Confinement and Corrections Final Exam

More than _____ od African American males have been to prison

16%

In most parts of United States, public executions were carried out until the _______.

1830s

The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in ______.

1868

In the ____, corrections came to be known as the "Era of Treatment." California, New Jersey, New York, and Illinois began to heavily implement reforms to those incarcerated

1950s

The community policing movement had become very successful by the end of the ______.

1990s

A little more than ______ percent of the prison population are undocumented immigrants.

2

African Americans make up only about 13.5% of the population but more than ___ of all arrests

25%

Classification typically takes ____

3 to 6 weeks

A study cited in the textbook found that Texas, the state with the most prisons, increased the amount of its facilities by more than _____ percent between 1979 and 2000.

700

Roughly ___ percent of incarcerated individuals in jail are men.

85

____ roles help individuals who are incarcerated deal and cope with prison and survive behind bars.

Adaptive

Crime victimization rates are highest for _____________.

African Americans and Latinos

As part of the reformatory movement ____ urged adoption of the marksystem where penalties would be graded according to crime and release would be based on good behavior

Alexander Maconochie

Punishment must be perceived as:

All of the above

When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percentage of all adults in the United Statesare under some form of correctional control?

Almost 3 percent

The "congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at the ______.

Auburn Penitentiary

The first juvenile court was established in ______.

Chicago

Intermediate sanctions include which of the following?

Community service Boot camps Home confinement All of these are correct

In _____, it was first allowed people in prison to sue state officials for brutality, inadequate medical care and nutrition, theft of personal property, and the denial of basic rights.

Cooper vs. Pate

Which of the following is NOT a correctional system usually used to detain undocumented immigrants?

County jails

Which of the following is one of the categories of crimes that always falls under the jurisdiction of federal criminal law?

Crimes involving interstate commerce

The concept of lex talionis embodies which of the following principles?

Criminal punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense. "An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth" is proper legal punishment. Vengeance is a private affair, and the duty of the victim or victim's family to carry out, not a public matter. All

Which of the following is a reason for having a centralized probation authority?

Decentralized programs are often unprofessional and lag behind the times It is able to train staff for a variety of roles It is able to implement broader programs with greater equality in supervision and services All

Based on research mentioned in the textbook, ______ clients are likely to have committed a crime because they have been exploited by others.

Developmentally disabled

Classification might happen during which of the following stages?

During transfer to another institution In preparation for release After a prison resident encounters problems All

Which of the following is not considered a concept of parole?

Duty

Research has shown that _____ clients are more likely to seek solitude.

Elderly

____ was a Quaker and the first to push for changes in the treatment of sentenced women and children?

Elizabeth Fry

Who argued that crime is "normal" and that punishment performs the important role in spotlighting social rules and values?

Emile Durkheim

According to research provided in the textbook, most sexual offenses occur between strangers.

False

According to the most recent data, there are approximately 935 people on death row

False

According to the textbook, most studies tend to show that boot camps are very effective

False

According to the textbook, the most important (and pressing) issue concerning use of intermediate sanctions has to do with prison overcrowding.

False

All types of corrections are based upon the assumption that criminal behavior can be treated is known as "the crime control model."

False

Almost all jails in the United States have viable rehabilitative programs.

False

Approximately ¾ (75 percent) of those currently housed have already been convicted in a criminal court.

False

Classification is a one-time procedure.

False

Community justice approaches always respect individual rights.

False

Community justice is a philosophy of justice but does not specify strategies.

False

Convict labor for profit became an essential part of the Pennsylvania penitentiary system throughout the early 1830s.

False

Custodial employees make up the minority of a prison's personnel.

False

Everyone who serves at least 70% of their sentence is eligible for parole

False

Female correctional officers only work with female prison residents.

False

For any given crime, African American youths are less likely to be arrested than white youths.

False

For specific deterrence to work as a punishment theory, the public must be constantly reminded about punishment.

False

For the most part, working in a correctional facility is relatively stress-free.

False

From 1718 to 1776, more than 252,000 English men and women were shipped to the American colonies as punishment for criminal activities.

False

Hostility to specific immigrant groups has never been a hallmark of U.S. immigration history.

False

Immigration confinement is similar to confinement in the regular justice system.

False

In prison, educational programs seek to treat the underlying emotional or mental problems that led to criminality

False

In the United States, there are roughly 6,500 jails

False

Individual states do not have their own constitutions.

False

Individuals on death row tend to be poorly educated men from the middle class.

False

Most males who are in prison generally have already graduated from high school.

False

Prison programs are any nonformal, non-structured activities that take incarcerated individuals out of their cells and allow them to do something.

False

Recent evidence has determined that the death penalty is a strong deterrent effect on crime.

False

Roughly fifty-five percent of all people in jail are considered indigent and cannot afford counsel.

False

Sentencing disparity occurs when penalties of different severity are imposed for different kinds of crime.

False

Since prisons are highly secure institutions, rarely does any type of violence take place.

False

Since the inception of the Prison Litigation Reform Act, it has become more difficult (virtually impossible) for incarcerated people to file Civil Rights lawsuits.

False

Studies have shown that young men between 16 and 24, both inside and outside of prison, are less prone to commit violence than older men.

False

Studies show that being granted probation makes people more likely to commit crimes than if they were sent to prison.

False

The Federal Bureau of Prisons was formed in 1955

False

The Pennsylvania system of corrections was based on Quaker and Christian ideals.

False

The War on Drugs (not the band, the actual "war on drugs') played no role in the rise in prison rates

False

The civil rights movement had no effect on incarcerated people.

False

The founder of the classical school of criminology was Dean Harmer

False

The number of felons on parole has decreased since 1980.

False

The postconviction process determines the guilt of a person charged with a criminal offense.

False

There is strong evidence that Muslim immigration has a strong connection to terrorism.

False

Treatment that attempts to create an institutional environment that supports prosocial attitudes and behaviors is referred to as behavior therapy

False

Very few correctional professionals feel that juveniles are more susceptible than adults to the influence of treatment programs.

False

Western states tend to have the highest incarceration rates of African Americans in the United States.

False

Women are generally less receptive and responsive to prison-based programs than their male counterparts.

False

___ is essentially a punishment of accused individuals that is intended to be an example to the general public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others.

General deterrence

Which of the following cannot be used to revoke parole?

Getting caught with drugs in your system Not voting despite being eligible to vote ?

Which of the following is NOT a type of a recognized prison program?

Gym/working out in group setting

Which of the following is NOT an innovation that was initially developed by John Augustus?

Home detention

Which Supreme Court case specified the essentials of notice, hearing, counsel, and cross-examination as required by Kent vs. United States?

In Re Gault

Which Supreme Court case established a standard of "beyond a doubt" for delinquency matters?

In Re Winship

____ was an English prison reformer whose research and writing led to the passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 by the House of Commons.

John Howard

According to the textbook, educational programs are more available and often required for which group of incarcerated residents?

Juvenile

What level of government is most often responsible for correctional programs for those convicted of minor crimes?

Local governments

Which of the following is NOT a high priority need for those released from prison?

Marriage/home life

Classification committees often revert to stereotypes as opposed to diagnostic measures in assigning prison residents, they often recognize which of the following stereotypes?

Members of racial gangs Members of ethnic gangs Predators who demand things All

The Supreme Court ruled in ____ that parolees who face revocation of their parole must be given procedural due process through a prompt informal inquiry before an impartial hearing officer

Morrissey vs. Brewer

_____ adults have committed at least one serious offense in their lifetime.

Most

The oldest prison in the United States that still houses offenders is in:

New Jersey

Which president signed the Fair Sentencing Act which eliminated the mandatory minimum sentence for simple possession of crack and powder cocaine?

Obama

The conditional release of an individual from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served is called:

Parole

A ____ is an institution intended to isolate individuals convicted of a crime from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and thus undergo reformation

Penitentiary

_____ is an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of crimes, usually felonies.

Prison

The set of rules of conduct that replicate the values and norms of the prison social system and help define for inmates the image of the model prisoner is the:

Prison code

Which of the following often take the form of group or individual counseling sessions as opposed to intensive therapy?

Psychological programs

The American penitentiary was first conceptualized by _____.

Quakers

Among the stated goals of the correctional process as mentioned in the textbook, which of the following does NOT overlap with the objectives of the other purposes?

Rehabilitation

Which of the following is NOT a way to obtain a green card?

Residence

Which of the following is NOT one of the three traditional tasks of criminal justice?

Restoration

____ justice seeks to reestablish victim, convicted individual, and community to a level of functioning that existed before the criminal event.

Restorative

____ is a type of punishment inflicted on a person who violated a criminal law in which the severity of the punishment should fit the seriousness of the crime

Retribution

In which Supreme Court case was it ruled that anyone cannot get the death sentence if they were under 18 at the time of their crime?

Roper vs. Simmons

According to the textbook, _____ supervision will likely continue to grow in popularity.

Specialization of

What region within the United States has the highest incarceration rate by population?

The South

A common argument that is usually rooted in misinformation is that the death penalty is a deterrent to others. However, there are no valid studies that show this is true

True

A hulk is an abandoned ship that the English converted to hold convicted people during a period of prison overcrowding between 1776 and 1790.

True

A large percentage of the admissions to prison each year are parole violators.

True

A short stint of incarceration immediately followed by a sentence reduction is referred to as shock probation

True

A status offense is when a juvenile does something wrong (or "prohibited") that is only prohibited due to their status as a minor

True

According to experts and professionals cited in the text, proponents of New York System believed incarcerated individuals had to first "be broken"

True

According to our text, probation release is often tied to shock incarceration.

True

According to our textbook, he average annual cost of corrections is more than $80 billion

True

According to the concept of rehabilitation, people who have committed a crime are treated rather than/more than punished. In other words, treatment as opposed to punishment is the main goal

True

According to the data from the textbook, close to 650,000 people, about 1,750 per day, have returned home from federal and/or state prisons in 2015.

True

According to the textbook, most people who were convicted of violent offenses were under the influence of an illegal drug when they committed the crime.

True

Age is a reliable predictor of recidivism

True

Although almost 13 percent of people arrested for murder are women, judges and juries seem very reluctant to sentence women to death.

True

Any threat to security or to the safety of individuals that is so obvious and compelling that the need to counter it overrides the guarantees of the First Amendment.

True

Based on research cited in the textbook, gang involvement decreased by the end of the 1990s, but has increased substantially since 2000.

True

Based on research mentioned in the text, during the 1960s and 1970s of the rehabilitative model toward prison residents was the dominant viewpoint

True

Based on the research mentioned in the textbook, prison disorder, including riots, staff murders, escapes, and homicides by people in jail, are proportionately more rare today than they were in the 1970s and 1980s.

True

Due to prison overcrowding, correctional officials and parole boards believe that situational clients are the best candidates for early release because they often pose a minimal threat to the public.

True

English trends and practices greatly influenced American corrections.

True

Ethnicity relates to a person's language, religion, and group traditions.

True

Evaluations cited in the textbook of intensive supervision found that probation officers uncovered more rules violations than they did in regularprobation.

True

Females are much more likely to be involved in status offenses than in other forms of delinquency, according to data from the textbook.

True

For health and safety concerns, crowded living conditions in correctional facilities cannot be tolerated.

True

Foreign-born residents of America are arrested at a lower rate than those born here

True

Immigration arrests rose by more than 30% in the first 100 days of the Trump Administration.

True

In community justice, citizens and victims are involved in sentencing decisions to increase their confidence in the wisdom of the sanctions.

True

In general, it has been said that traditional probation does "not work" well for most clients

True

In general, most inmates conform to subculture even though their own values run contrary to the inmate code while imprisoned

True

In the end, a prevailing thought discussed in the text is that prison is simply not effective in most cases.

True

Jails are the entryway to corrections.

True

Just like those in prison in correctional facilities, convicted individuals in the community also have rights.

True

Less than 50 years ago, formal codes of institutional conduct either did not exist or were ignored.

True

Many jails hold less than 30 people

True

Most of those released from prison are far from total freedom.

True

Mothers who are incarcerated often have difficulty maintaining contact with their children.

True

No valid counts of undocumented immigrants on probation & parole have ever been done.

True

One of the consequences of the filtering process in the criminal justice system is that many people in prison or jail feel unjustly treated in comparison with others.

True

Our textbook states that because there are smaller numbers of women in prison and jail, that fact is used to "justify" lack of diverse educational, vocational, and other programs available to incarcerated women.

True

Parole in the United States developed during the 1800s following the English, Australian, and Irish practices of conditional pardon, apprenticeship by indenture, and transportation.

True

Parole officers spend as much as 80 percent of their time at nonsupervisory work

True

People who have actually been sentenced make up only about half of the jail population.

True

Prison residents who are "doing time" see prison as a long-term stay and continue their criminality while incarcerated.

True

Probation comes before any prison time is served

True

Regardless of how beneficial a program is, it must not conflict with security.

True

Sentencing for drug crimes contributes to the high incarceration rate of African Americans.

True

Some have argued that the U.S. prison system is designed as a way to imprison African American men.

True

Statistics show that rates of incarceration for African Americans is at least twice as high than for whites; in some states, their rate is 10 times as high

True

The "parent of the country" the role of the state as guardian and protector of all people (particularly juveniles) who are unable to protect themselves, it is also known as parens patriae.

True

The Auburn system focused on a congregate system of operations.

True

The Civil Rights Act of 1871 says that people held in prisons have constitutionally protected rights.

True

The Pennsylvania system focused on the isolation of convicted individuals and on serving penance

True

The development of the Constitutional Rights of incarcerated offenders coincided with the emergence of a prisoner's rights movement.

True

The growth in the corrections system has resulted mostly from deliberate policies that have increased the severity of sentences.

True

The ideas of classification, parole, and rehabilitative programs were first created and put into practice at the Elmira Reformatory for boys.

True

The number of felons on parole has increased since 1980.

True

The presence of gangs organized along racial lines contributes to violence in prison.

True

The rehabilitation model emphasizes the provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender

True

The retribution argument for the death penalty is a moral argument.

True

The warden is essentially the chief executive officer of the institution.

True

There are more than 6.5 million Americans in the correctional system

True

There is a two-stage process for a parole revocation hearing

True

Those in prison administration will use institutional programs to help manage time.

True

Those who are in prison administration use their programs as incentives for good behavior

True

Women account for less than one-third of all arrests for serious crimes

True

unity justice and criminal justice use different processes.

True

Roughly ____ of those in jail are under 35 years of age

True b. False 67%

Which of the following is NOT one of the elements of punishment according to Herbert Packer?

Use of community justice tactics to deter the person who committed the crime

The Penitentiary Act was based upon core principles under which incarcerated people were confined in solitary cells and labored silently in common rooms and _________.

Were housed in secure and sanitary conditions.

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have a right to receive a copy of the presentence investigation report?

Williams vs. New York

In 1844, the ________ was created with the objective of improving the treatment of women in prison and separating them from males, too.

Women's Prison Association

Half of those entering state prisons are ___ years old.

between 18 and 27

Caselaw has upheld the right of female corrections officers to pat down _____.

both male and female incarcerated people

The drug abuser presents _____ problems for corrections.

both treatment and management

The most typical prison design most for female and juvenile prison residents is _______.

campus style

Depending on the state, probation may be _____________.

centralized or decentralized administered by judiciary or executive branch combined with parole services All

Someone convicted of ____ is very likely to be the target of threats, violence, and hostility whileincarcerated.

child molestation

During the Civil Rights Movement, incarcerated people demanded their constitutional rights as ____.

citizens

A process by which prison residents can be grouped according to supervision and custody requirements and program needs is known as _____.

classification

The type of power that emphasizes the use or threat of physical force is known as _______ power.

coercive

By the end of the 1990s, most police departments said they practiced some form of _____.

community policing

The decision to release an incarcerated person is often made in the context of ________.

competing goals

Parole is also known as ______.

conditional release

Requirements and rules devised to aid readjustment to society and control the movement of people on parole are called ________.

conditions of release

A writ of habeas corpus requests an examination (or challenges) of the legality of ________.

confinement

An emphasis on ______ is typically what matters most in the philosophy of a parole agency.

control

The house of ______ was a detention facility that combined the major elements of theworkhouse, poorhouse, and penal industry by both disciplining the incarcerated individuals and setting them to work.

corrections

Those i who have been accused and/or convicted of criminal offenses are sent to the variety of programs and organizations responsible for managing them. All these places are part of _____.

corrections

Today, according to the textbook, the focus of corrections has shifted to ______.

crime control

Probation was originally used mainly for people who had been convicted of a ______.

crime for the first time

Criminal cases filed against undocumented immigrants are handled by the _____.

criminal courts holding jurisdiction for the alleged crime

Detention and confinement in the immigration enforcement system bear a resemblance to the ________ functions of jails and prisons.

custody

In the wake of the "get tough on crime" movement over the past thirty years or so, the amount of those on parole in the United States has ______.

decreased

Since the mid 1990s, the juvenile crime rate has ______.

decreased

Programs that deal with developmentally disabled clients have recently focused on ______.

deinstitutionalization

A ___ is a minor (under the age of 18) who has committed an act that would have normally be considered as criminal if committed by an adult.

delinquent

The shift to ____ sentences, truth-in-sentencing laws, and a drop in release rates have contributed to the higher prison population.

determinate

The term _____ refers to the idea that the punishment of execution will deter others from violent criminal activity.

deterrence

fter an incarcerated person has served time equal to the total sentence minus and accrued "good time," if any, they will receive _____.

discretionary release

_____ occurs when groups are treated differently without regard to their behavior and/or qualifications.

discrimination

Citizens' feelings of "NIMBY" means that they ______

do not want people released from prison living near them

When a person views incarceration as a temporary break in his or her criminal career, this role is known as ______.

doing time

Based on data from the text, the juvenile crime rate has

dropped by 60 percent

In immigration confinement, ___ often takes a back seat to law enforcement and public safety.

due process

n cases when parole supervision is being revoked, people who committed a crime have various legally protected _____ rights.

due process

As mentioned in the textbook, the cost of maintaining a(n) ___ prison resident is much greater than costs associated with other types of incarcerated populations.

elderly

Long-term prison residents of prisons are recognized as those who suffer from ____.

emotional stress

Puritans from the Massachusetts Bay Colony felt that the child was _______.

evil and in need of discipline

In Atkins v. Virginia, the Supreme Court ruled that ______.

executing the developmentally disabled is unconstitutional

According to the book, research shows that _____ juveniles are carrying guns than before.

fewer

While traditional justice focuses on processing cases, community justice ______.

focuses on solving crime problems

The role orientation in which incarcerated people try to take advantage of prison programs to better themselves and improve their prospects for early release is known as _____.

gleaning

In some states, those serving on a parole board are appointed by the ______.

governor

When compared to other developed countries, America's incarceration rate is extremely __________.

high

Compared to the rest of the world, The United States rate of incarceration is the ____

highest

According to the textbook, _____ is the most visible penalty imposed by the American criminal justice system.

imprisonment

Compared to men's facilities, women's facilities have ____ programming

less

Compared to men, the offenses women commit while incarcerated are usually _____.

less serious

The principle that punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense is _____.

lex talionis

Recidivism rates are going to generally be ___ when/if offenders get proper rehabilitation and training/educational programs.

lower

The sociological theory known as the "subculture of violence" argues that violence is primarily found in the __ subculture.

lower class

More than 90% percent of the adult prison population is ______.

male

Statistics show that the largest number of those who are incarcerated in state prisons throughout the country is housed in _______ prisons.

medium-security

As cited in the textbook, the majority of correctional budgets goes to institutions for ___.

men

The belief that one who takes another's life deserves a punishment equal to the victim's fate is a(n) _______ argument.

moral

On average, the death penalty costs ____ than life without parole

more

Generally, women's prisons lack adequate ________.

nutritional services recreational services medical services All

The traditional and fair justice system must work _________.

one case at a time

According to the data cited in the text, roughly ____ of female prison residents are currently incarcerated for violent offenses.

one-third

According to the textbook, the penitentiary was to be a place where ______.

people who committed a crime were isolated from bad influences in society people who committed a crime were isolated from one another people who committed a crime could reflect on their misdeeds All

Pretrial Diversion Programs will often target ___ and involve treatment

petty drug crime

Discretionary release places confidence in the ability of parole board members to _______

predict people's future behavior

Proactive crime strategies aim at _______.

prevention

Technically, a ____ is going to hold people for more serious offenses, for longer than a year.

prions

Parole is now ordinarily viewed as a ________.

privilege

The prison population in this country has skyrocketed, reasons for this include ______.

public attitudes toward crime and punishment increased arrests the war on drugs All of these are correct

The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on ______.

public safety

According to the concept of _____, those convicted of crimes are returned to society once they are treated.

rehabilitation

Compensation for financial, physical, and/or emotional loss caused by a crime, in the form of either payment of money to the victim or to a public fund for crime victims, as mandated by the court is referred to as:

restitution

Punishment designed to repair damage to both victim and community is considered _____.

restorative justice

The term _____ refers to the belief that one who takes another's life deserves punishment equal to the victim's fate.

retribution

The word best used to describe the action taken against those who fail on parole is ______.

revocation

The number of African Americans and Hispanics in prison has ____ over the last several years

risen

The overall cost of prisons has ____ over the past several years

risen

The prison population has generally ____ over the past 45 years (or so)

risen

In recent years, America's prison population has been _____.

rising

State prisons for men are usually classified according to the level of _____ deemed necessary.

security

In classifying people who committed crimes, correctional administrators put them into groups based on ______.

security issues they pose to the prison their needs for treatment risk All

The _____ was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each prison resident was held in isolation from other prison residents.

separate confinement system

According to Jeremy Bentham, effective punishments prevent _____ in the future.

similar behavior

A management code that holds that a supervisor can efficiently oversee only a small number of subordinates is known as _______.

span of control

The fact that African Americans and Latinos are subjected to the criminal justice system at considerably higher rates than other ethnic and racial groups is _____.

statistically indisputable

Prisons that hold the "toughest of the tough" or the "worst of the worst" are called ____.

supermax prisons

Blumstein and Beck, as cited in the textbook, found that roughly 80% of California's recommitments stemmed from __________.

technical violations

Treatment options for people in jail are most often limited by _____.

the amount of time spent in jail

A principal feature in prison society that reinforces the norms and roles of the social system and influences the nature of interpersonal relationships is known as ____.

the informal economy

According to a study by Sykes cited in the textbook, the prison subculture arises within the prison in response to ______.

the pains of imprisonment

According to the textbook, the most expensive correctional resource is __________.

the prison

An incarcerated person's eligibility for release into community supervision depends on requirements set by law as well as ________.

the sentence imposed by the court

If a shakedown or a "cell toss" were to occur in a prison, who would give the directive?

the warden

The main shortcoming in vocational programs available in women's prisons is that ____.

they do not correspond to the opportunities available to women in today's world

The traditional criminal justice system is concerned almost exclusively with _____________.

those who commit crimes

A Release on recognizance (ROR) programs assume that ____ give people incentive to keep their promise to appear at the phase of court proceeding(s).

ties to the community

The main purpose of the early jail was ______.

to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials

According to the textbook, residential centers tend to be _____ the local community.

unpopular with

Overall, jail population sizes tend to be _____________.

variable

Research shows that the death penalty is more likely to be sentenced when the _______.

victim is white

______ can be seen as (sort of) civil law/lawsuits (or fines/restitution) whereas payment of money as compensation for a wrong done and to prevent a violent blood feud

wergild

Criminal justice officials make a variety of decisions that disadvantage minority males. These include ________.

where police patrol the cost of bail the ability to hire a private attorney All of these are correct

One example of corporal punishment is ______.

whipping

According to the textbook, the majority of people on probation in the USA today are ____.

white and male

It is particularly hard for women in prison to have visitors because ____.

women's prisons are generally located farther from friends and families

Because prison official union members are public employees, ____.

work stoppages and "sickouts" have occurred