. arthropod. chordate.

molluscs

Among extant vertebrates, a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in

monotremes. marsupials. placentals.

Animals that harbor and can transmit a particular virus but are generally unaffected by it are said to act as a __________ for that virus.

natural reservoir

You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use? ecological morphological biological phylogenetic

morphological

Organisms are classified as Excavata based on?

morphological studies of the cytoskeleton

If you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago—approximately 15,000 years old—what type of nucleic acid should you compare?

mtDNA

"striated" is a description that would apply to which kind of animal tissue?

muscle

The relationship between legumes and Rhizobium is

mutualistic

The relationship between legumes and Rhizobium is ____.

mutualistic Both the legume and the Rhizobium benefit from this relationship. The legume gains a supply of fixed nitrogen from Rhizobium, and Rhizobium gains organic nutrients from the legume.

Mycorrhizae are _____.

mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi

Mycorrhizae are ___.

mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi Mycorrhizae greatly improve absorption of minerals and water from the soil.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots. -fungi deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants. -plants provide a substrate for fungal growth. -most vascular plants have mycorrhizae.

Mutualistic associations between roots and soil fungi are called

mycorrhizae

Mutualistic associations between roots and soil fungi are called ____.

mycorrhizae

Which of these are symbiotic associations?

mycorrhizae

Golden Algae

named for color cells are biflagellated are photosynthetic and some are mixotrophs are unicellular

Green Algae

named for grass green chloroplasts plants are descended from the green algae Green algae are a paraphyletic group: 1. Chlorophytes 2. Charophytes

What is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution?

natural selection Because natural selection has a "sorting" effect, it consistently increases the frequency of alleles that improve the match between an organism and its environment.

In Darwin's view of descent with modification, _________

natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment

Achaeans can tolerate which of the following extreme habitats?

near-boiling water, high pressure, very salty water, oxygen-free environments

In a polar covalent bond, the oxygen has a partial ___ charge, and each hydrogen has a partial ___ charge. These partial charges make water a polar molecule.

negative ... positive

___ feedback most directly maintains homeostasis because it ___

negative... tends to keep a system at a desirable "set point"

the functional units of kidneys are ___

nephrons

the ___ system and the ___ system work together to coordinate and control the bodies of most animals.

nervous... endocrine

Adaptations are defined as _____

nherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

A short-day plant will flower only when

nights are LONGER than a certain critical value.

Carnivorous adaptations of plants mainly compensate for soil that has a relatively low content of

nitrogen

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

no jaws

All of the following may function in signal transduction in plants except

non-random mutations

Match the extant vertebrate groups with the descriptions. 39) Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of A) amphibians. B) nonbird reptiles. C) chondrichthyans. D) mammals. E) birds

nonbird reptiles.

Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because

none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment.

The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still

not sink.

The Desulfovibrio bacterium breaks down organic matter (which it must have) and uses sulfate (not oxygen) as an electron acceptor. As a result, it produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S), accounting for the "rotten egg" smell of swamp muck. Oxygen is a deadly poison to Desulfovibrio. We would call Desulfovibrio a(n) __________.

obligately anaerobic chemoheterotroph

The reason animals need a continuous supply of oxygen is to

obtain energy from their food

Evolution by natural selection

occurs when heritable variation leads to differential success in survival and reproduction

balancing selection

occurs when no single allele has a distinct advantage

Chemoreceptors include

olfactory receptors.

Where do fern antheridia develop?

on the underside of the gametophyte

Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).

one

Cellular differentiation is responsible for ____.

one daughter cell becoming a sieve tube whereas the other becomes a companion cell Cell differentiation occurs as different genes are switched on and off.

In angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperm. What do these sperm do?

one fertilizes an egg, and the other combines with two polar nuclei, which develop into stored food cells (endosperm) Fertilization of an egg produces a zygote, and the combination of the two polar nuclei produces a triploid cell that will develop into the endosperm.

Endosymbiosis

one organism lives inside the cell of other organism

Which of the following seedlings will probably bend toward light?

one whose tip is separated from its base by a gelatin block The gelatin block allows the passage of substances that regulate phototropism.

The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of ___.

only evaporative cooling and mineral transport

Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes? They have only longitudinal muscles. They have a true coelom. Many species are diploblastic. They have a gastrovascular cavity. All species can be characterized as scavengers.

only have longitudinal muscles

A hydrogen bond binds the slightly ___ hydrogen of one water molecule to the slightly ___ oxygen of a nearby water molecule.

positive ... negative

If protein synthesis was blocked in etiolated cells, what would be necessary for the "greening" of these cells?

post-translational modification of existing proteins

which of the following endocrine organs only stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

posterior pituitary

The feeding mode of the extinct conodonts was

predation

What do animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common?

presence of Hox genes

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.

produces spores

The earliest organisms were most likely _____.

prokaryotic

Viral DNA incorporated into a bacterial chromosome is known as a(n) __________

prophage

The seed coat's most important function is to provide

protection for the embryo.

most of our nitrogen-containing waste products are a result of ___

protein metabolism

Euglenozoans

protists with unique flagella. A diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites

The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes

provides for regulation of buoyancy.

Transpiration, the evaporation of water from leaves, exerts a ___ that bears the primary responsibility for the movement of water and solutes from ___.

pull ... roots to leaves

According to the _____ model, evolution occurs in spurts; species evolve relatively rapidly then remain unchanged for long periods. geographic isolation adaptive radiation nondisjunction punctuated equilibrium gradualist

punctuated equilibrium

40) Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? A) ray-finned fishes B) birds C) amphibians D) nonbird reptiles E) mammals

ray-finned fishes

The Pr form of the phytochrome pigment has maximum absorption in the ___ part of the spectrum.

red Of the two variations of phytochrome, Pr is red absorbing.

Which of the following is a response in plants to a water deficit?

reduction in the rate of transpiration Plants reduce transpiration in a variety of ways.

Conifers only

redwoods pines all species produce cones

sexual dimorphism

refers to any trait that differs between males and females

Cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in plants depends primarily on ____.

regulation of gene expression The DNA of all the somatic cells in a plant is the same. What changes during cell differentiation is which genes are turned on and which genes are turned off.

during the gas exchange, body cells

release co2 and take up O2

when you exhale you

remove co2 from the body

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

reptiles and mammals

Fossilized stromatolites __________.

resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some warm, shallow, salty bays

Researchers can use molecular homologies to __________.

reveal the number of mutations in a particular sequence that has occurred in each species since they diverged from a common ancestor

One is most likely to see guttation in small plants when the ___.

root pressure exceeds transpiration pull

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations of ___.

roots and fungi

The direction of movement in xylem is from ___. Phloem sap is transported throughout the plant from ___.

roots to leaves ... source to sink

From the human perspective, which of the following kinds of fungi would be considered the least useful or beneficial?

rusts Rusts include destructive plant parasites.

Fungi of the phylum ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of ____ during sexual reproduction.

saclike structures The production of saclike structures during sexual reproduction is characteristic of the phylum Ascomycota.

Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of ______ during sexual reproduction.

saclike structures.

In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____.

seed coat

All gymnosperms

seeds do not form in an enclosed structure undergo alternation of generations

Seed packets give a recommended planting depth for the enclosed seeds. The most likely reason some seeds are to be covered with only a quarter inch of soil is that the

seeds require light to germinate.

intrasexual selection

selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex

The ________ detect(s) movement of the head.

semicircular canals of the inner ear

The term algae refers to __________.

several diverse groups of photosynthetic protists.

According to the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, the frequencies of alleles in a population will remain constant if _____ is the only process that affects the gene pool.

sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction does not change the frequency of alleles in the gene pool.

Sister taxa on a phylogenetic tree are defined as groups that ____

share an immediate common ancestor and are each other's closest relatives

Plant hormones act by directly affecting the activities of ____.

signal transduction pathways Plant hormones act by activating/deactivating signal transduction pathways, which in turn can affect membranes, enzymes, and genes.

which of the following is a characteristic of the nervous system but not the endocrine system?

signaling usually involves more than one type of signal

The Miller and Urey abiotic synthesis experiment (and subsequent, similar experiments) showed that __________.

simple organic molecules can form spontaneously under conditions like those thought to prevail early in Earth's history

You find a small animal with eight legs crawling up your bedroom wall. Closer examination will probably reveal that this animal has a head, thorax, and abdomen. simple, but not compound, eyes. tracheae and spiracles. two pairs of antennae.

simple, but not compound eyes

You find a small animal with eight legs crawling up your bedroom wall. Closer examination will probably reveal that this animal has

simple, but not compound, eyes.

Class IV viruses are characterized by which of the following types of genomes

single-stranded RNA that serves as mRNA

According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport, ___.

solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink

A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable to be scientifically valid. Being testable and falsifiable means that __________

some conceivable observation or experiment could reveal whether a given hypothesis is incorrect

7) The specific relationship between a legume and its mutualistic Rhizobium strain probably depends on

specific recognition between the chemical signals and signal receptors of the Rhizobium strain and legume species.

Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?

spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth

The sporophytes of mosses are made up of a foot, a seta, and a _____.

sporangium

A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be least useful?

spores

The foot is embedded in the gametophyte and absorbs nutrients from it. The seta, or stalk, transports the nutrients to the sporangium, which produces _____.

spores

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____.

sporophyte

Gymnosperms undergo alternation of generations, alternating between the diploid _____ and the haploid _____.

sporophyte; gametophyte

Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer, or more, than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?

stabilizing selection

Sparrows with average-sized wings survive severe storms better than those with longer or shorter wings, illustrating

stabilizing selection.

The solute most abundant in phloem sap is ____.

sugar Phloem transports sugar from a sugar source to a sugar sink.

A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should not expect to find much ____.

sugar Phloem, not xylem, transports sugar.

Phloem transports mainly ___.

sugars and amino acids

The evaporation of water from leaf mesophyll cells creates a ___ that pulls water up the xylem.

surface tension

___ helps pull water up the xylem and is the result of hydrogen bonds between water molecules at the surface of a layer of water.

surface tension

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as

suspension-feeding devices.

The amphibians, reptiles, and mammals comprise which group?

tetrapods

Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade?

tetrapods

Which of the following is one possible advantage of biofuels vs. oil?

the CO2 produced by biofuels will be absorbed by the crops used to produce them, creating a carbon-neutral cycle Unlike taking deeply buried carbon sources such as oil and coal and releasing all of that carbon into the atmosphere, biofuels do not add to the carbon load already in the biosphere.

Because most chemical signals are unable to pass through the plasma membrane, the cellular action they initiate result from ___

the activation of a signal transduction pathway

Apicomplexans are currently assigned to the chromalveolates because

the apicoplast, a modified plastid, appears to be of red algal origin

Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of __________, and he

the binomial classification system; thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation

the matrix of blood tissue, where water, salts, and dissolved proteins are found, is ___

the blood plasma

Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land?

the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes

Identify the independent variable in this study.

the geographic distance between dusky salamander populations

In a mammal, blood leaving the lungs goes to

the heart

Which stage of the fungal life cycle contains 2 haploid nuclei?

the heterokaryotic stage.

how does the hypothalamus control the secretion the secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary?

the hypothalamus produces a releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary to secrete GH.

Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast?

the interior of a sieve tube

which is an accurate statement about the anatomy of the human excretory system?

the loop of Henle is located between the proximal tubule and the distal tubule

Define transpiration

the loss of water from the stomata of leaves

Define gene flow

the migration of individuals or gametes

Most plants flower when ____.

the nights are the right length The flowering of many plants is stimulated by the duration of periods of uninterrupted darkness.

genetic variation

the number and relative frequency of alleles that are present in a particular population

Guard cells regulate ___.

the opening and closing of stomata

The fovea of the human eye is

the part of the retina that produces the sharpest image

The evolutionary effects of genetic drift are greatest when _____.

the population size is small

Viruses can vary with respect to all of the following characteristics except __________

the presence or absence of metabolic machinery

some fungi can grow as either filamentous or single-celled forms.

true.

What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis in insects?

the radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages

What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis in insects? the radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages the presence of wings in the adult, but not in earlier life stages the presence of sex organs in the adult, but not in earlier life stages Three of these responses are correct. Two of these responses are correct.

the radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages

when you are breathing normally exhalation results mainly from

the relaxation of the chest muscles and diaphragm.

Identify the dependent variable in this study.

the reproductive isolation values for pairs of dusky salamander populations

intersexual selection

the selection of an individual of one sex for mating by an individual of the other sex

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

the shelled, amniotic egg

The organ(s) of respiratory gas exchange in oligochaetes is (are)

the skin

During periods of rapid environmental change, what may happen to a species that was well-suited to the former environment?

the species may go extinct, individuals with particular traits that provide an advantage in the new environment will have higher reproductive success, the population may change so much in adapting to the new environment that it is considered a new species, and traits that were favorable in the original environment may be detrimental in the new environment. When environments change, species will either adapt, possibly giving rise to new species, or go extinct.

The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from

the sun

There is evidence that ray-finned fishes evolved

the swim bladder from a lung.

the lowest osmotic potential inside a nephron will be found in ___

the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal tubule

Gravitropism in plant shoots and roots differ in that

the threshold and response time is much less in shoots than in roots

Gravitropism in plant shoots and roots differ in that

the threshold and response time is much less in shoots than in roots.

Other than the transport of materials, what is another function that vascular tissue performs in a leaf?

the tissue functions as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf. Veins in leaves (vascular bundles) transport materials and provide support.

Since all action potentials are essentially the same, how does the brain identify the type of stimulus?

the type of stimulus is identified by the brain region that is activated

HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, only infects certain cells within the immune system. This is because __________

the virus binds to specific receptors that are only present on certain immune cells

Oat seedlings are sometimes used to study auxins because

their coleoptile exhibits a strong positive phototropism

Hydrogen bonds are weak (only about 1/20 as strong as a covalent bond), so they form, break, and re-form with great frequency. However, at any instant, a substantial percentage of all water molecules are hydrogen-bonded to ___.

their neighbors

The term polytomy refers to a situation in which __________

there is a branch point on a phylogeny from which more than two descendent groups emerg

In fungi, haploid hyphae fuse to produce dikaryotic and then diploid nuclei, only to restore the haploid condition by meiosis before the growth of new hyphae. What is the significance of a transient diploid state in fungi?

these sexual processes generate genetic variation.

two genes are recognized as orthologous if __________.

they are homologous genes found in different species, and their divergence traces back to speciation events that produced the specie

Why are phylogenetic trees considered hypotheses

they can be used to make testable predictions

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue?

they continue to divide Meristem is embryonic tissue, and it retains the ability to divide.

Hox genes are thought to play an important role in the development of different morphologies because _____.

they provide positional information in the embryo

If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that - they should be members of the same genus. - their chromosomes should be very similar. - they live in very different habitats. - they shared a common ancestor relatively recently. - they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.

they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.

Miller and Urey's experiments that attempted to recreate conditions on early Earth were significant because _____.

they showed that organic molecules such as amino acids could be produced from inorganic molecules

Undulating membrane

thin, flat surface that ca be undulated/waved for movement

The haploid megaspore undergoes _____ mitotic divisions.

three

hyprthyroidism, typically characterized by a high metabolic rate and high blood pressure, might be expected when ___

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration is high

Charles and Francis Darwin concluded from their experiments on phototropism by grass seedlings that the part of the seedling that detects the direction of light is the

tip of the coleoptile

Why did the researchers set up four possible matings for each pair of populations: female A + male A; female B + male B; female A + male B; female B + male A?

to compare the proportion of successful matings within populations to the proportion of successful matings between populations

What is the purpose of the tiny calcium carbonate stones in the vestibular apparatus of the ear?

to help detect gravity

Thigmotropism is a movement in response to ____.

touch Thigmotropism is directional growth in response to touch.

The information in a gene that directs the production of a cellular product is gene expression. The correct sequence for the transfer of information from a gene to a function protein is _________

transcription, translation and protein folding

Which of the following mechanisms is/are (a) means of genetic recombination in prokaryotes?

transformation, transduction, conjucation,

___ refers to the loss of water through the stomata in a plant's leaves.

transpiration

_____ provide(s) the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves.

transpiration

Which one of the following refers to the loss of water through the stomata in a plant's leaves?

transpiration The stomata in the leaves are entry points for the carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis, but they are also exit points for the evaporation of water by transpiration.

principle of maximum parsimony is applied to the process of constructing a phylogenetic tree in what way?

tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events, as measured by the origin of shared derived characters, is selected.

Infection with which parasite might cause excessive elasticity in human skeletal muscles?

trichinella worms

An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also

triploblastic

In flowering plants one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg and the other sperm nucleus fuses with two other nuclei found within the ovule, thus forming _____.

triploid endosperm

True or False? Sugar movement in phloem can occur both upward and downward in the plant.

true

all fungi are heterotrophs; some species live as decomposers and other as symbionts.

true

Mycelia are made up of small-diameter hyphae that form an interwoven mass, providing more surface area for nutrient absorption.

true.

The following question refers to the figure, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D. If x indicates the fossils of two closely related species, neither of which is extinct, then their remains may be found in how many of these strata? - two strata - four strata - one stratum - three strata

two strata

When sound waves travel through the auditory canal they stimulate the ________ membrane, which then vibrates the hammer (malleus) in the middle ear

tympanic

Xylem sap moves ___; phloem sap moves ___.

up ... up or down

in our bodies, the primary nitrogen-containing compound excreted by our kidneys is ___

urea

which of the following is a tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder in a mammal?

ureter

the most effective molecule for nitrogenous waste disposal in desert animals would be ___

uric acid because it does not require water for excretion

Nematode worms and annelid worms share which features?

use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton

Nematode worms and annelid worms share which of the following features? absence of species with parasitic lifestyles use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton presence of segmentation ecdysis presence of a circulatory system

use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skelton

The proton pump ____.

uses the energy stored in ATP to produce a hydrogen ion gradient across membranes This proton gradient occurs across a membrane.

The hair cells in the ________ detect the direction of gravity.

utricle and saccule

Rhizoids, which resemble the roots of vascular plants, anchor the gametophytes to a substrate. Rhizoids are not _____ structures.

vascular

The sporophyte generation is the dominant generation of _____ plants

vascular

Spicy foods often contain the chemical capsaicin, which activates certain receptors in the mouth, causing your mouth to feel like it is "burning." The receptors activated by capsaicin are also activated by

very hot temperatures.

Homologies that appear to have marginal, if any, importance to an organism are called _______

vestigial structures

Circular RNA molecules that function like a virus in plants are termed __________

viroids

The maximum amount of air that a human can inhale and exhale is called the

vital capacity

While the rate of photosynthesis and the difference in turgor pressure between the source and the sink do influence the rate of sugar transport in the phloem, the rate of transpiration does not; transpiration mainly influences the rate of ___ transport through the xylem.

water

___ enters the xylem after it is absorbed by a plant's roots.

water

at a particular position along a nephron, the osmotic potential of the filtrate is 500 mOsm/L whereas the surrounding kidney's is 600 mOsm/L. Which of the following is a likely result?

water will diffuse out of the nephron by osmosis

purifying selection

when disadvantageous alleles decline in frequency

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant?

whether it has microphylls or megaphylls

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have

wings

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have segmented bodies. a cuticle. a ventral nerve cord. wings. open circulation.

wings

Water and minerals that are taken up in the soil are transported from roots to leaves by the ___.

xylem

Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the girth of a tree by adding new ___ to the layer's interior and ____ to the layer's exterior.

xylem ... phloem The vascular cambium produces xylem at its interior and phloem at its exterior.

Active transport of various materials in plants at the cellular level does NOT require ___.

xylem membranes

Which of the following is a correct statement about a difference between xylem and phloem transport?

xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down The direction of movement in xylem is from roots to leaves. Phloem sap is transported throughout the plant from source to sink.

The Bateman-Trivers hypothesis contains an observed pattern an a hypothesized process:

•pattern traits that attract members of the opposite sex are much more highly elaborated than in males •process the energetic cost of creating a large egg is enormous

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele?

0.09

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals that are heterozygous for this allele?

0.32

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.1. What is the frequency of individuals with AA genotype?

0.81

A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of both competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. Which inference(s) about this population might be true? - A. The amount of available food may have increased. - B. The parental generation of squirrels developed better eyesight due to improved diet; the subsequent squirrel generation inherited better eyesight. - C. The number of predators that prey upon squirrels may have decreased. - A and C could be true. - A, B, and C could be true.

A and C could be true.

The following question refers to the figure, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D. If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum? A B C D

C

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? - If the giraffes did not have to compete with each other, longer necks would not have been passed on to the next generation. - Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance. - Only favorable adaptations have survival value. - Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes. - Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits.

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, which kind of selection appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today?

Directional selection

Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?

Disruptive selection Disruptive selection eliminates phenotypes near the average and favors the extreme phenotypes, resulting in increased genetic variation in a population.

True or false? Heterozygote advantage refers to the tendency for heterozygous individuals to have better fitness than homozygous individuals. This higher fitness results in less genetic variation in the population.

False

Which of the following are basic components of the Hardy-Weinberg model?

Frequencies of two alleles in a gene pool before and after many random matings Hardy and Weinberg were trying to determine how and whether allele frequencies in a population change from one generation to the next.

If Darwin had been aware of genes, and of their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement? - If an individual's somatic cell genes change during its lifetime, making it more fit, then it will be able to pass these genes on to its offspring. - If an individual acquires new genes by engulfing, or being infected by, another organism, then a new genetic species will be the result. - A single mutation in a single gene in a single gamete will, if perpetuated, produce a new species within just two generations. - If natural selection can change one gene's frequency in a population over the course of generations then, given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones.

If natural selection can change one gene's frequency in a population over the course of generations then, given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones.

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data? - Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales. - Humans and bats evolved by natural selection, and whales evolved by Lamarckian mechanisms. - Whales are not properly classified as mammals. - Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats. - Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.

Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.

DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Today, instead, DDT is largely useless against many insects. Which of these would have been required for this pest eradication effort to be successful in the long run? - The frequency of DDT application should have been higher. - DDT application should have been continual. - All habitats should have received applications of DDT at about the same time. - None of the individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them resistant to DDT. - Larger doses of DDT should have been applied.

None of the individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them resistant to DDT.

Patients with emphysema have lungs that are less elastic than normal. As a result, they cannot exhale as much air as a healthy person can, thereby leaving additional residual volume in the lungs. How would the preceding graph differ if an emphysema patient's data were plotted instead of a healthy person's?

Point D wold be at a larger volume

Patients with emphysema have lungs that are less elastic than normal. As a result, they cannot exhale as much air as a healthy person can, thereby leaving additional residual volume in the lungs. How would the preceding graph differ if an emphysema patient's data were plotted instead of a healthy person's?

Point D would be at a larger volume.

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? - Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive. - Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. - Species produce more offspring than the environment can support. - Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less well suited. - There is heritable variation among individuals.

Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.

Which of the following evolutionary forces results in adaptive changes in allele frequencies?

Selection Selection is the only evolutionary force that consistently results in adaptation. Mutation without selection and genetic drift are random processes that may lead to adaptive, maladaptive, or neutral effects on populations.

Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new infections were caused by MRSA. How can this result best be explained? - A patient must have become infected with MRSA from another community. - S. aureus can resist vaccines. - The drug caused the S. aureus DNA to change. - In response to the drug, S. aureus began making drug--resistant versions of the protein targeted by the drug. - Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.

Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.

Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true? - Species X and Y are the result of artificial selection from an ancestral species Z. - Species X and Y share a common ancestor that is still extant (in other words, not yet extinct). - Species X and Y are not related to species Z. - Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z. - Species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor, but nothing more can be claimed than this.

Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z.

Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be underdeveloped. Which kind of selection is most likely at work regarding the birth weight of babies?

Stabilizing selection causes no change in the average of the population; extreme phenotypes (in this case, large and small babies) become less common.

In 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin to treat infections of Staphylococcus aureus, but within two years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) appeared. How did the resistant strains of S. aureus emerge? - In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, some bacteria began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin. These bacteria survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common. - Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common. - In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, bacterial populations gradually began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin.

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common. (Evolutionary change comes about as the proportion of individuals in the population displaying a particular trait increases from generation to generation.)

What genotype frequencies are expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a population with allele frequencies of p = 0.8 and q = 0.2 for a particular gene?

The expected genotype frequencies are 0.64, 0.32, and 0.04 for A1A1, A1A2, and A2A2, respectively. The expected frequency of the A1A1 genotype is p2 = (0.8)(0.8) = 0.64; the expected frequency of the A1A2 genotype is 2pq = 2(0.8)(0.2) = 0.32; the expected frequency of the A2A2 genotype is q2 = (0.2)(0.2) = 0.04. To verify your calculations, confirm that the three frequencies add up to one.

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences? - Members of a population vary in their heritable traits. - Body parts that are not used deteriorate over time. - Organisms only go extinct when catastrophes occur. - Although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive. - The first and fourth answers are correct.

The first and fourth answers are correct. (Both are important observations that led to Darwin's major inferences.)

What is the frequency of the A1 allele in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals?

The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.3. The frequency of the A1 allele is p = (number of A1 alleles) / (total of all alleles) = [(2 ( 20) + 80] / [(2 × 20) + (2 × 80) + (2 × 100)] = 0.3.

Which of the following statements is not a part of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

The genotype frequencies in the offspring generation must add up to two.

Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function. Which information would best help distinguish between an explanation based on homology versus one based on convergent evolution? - The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical. - The two species live at great distance from each other. - The sizes of the structures in adult members of both species are similar in size. - Both species are well adapted to their particular environments.

The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical.

In a bell-shaped curve, the x-axis (horizontal direction) of the graph represents which of the following?

The value of a particular characteristic; characteristics of an organism can include such traits as size and color. The value of the characteristic increases from left to right.

If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing? - These genes should continue to be maintained in case the antibiotics ever appear. - The bacteria should start making and secreting their own antibiotics. - The bacteria should try to make the cost worthwhile by locating, and migrating to, microenvironments where traces of antibiotics are present. - These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes.

These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes.

Which of the following statements best describes theories? - They are nearly the same things as hypotheses. - They are supported by, and make sense of, many observations. - They are predictions of future events. - They cannot be tested because the described events occurred only once.

They are supported by, and make sense of, many observations.

True or false? The Hardy-Weinberg model makes the following assumptions: no selection at the gene in question; no genetic drift; no gene flow; no mutation; random mating.

True

Ichthyosaurs were extinct aquatic reptiles distantly related to living lizards. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails, as do fish, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are - examples of convergent evolution. - homologous. - adaptations to a common environment. - Three of the responses above are correct. - Two of the responses above are correct.

Two of the responses above are correct.

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population? - genetic variation among individuals - sexual reproduction - variation among individuals in reproductive success - Three of the responses are correct. - Two of the responses are correct.

Two of the responses are correct.

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities? - by identifying the bones as being homologous structures - by the principle of convergent evolution - by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor - Three of the statements above are correct. - Two of the statements above are correct.

Two of the statements above are correct.

Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses? - Natural selection cannot account for losses, only for innovations. - Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits. - The ancestors of these organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to find new habitats that these species had not previously used. - Natural selection accounts for these losses by the principle of use and disuse.

Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.

consider the animals that exchanges gases through its skin. Which of the body shapes would provide the most surface area for gas exchange?

a flat rectangle with sides measuring 2 inches and 9 inches

Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs across

alveoli

which of the following options correctly list the direction of carbon dioxide as it leaves the body

alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx

Compared to the vital capacity, how much air can lungs actually hold?

always more

Medullary breathing centers directly sense and respond to

blood pH and CO2 concentration.

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird? - bony rays in the tail fin of a flying fish - cartilage in the dorsal fin of a shark - bones in the hind limb of a kangaroo - bones in the flipper of a whale - chitinous struts in the wing of a butterfly

bones in the flipper of a whale

Oxygen is mostly transported through the body in which of the following forms?

bound to hemoglobin

Evolution

can happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met.

the waist product of respiration is

carbon dioxide

The role that humans play in artificial selection is to - choose which organisms breed, and which do not. - perform artificial insemination. - create the genetic variants, which nature then selects. - determine who lives and who dies. - train organisms to breed more successfully.

choose which organisms breed, and which do not.

inhalation in humans is achieved by

contraction of the diaphragm and chest muscles

What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?

diaphragm

A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that _____. - all animals develop similar embryonic gills - embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other - the more advanced the animal, the more slowly it develops - the embryological development of many plants and animals is almost identical - mutations have a far more dramatic effect on embryos than on adult organisms

embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other (Early in development, the similarities among all vertebrate embryos are more apparent than the differences.)

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. - flipper - rib cage - tail - blowhole - baleen

flipper (The bones of a bat wing and a whale flipper are homologous.)

The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be considered to be an example of artificial selection because - humans synthesize methicillin and create environments in which bacteria frequently come into contact with methicillin. - humans are becoming resistant to bacteria by taking methicillin. - S. aureus is cultivated by humans to replenish the soil with nutrients. - humans purposefully raise MRSA in large fermenters in an attempt to make the bacteria ever-more resistant.

humans synthesize methicillin and create environments in which bacteria frequently come into contact with methicillin.

Natural selection is based on all of the following except - populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support. - genetic variation exists within populations. - individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young. - individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve. - the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring.

individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.

what part of the human brain contains the primary breathing control center

medulla oblongata

While genetic drift and gene flow may cause alleles to increase in frequency regardless of whether they are harmful, neutral, or beneficial, ____ causes only beneficial alleles to become more common in a population.

natural selection

____ which results from differential survival and reproduction, is the only mechanism of evolution that consistently causes a population to become better adapted to its environment

natural selection

From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____. - all island species should be similar to each other - the organisms in the Galapagos had been specially created to thrive in that environment - organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species - the shape of a bird's beak does not affect its ability to survive and reproduce - none of the above

organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species (Darwin reasoned that natural selection had increased the match between the organisms and their environment.)

You are studying three populations of birds. Population A has ten birds, of which one is brown (a recessive trait) and nine are red. Population B has 100 birds, of which ten are brown. Population C has 30 birds, and three of them are brown. Which population is most likely to be subject to the bottleneck effect?

population A

You are studying three populations of birds. Population A has ten birds, of which one is brown (a recessive trait) and nine are red. Population B has 100 birds, of which ten are brown. Population C has 30 birds, and three of them are brown. In which population would it be least likely that an accident would significantly alter the frequency of the brown allele?

population B

In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are visual predators of algae-eating fish (in other words, they locate their prey by sight). If a population of algae-eaters experiences predation pressure from pike-cichlids, which of the following is least likely to be observed in the algae-eater population over the course of many generations? - selection for algae-eaters that are faster swimmers - selection for nocturnal algae-eaters (active only at night) - selection for larger female algae-eaters, bearing broods composed of more, and larger, young - selection for algae-eaters that become sexually mature at smaller overall body sizes - selection for drab coloration of the algae-eaters

selection for larger female algae-eaters, bearing broods composed of more, and larger, young

A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population? - The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time. - As the mottled fish are eaten, more will be produced to fill the gap. - The ratios will not change. - In two generations, all the fish will be mottled. - There is no way to predict the result.

the proportion of mottled fish will increase over time. (The mottled fish will tend to escape predation because they are camouflaged against the mottled lake bottom. The mottled fish will most likely produce more offspring.)