bio

Taxonomy is the branch of systemic biology that studies the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms.

F

Which of the following are benefits of sequencing the human genome? Knowing the exact sequence of DNA in an individual could allow pharmaceutical companies to design drugs for their exact genotype. Determining individuals who have a predisposing factor that could lead to future illness could allow for earlier treatment. Sequencing technology will allow the genomes of other species to be more readily sequenced. All of the answer choices describe benefits associated with sequencing the human genome.

All of the answer choices describe benefits associated with sequencing the human genome.

Which scientist(s) is/are noted for their X-ray diffraction photo of DNA? Chargaff Griffith Messelson and Stahl Franklin Hershey and Chase

Franklin

Which of the following is a concern over the use of genetically engineered corn? resistance among populations of certain pests genetic exchange between engineered plants and related species impact of engineered plants on nontarget plant species presence of allergens All of the answer choices describe concerns over the use of genetically engineered corn.

All of the answer choices describe concerns over the use of genetically engineered corn.

Hershey and Chase experimented with radioactively labeled phosphorus and sulfur to determine that DNA and not protein is the genetic material. Which of the following was essential to the success of the experiment? Sulfur is present in amino acids in the protein coat of bacteria. Phosphorus is present in high amounts in DNA. Sulfur is not present in DNA. Phosphorus is not present in amino acids in the protein coat of bacteria. All of the answer choices describe information that was necessary for the success of the experiment.

All of the answer choices describe information that was necessary for the success of the experiment.

Restriction enzymes exist in bacteria to restrict the growth of viruses. cut double-stranded DNA at specific sites. produce "sticky ends" that can bind foreign DNA. facilitate inserting foreign DNA into vector DNA. All of the answer choices describe restriction enzymes.

All of the answer choices describe restriction enzymes.

Which of the following is associated with a higher cancer risk? hormone therapy smoking use of alcohol exposure to certain hazardous chemicals in the workplace All of the answer choices describe things that increase the risk of cancer.

All of the answer choices describe things that increase the risk of cancer.

Uses for transgenic bacteria include bioremediation, when bacteria are used to clean up oil spills or other toxic substances. the production of organic chemicals, such as phenylalanine, used in the production of aspartame. the production of chemicals toxic to insects that can be used to protect plants from insects. the production of human growth hormones. All of the answer choices describe uses of transgenic bacteria.

All of the answer choices describe uses of transgenic bacteria.

Biochemical evidence of evolution

All organisms contain DNA, RNA, ATP Hox genes are highly conserved

Today's classification hierarchy was developed by _______. It is based on the idea of ______, where each _____ receives a unique, two-part name. The first of the two-part name is the ____; the second part of the two-part name is the _____. The genus name is more inclusive than the ____ name. For example, Acer rubrum and Acer saccharum have the same ____ name but different ____ names.

Carl Linnaeus Binomial nomenclature, species genus, species species genus, species

Functional Genomics

Compare DNA sequences to assess similiarities in function between genes Uses DNA microarrays to monitor levels of gene expression Microarrays can be used to idenify various mutations in humans genome

Proteomics

Compute modeling of three-dimensional shape of proteins Study structure, function, and interaction of cellar proteins

Phylogeny

Concerned with studying the evolutionary relatedness Cladograms and phylogenies Based on shared derived traits

Which of the following is true about RNA? The structure is a double helix. The bases are held together by hydrogen bonds. The bases are complementary to each other. It contains deoxyribose sugar. It is composed of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

It is composed of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

Biogeographical Evidence

Marsupials were originally in Finches on the Galapagos

Why has STR become the method of choice over DNA fingerprinting when identifying a person of interest STR is less expensive. STR doesn't require the use of restriction enzymes. The STR sample does not require amplification. STR requires the use of gel electrophoresis. STR can determine the order of nucleotides in a gene.

STR doesn't require the use of restriction enzymes. Correct

Within the field of systematic biology, scientists use the characteristics of living and fossil organisms to infer the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

T

Two strains of E. coli—one of which can turn on its lactase production and one that cannot—are grown together with lactose in the medium. If all other conditions are equal, what will occur? Both strains will continue to be present in equal amounts. The two strains will kill each other off. The strain that can turn on lactase production will outcompete the other strain. The strain that cannot turn on lactase production will outcompete the other strain. The two strains will work cooperatively and share the lactose.

The strain that can turn on lactase production will outcompete the other strain.Correct

Why would goats and cattle be used in gene pharming? Goats and cattle are the easiest farm animals to clone. Therapeutic and diagnostic proteins are produced in the milk of goats and cows and can be harvested for use. The diagnostic and therapeutic proteins produced can be passed to humans who consume their meat. There are more goats and cows than any other type of farm animal. It is easier to create recombinant DNA in these two farm animals than it is in other types.

Therapeutic and diagnostic proteins are produced in the milk of goats and cows and can be harvested for use.

Fossil Evidence

Tiktaalic fossils show an intermediate The remains of ancient whales have leg bones

What are transcription factors? Transcription factors are proteins that help the repressor bind to the operator. Transcription factors are proteins that help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter Transcription factors are proteins that help DNA polymerase bind to the promoter. Transcription factors are proteins that help helicases bind to the operator. Transcription factors are proteins that help the operator bind to the repressor.

Transcription factors are proteins that help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter.Correct

Transgenic crop plants have been created for which of the following reasons? to increase productivity to increase resistance to insect damage to create plants that are resistant to herbicides to produce human hormones or antibodies Transgenic plants have been produced to do all of the things listed.

Transgenic plants have been produced to do all of the things listed.

The random alteration in a sequence of DNA nucleotides that provides a new variant of a gene is

a gene mutation.

The extinction of the dinosaurs has been associated with

a meteor impact at the end of the Cretaceous era that caused major cooling.

What information is contained in the branches of a cladogram? a current species and its descendants a recent common ancestor and two outgroups a recent common ancestor and all of its descendants all of the potential ancestors of a group all species classified in a particular genus

a recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

A nucleotide contains

a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base.

The function of transfer RNA is to carry amino acids to ribosomes transfer nucleotides to the nucleus. transmit coded information to the cytoplasm. turn DNA on and off. act as the site for protein synthesis.

carry amino acids to ribosomes.Correct

The ____ consists of an orderly set of stages that result in two genetically identical daughter cells. Throughout are ____ that ensure that cell division is occurring correctly. If not, cell division will stop. Genes called ____ can activate the cell cycle when stimulated by growth factors. When mutated, these ____ can become oncogenes and the cell can divide indefinitely without regulation, resulting in cancer. Genes called ____ can stop the cell cycle or cause apoptosis to occur. When mutated, these ______no longer function to stop the cell cycle and it can continue unchecked, resulting in cancer.

cell cycle checkpoints proto-oncogenes proto-oncogenes tumor suppressor genes tumor suppressor genes

A gene is physically located on a(n) chromosome. transfer RNA. enzyme. protein. nucleus.

chromosome

Homologous structures such as the bones in wings, flippers, and arms are most closely concerned with comparative anatomy biogeography. the fossil record. comparative embryology. comparative biochemistry.

comparative anatomy

Classification

concerned with naming based on binominal nomenaclature based on work by Carl Linnaeus

Evolutionary histories of groups of organisms based on shared ___ are called ____ and are part of the study of ____. These diagrams follow the principle of ____, or the idea that the simplest explanation is the most probable explanation. In the diagram to the left, the shared ____ are internal fertilization and amniotic eggs. Snakes are ___ closely related to turtles than to mammals and share the same ___ Crocodiles are more closely related to ___ than to ___.

derived traits, cladograms, cladistics parsimony derived traits more, clade. birds, mammals

What part of the mRNA contain(s) the information for the structure of the protein?

exons

Which organisms on the Galápagos Islands were most important in the development of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

finches

One method of identifying an individual's DNA is by using DNA _____. This method utilizes two other biotechnological procedures, PCR and ______. PCR will make copies of small sections of DNA called _____ The STR pieces are then loaded into a gel to separate them by ____ The sizes of segments are compared with other samples for ____

fingerprinting gel electrophoresis STRs size identification

Which evidence for evolution includes impressions of plants and animals pressed into sedimentary rock? fossil record biogeography comparative anatomy comparative embryology comparative biochemistry

fossil record

The Amish of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, have a higher frequency of an unusual form of dwarfism than the population at large. This is probably due to natural selection. bottleneck effect. founder effect vestigial structures. industrial melanism.

founder effect

Which of the following uses an electrical field to separate DNA fragments based on their length? DNA cloning polymerase chain reaction transgenics gel electrophoresis DNA digestion

gel electrophoresisCorrect

The treatment of a disorder by inserting genetic material into an organism is called karyotyping. amniocentesis. genetic profiling. chorionic villi sampling. gene therapy.

gene therapy.

Tumor-suppressor genes are

genes that code for proteins that inhibit cell division.Correct

Within a(n) ____ of fish that inhabits a yellow coral reef, some fish are orange and some fish are yellow as a result of a ____ for body color. A predator feeds on fish living on the reef. It is ____ likely to see the orange fish than the _____ fish; so, as a result, the yellow fish are more likely to survive and ______. Over several generations, the______ will consist of more ____ fish than _____ fish, due to natural selection.

population, gene more, yellow, reproduce population, yellow, orange

All the members of a single species that occupy a particular area and are able to interbreed are a

population.

Which level of primary control in eukaryotic gene activity involves methylation and chromatin packing as a way to keep genes turned off? pretranscriptional control transcriptional control posttranscriptional control translational control posttranslational control

pretranscriptional controlCorrect

What is the substance required to cleave the vector DNA during recombinant DNA technology? DNA helicase plasmids DNA ligaseIncorrect DNA polymerase restriction enzymes

restriction enzymes

The site of translation is the nucleus. nucleolus. ribosome ribozyme. mitochondria.

ribosome

DNA replication is achieved by a process called __________ replication. After the DNA double helix unwinds, each old strand serves as a _____ for the formation of a new strand. Complementary _____ will base pair with those of the old strand. After all new nucleotides are added, the old and new strand will form a _____ strand of DNA. After replication is complete there are ___ daughter DNA double helices. Each daughter double helix has the same sequence of base pairs as the _____ double helix had before replication began.

semiconservative template nucleotides completed two parental

In DNA fingerprinting, the products of PCR are cut by restriction enzymes into unique lengths. The fragments are then subjected to fluorescent dyes and visualized under an electron microscope. separated according to their relative positive and negative charges. separated according to their lengths. arranged into a karyotype. used to produce the genes that give the individual a unique set of fingerprints.

separated according to their lengths.

Which technique is preferred when investigators are trying to DNA fingerprint an individual? polymerase chain reaction (PCR) recombinant DNA (rDNA) short tandem repeat (STR) gene cloning None of the answer choices is correct.

short tandem repeat (STR)

In the Watson-Crick model of DNA, the "sides" of the ladder are composed of sugars. bases. hydrogen bonds. sugar-phosphate molecules phosphate groups.

sugar-phosphate molecules.

Anatomical Evidence

the bone structures all vertebrates have a tail...

One of the problems that limits the use of gene therapy is

the detrimental side effects from the inserted genes.

According to Lamarck, which variable would have the greatest influence on the evolution of an organism? the environment the genetics of the individual Both the environment and genetics are equally responsible for the evolution of an organism. Neither the environment nor the genetics of an organism play a role in its evolution. A creator would determine the evolution of an organism.

the environment

A cell of the pancreas specializes in producing insulin, while a muscle cell specializes in the production of the protein myosin. This means that the pancreas and muscle cells are both actively using the genes for insulin and myosin. the pancreas cells are actively using the insulin gene, while the muscle cells are actively using both the insulin and myosin genes. the pancreas cells are actively using the gene that produces insulin, while muscle cells are actively using the gene that produces myosin. neither the pancreas cells nor the muscle cells are specialized. only muscle cells can produce proteins.

the pancreas cells are actively using the gene that produces insulin, while muscle cells are actively using the gene that produces myosin.

Gene pharming is the use of bacterial DNA to impart drug resistance to plants. the use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals. the creation of new genes to be implanted in farm animals. the creation of crop plants to replace the use of farm animals as a source of protein. the application of genetic principles to breeding farm animals.

the use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals.

If all the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are met

there is no evolution because the allele frequencies remain the same.

Transposons are transposable elements in the DNA because they transport genetic information. they transfer organelles inside a cell. they transmit signals in the cell indicating the genes to be copied. they move from one location to another in the DNA. they cause the DNA to take on a specific shape or pose.

they move from one location to another in the DNA.

Which of the following bases pairs with adenine in DNA?

thymine

Initiation, elongation, and termination are three stages in

translation.

Specific DNA sequences that have the ability to move within and out of chromosomes are called transposons introns. exons. operators. ribozymes.

transposons.Correct

Which of the following nucleotide bases is found only in RNA? guanine adenine thymine uracil cytosine

uracil

The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to calculate the _____ and allele frequencies of a population. According to this equation, the term "p²" represents the _____ individuals within a population. Secondly, the term "q²" represents the ____individuals within a population. Finally, the term "2pq" represents the ____ individuals within a population. The relationship between the components of the Hardy-Weinberg equation will remain constant throughout ____ providing 5 conditions are met. These five conditions are as follows: Mutations ____ occur, ____ cannot allow alleles into or out of the population, individuals must pair____, genetic drift does not occur, and all genotypes have an ____ chance to survive.

genotype homozygous dominant homozygous recessive heterozygous generations cannot,gene flow , randomly, equal

Mass extinctions

have occurred about 4 or 5 times in fossil record.

If there is gene flow between two adjacent populations of the same species, they will

have similar gene pools.

The cell cycle results in two genetically____daughter cells. It consists of 3 phases. During ____, the cell grows and copies its DNA. During ___, cell division takes place as the cell contents are split between two new cells. This phase actually has five stages within it, including_______, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During _____ the cell contents are split between two distinct daughter cells.

identical interphase mitosis prophase cytokinesis

Which part of a mRNA molecule is edited out?

introns.

The two techniques typically used to create transgenic animals are microinjection of eggs and vortex mixing of eggs. microinjection of eggs and electroshock of eggs. electroshock of protoplasts and electroshock of eggs. microinjection of protoplasts and electroshock of eggs. microinjection of eggs and vortex mixing of protoplasts.

microinjection of eggs and vortex mixing of eggs.Correct

Which of the following is the only source of new variation in a population?

mutation

Which of the following agents of evolutionary change results in adaptation? mutation genetic drift gene flow nonrandom mating natural selection

natural selection

Messenger RNA is produced in the cytoplasm. ribosomes. nucleus endoplasmic reticulum. lysosome.

nucleus

Which of the following serve to directly accelerate the cell cycle? tumor-suppressor genes carcinogens repressors oncogenes p53 gene

oncogenes

In semiconservative DNA replication, each new double helix formed will have

one new and one old strand in each helix.

When creating transgenic organisms, one major difference between plants and animals is that only embryos can be used to create transgenic animals, while any plant cell can be used for transgenic plants. only eggs can be used to create transgenic animals, while embryos can be used for transgenic plants. only eggs can be used to create transgenic animals, while any plant cell can be used for transgenic plants. only embryos can be used to create transgenic animals, while eggs must be used to create transgenic plants. any cell may be used to create transgenic animals, while embryos can be used for transgenic plants.

only eggs can be used to create transgenic animals, while any plant cell can be used for transgenic plants. Correct

tumor suppressor gene

p53

DNA fingerprinting can be used for which of the following?

paternity tests authenticating Super Bowl footballs forensic analysis determining a predisposition to cancer All of the answer choices are uses of DNA fingerprinting.

Enzymes from the thermophile organism Thermus aquaticus have allowed the development of which of the following procedures? genetic engineering recombinant DNA DNA cloning polymerase chain reaction protein synthesis

polymerase chain reaction

Which technique is used to create billions of copies of DNA in a short amount of time? recombinant DNA technology short tandem repeat (STR) profiling gene therapy polymerase chain reaction None of the answer choices is correct.

polymerase chain reaction

If the frequency of the dominant gene is 0.7, what is the frequency of the recessive gene?

0.3

How many bases on a DNA molecule equal one codon?

3

Which of the following is used in the production of recombinant DNA (rDNA)? vectors restriction enzymes DNA ligase plasmids All of the answer choices are used in the production of recombinant DNA.

All of the answer choices are used in the production of recombinant DNA.

Lamarck's ideas on evolution were adopted by some Russian scientists, including Lysenko. Russian textbooks printed Lysenko's assertion that workmen who develop strong muscles from working in the mines would produce children who would be born stronger. Which of the major elements of evolution by natural selection is violated by this assertion?

Acquired characteristics are inherited.

Which of the following mechanisms can disrupt genetic equilibrium?

All founder effect, genetic drift, natural selection, dif reproduction,

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium requires

All no new mutations no migration of alleles a large population size. a sexually reproducing population that mates randomly (random mating)

According to the evolutionary theory

All evolution explains the unity of life. evolution explains the diversity of life. all living things are descended from a common ancestor. adaption leads to diversity.

All living organisms use _____, RNA, and ATP which leads scientists to the conclusion that these molecules were present in the first living organism. Most organisms also use the same genetic code for amino acids in their _____ structure. Thus, differences between species exist mainly due to small differences between the proteins each one ____ and uses. Some organisms have very few differences in the amino acid sequences of their proteins, yet are vastly different in _____and function. These biochemical differences account for a vast majority of ____ in life on Earth.

DNA protein produces structure variation

Which of the following procedures would most likely be used to identify a specific individual?

DNA fingerprinting

What is the role of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology? DNA ligase cleaves the vector DNA. DNA ligase makes the bacterial cell more permeable to vector. DNA ligase forms the plasmids that are used as vectors. DNA ligase seals DNA into an opening created by a restriction enzyme. DNA ligase acts as molecular scissors, cutting DNA apart at specific locations.

DNA ligase seals DNA into an opening created by a restriction enzyme.

PCR requires the use of which enzyme? RNA polymerase DNA ligase helicase DNA polymerase RNA primase

DNA polymerase

The enzyme that is used to join DNA nucleotides together is DNA polymerase RNA polymerase. helicase. primase. lipase.

DNA polymerase

Which of the following describes the flow of information in protein synthesis?

DNA → RNA → protein

The hereditary material found in all cells is

DNA.

A variety of genotypes and phenotypes in a population is useful because it

allows the species to survive if the environment changes.

Gene mutations are always deleterious. always beneficial. radiation-induced changes only. alterations in the normal sequence of bases within a gene. alterations to cell cycle.

alterations in the normal sequence of bases within a gene.

Many fireflies have flash patterns unique to their species and use them to identify other members of their species. This is an example of

behavioral isolation

The purpose of PCR is to create

billions of copies of a segment of DNA.

Almost all living organisms use DNA, ATP, and enzymes. This is an example of evolution based on

biochemistry

The application of computer technologies to the study of the genome is known as proteomics. genomics. bioinformatics DNA fingerprinting. genetic profiling.

bioinformatics

When a natural disaster kills off a large proportion of the population, resulting in a severe reduction in the gene pool, it is called natural selection. bottleneck effect founder effect. gene flow. directional selection.

bottleneck effect