Confinement and Corrections Final Exam
More than _____ od African American males have been to prison
16%
In most parts of United States, public executions were carried out until the _______.
1830s
The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in ______.
1868
In the ____, corrections came to be known as the "Era of Treatment." California, New Jersey, New York, and Illinois began to heavily implement reforms to those incarcerated
1950s
The community policing movement had become very successful by the end of the ______.
1990s
A little more than ______ percent of the prison population are undocumented immigrants.
2
African Americans make up only about 13.5% of the population but more than ___ of all arrests
25%
Classification typically takes ____
3 to 6 weeks
A study cited in the textbook found that Texas, the state with the most prisons, increased the amount of its facilities by more than _____ percent between 1979 and 2000.
700
Roughly ___ percent of incarcerated individuals in jail are men.
85
____ roles help individuals who are incarcerated deal and cope with prison and survive behind bars.
Adaptive
Crime victimization rates are highest for _____________.
African Americans and Latinos
As part of the reformatory movement ____ urged adoption of the marksystem where penalties would be graded according to crime and release would be based on good behavior
Alexander Maconochie
Punishment must be perceived as:
All of the above
When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percentage of all adults in the United Statesare under some form of correctional control?
Almost 3 percent
The "congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at the ______.
Auburn Penitentiary
The first juvenile court was established in ______.
Chicago
Intermediate sanctions include which of the following?
Community service Boot camps Home confinement All of these are correct
In _____, it was first allowed people in prison to sue state officials for brutality, inadequate medical care and nutrition, theft of personal property, and the denial of basic rights.
Cooper vs. Pate
Which of the following is NOT a correctional system usually used to detain undocumented immigrants?
County jails
Which of the following is one of the categories of crimes that always falls under the jurisdiction of federal criminal law?
Crimes involving interstate commerce
The concept of lex talionis embodies which of the following principles?
Criminal punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense. "An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth" is proper legal punishment. Vengeance is a private affair, and the duty of the victim or victim's family to carry out, not a public matter. All
Which of the following is a reason for having a centralized probation authority?
Decentralized programs are often unprofessional and lag behind the times It is able to train staff for a variety of roles It is able to implement broader programs with greater equality in supervision and services All
Based on research mentioned in the textbook, ______ clients are likely to have committed a crime because they have been exploited by others.
Developmentally disabled
Classification might happen during which of the following stages?
During transfer to another institution In preparation for release After a prison resident encounters problems All
Which of the following is not considered a concept of parole?
Duty
Research has shown that _____ clients are more likely to seek solitude.
Elderly
____ was a Quaker and the first to push for changes in the treatment of sentenced women and children?
Elizabeth Fry
Who argued that crime is "normal" and that punishment performs the important role in spotlighting social rules and values?
Emile Durkheim
According to research provided in the textbook, most sexual offenses occur between strangers.
False
According to the most recent data, there are approximately 935 people on death row
False
According to the textbook, most studies tend to show that boot camps are very effective
False
According to the textbook, the most important (and pressing) issue concerning use of intermediate sanctions has to do with prison overcrowding.
False
All types of corrections are based upon the assumption that criminal behavior can be treated is known as "the crime control model."
False
Almost all jails in the United States have viable rehabilitative programs.
False
Approximately ¾ (75 percent) of those currently housed have already been convicted in a criminal court.
False
Classification is a one-time procedure.
False
Community justice approaches always respect individual rights.
False
Community justice is a philosophy of justice but does not specify strategies.
False
Convict labor for profit became an essential part of the Pennsylvania penitentiary system throughout the early 1830s.
False
Custodial employees make up the minority of a prison's personnel.
False
Everyone who serves at least 70% of their sentence is eligible for parole
False
Female correctional officers only work with female prison residents.
False
For any given crime, African American youths are less likely to be arrested than white youths.
False
For specific deterrence to work as a punishment theory, the public must be constantly reminded about punishment.
False
For the most part, working in a correctional facility is relatively stress-free.
False
From 1718 to 1776, more than 252,000 English men and women were shipped to the American colonies as punishment for criminal activities.
False
Hostility to specific immigrant groups has never been a hallmark of U.S. immigration history.
False
Immigration confinement is similar to confinement in the regular justice system.
False
In prison, educational programs seek to treat the underlying emotional or mental problems that led to criminality
False
In the United States, there are roughly 6,500 jails
False
Individual states do not have their own constitutions.
False
Individuals on death row tend to be poorly educated men from the middle class.
False
Most males who are in prison generally have already graduated from high school.
False
Prison programs are any nonformal, non-structured activities that take incarcerated individuals out of their cells and allow them to do something.
False
Recent evidence has determined that the death penalty is a strong deterrent effect on crime.
False
Roughly fifty-five percent of all people in jail are considered indigent and cannot afford counsel.
False
Sentencing disparity occurs when penalties of different severity are imposed for different kinds of crime.
False
Since prisons are highly secure institutions, rarely does any type of violence take place.
False
Since the inception of the Prison Litigation Reform Act, it has become more difficult (virtually impossible) for incarcerated people to file Civil Rights lawsuits.
False
Studies have shown that young men between 16 and 24, both inside and outside of prison, are less prone to commit violence than older men.
False
Studies show that being granted probation makes people more likely to commit crimes than if they were sent to prison.
False
The Federal Bureau of Prisons was formed in 1955
False
The Pennsylvania system of corrections was based on Quaker and Christian ideals.
False
The War on Drugs (not the band, the actual "war on drugs') played no role in the rise in prison rates
False
The civil rights movement had no effect on incarcerated people.
False
The founder of the classical school of criminology was Dean Harmer
False
The number of felons on parole has decreased since 1980.
False
The postconviction process determines the guilt of a person charged with a criminal offense.
False
There is strong evidence that Muslim immigration has a strong connection to terrorism.
False
Treatment that attempts to create an institutional environment that supports prosocial attitudes and behaviors is referred to as behavior therapy
False
Very few correctional professionals feel that juveniles are more susceptible than adults to the influence of treatment programs.
False
Western states tend to have the highest incarceration rates of African Americans in the United States.
False
Women are generally less receptive and responsive to prison-based programs than their male counterparts.
False
___ is essentially a punishment of accused individuals that is intended to be an example to the general public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others.
General deterrence
Which of the following cannot be used to revoke parole?
Getting caught with drugs in your system Not voting despite being eligible to vote ?
Which of the following is NOT a type of a recognized prison program?
Gym/working out in group setting
Which of the following is NOT an innovation that was initially developed by John Augustus?
Home detention
Which Supreme Court case specified the essentials of notice, hearing, counsel, and cross-examination as required by Kent vs. United States?
In Re Gault
Which Supreme Court case established a standard of "beyond a doubt" for delinquency matters?
In Re Winship
____ was an English prison reformer whose research and writing led to the passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 by the House of Commons.
John Howard
According to the textbook, educational programs are more available and often required for which group of incarcerated residents?
Juvenile
What level of government is most often responsible for correctional programs for those convicted of minor crimes?
Local governments
Which of the following is NOT a high priority need for those released from prison?
Marriage/home life
Classification committees often revert to stereotypes as opposed to diagnostic measures in assigning prison residents, they often recognize which of the following stereotypes?
Members of racial gangs Members of ethnic gangs Predators who demand things All
The Supreme Court ruled in ____ that parolees who face revocation of their parole must be given procedural due process through a prompt informal inquiry before an impartial hearing officer
Morrissey vs. Brewer
_____ adults have committed at least one serious offense in their lifetime.
Most
The oldest prison in the United States that still houses offenders is in:
New Jersey
Which president signed the Fair Sentencing Act which eliminated the mandatory minimum sentence for simple possession of crack and powder cocaine?
Obama
The conditional release of an individual from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served is called:
Parole
A ____ is an institution intended to isolate individuals convicted of a crime from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and thus undergo reformation
Penitentiary
_____ is an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of crimes, usually felonies.
Prison
The set of rules of conduct that replicate the values and norms of the prison social system and help define for inmates the image of the model prisoner is the:
Prison code
Which of the following often take the form of group or individual counseling sessions as opposed to intensive therapy?
Psychological programs
The American penitentiary was first conceptualized by _____.
Quakers
Among the stated goals of the correctional process as mentioned in the textbook, which of the following does NOT overlap with the objectives of the other purposes?
Rehabilitation
Which of the following is NOT a way to obtain a green card?
Residence
Which of the following is NOT one of the three traditional tasks of criminal justice?
Restoration
____ justice seeks to reestablish victim, convicted individual, and community to a level of functioning that existed before the criminal event.
Restorative
____ is a type of punishment inflicted on a person who violated a criminal law in which the severity of the punishment should fit the seriousness of the crime
Retribution
In which Supreme Court case was it ruled that anyone cannot get the death sentence if they were under 18 at the time of their crime?
Roper vs. Simmons
According to the textbook, _____ supervision will likely continue to grow in popularity.
Specialization of
What region within the United States has the highest incarceration rate by population?
The South
A common argument that is usually rooted in misinformation is that the death penalty is a deterrent to others. However, there are no valid studies that show this is true
True
A hulk is an abandoned ship that the English converted to hold convicted people during a period of prison overcrowding between 1776 and 1790.
True
A large percentage of the admissions to prison each year are parole violators.
True
A short stint of incarceration immediately followed by a sentence reduction is referred to as shock probation
True
A status offense is when a juvenile does something wrong (or "prohibited") that is only prohibited due to their status as a minor
True
According to experts and professionals cited in the text, proponents of New York System believed incarcerated individuals had to first "be broken"
True
According to our text, probation release is often tied to shock incarceration.
True
According to our textbook, he average annual cost of corrections is more than $80 billion
True
According to the concept of rehabilitation, people who have committed a crime are treated rather than/more than punished. In other words, treatment as opposed to punishment is the main goal
True
According to the data from the textbook, close to 650,000 people, about 1,750 per day, have returned home from federal and/or state prisons in 2015.
True
According to the textbook, most people who were convicted of violent offenses were under the influence of an illegal drug when they committed the crime.
True
Age is a reliable predictor of recidivism
True
Although almost 13 percent of people arrested for murder are women, judges and juries seem very reluctant to sentence women to death.
True
Any threat to security or to the safety of individuals that is so obvious and compelling that the need to counter it overrides the guarantees of the First Amendment.
True
Based on research cited in the textbook, gang involvement decreased by the end of the 1990s, but has increased substantially since 2000.
True
Based on research mentioned in the text, during the 1960s and 1970s of the rehabilitative model toward prison residents was the dominant viewpoint
True
Based on the research mentioned in the textbook, prison disorder, including riots, staff murders, escapes, and homicides by people in jail, are proportionately more rare today than they were in the 1970s and 1980s.
True
Due to prison overcrowding, correctional officials and parole boards believe that situational clients are the best candidates for early release because they often pose a minimal threat to the public.
True
English trends and practices greatly influenced American corrections.
True
Ethnicity relates to a person's language, religion, and group traditions.
True
Evaluations cited in the textbook of intensive supervision found that probation officers uncovered more rules violations than they did in regularprobation.
True
Females are much more likely to be involved in status offenses than in other forms of delinquency, according to data from the textbook.
True
For health and safety concerns, crowded living conditions in correctional facilities cannot be tolerated.
True
Foreign-born residents of America are arrested at a lower rate than those born here
True
Immigration arrests rose by more than 30% in the first 100 days of the Trump Administration.
True
In community justice, citizens and victims are involved in sentencing decisions to increase their confidence in the wisdom of the sanctions.
True
In general, it has been said that traditional probation does "not work" well for most clients
True
In general, most inmates conform to subculture even though their own values run contrary to the inmate code while imprisoned
True
In the end, a prevailing thought discussed in the text is that prison is simply not effective in most cases.
True
Jails are the entryway to corrections.
True
Just like those in prison in correctional facilities, convicted individuals in the community also have rights.
True
Less than 50 years ago, formal codes of institutional conduct either did not exist or were ignored.
True
Many jails hold less than 30 people
True
Most of those released from prison are far from total freedom.
True
Mothers who are incarcerated often have difficulty maintaining contact with their children.
True
No valid counts of undocumented immigrants on probation & parole have ever been done.
True
One of the consequences of the filtering process in the criminal justice system is that many people in prison or jail feel unjustly treated in comparison with others.
True
Our textbook states that because there are smaller numbers of women in prison and jail, that fact is used to "justify" lack of diverse educational, vocational, and other programs available to incarcerated women.
True
Parole in the United States developed during the 1800s following the English, Australian, and Irish practices of conditional pardon, apprenticeship by indenture, and transportation.
True
Parole officers spend as much as 80 percent of their time at nonsupervisory work
True
People who have actually been sentenced make up only about half of the jail population.
True
Prison residents who are "doing time" see prison as a long-term stay and continue their criminality while incarcerated.
True
Probation comes before any prison time is served
True
Regardless of how beneficial a program is, it must not conflict with security.
True
Sentencing for drug crimes contributes to the high incarceration rate of African Americans.
True
Some have argued that the U.S. prison system is designed as a way to imprison African American men.
True
Statistics show that rates of incarceration for African Americans is at least twice as high than for whites; in some states, their rate is 10 times as high
True
The "parent of the country" the role of the state as guardian and protector of all people (particularly juveniles) who are unable to protect themselves, it is also known as parens patriae.
True
The Auburn system focused on a congregate system of operations.
True
The Civil Rights Act of 1871 says that people held in prisons have constitutionally protected rights.
True
The Pennsylvania system focused on the isolation of convicted individuals and on serving penance
True
The development of the Constitutional Rights of incarcerated offenders coincided with the emergence of a prisoner's rights movement.
True
The growth in the corrections system has resulted mostly from deliberate policies that have increased the severity of sentences.
True
The ideas of classification, parole, and rehabilitative programs were first created and put into practice at the Elmira Reformatory for boys.
True
The number of felons on parole has increased since 1980.
True
The presence of gangs organized along racial lines contributes to violence in prison.
True
The rehabilitation model emphasizes the provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender
True
The retribution argument for the death penalty is a moral argument.
True
The warden is essentially the chief executive officer of the institution.
True
There are more than 6.5 million Americans in the correctional system
True
There is a two-stage process for a parole revocation hearing
True
Those in prison administration will use institutional programs to help manage time.
True
Those who are in prison administration use their programs as incentives for good behavior
True
Women account for less than one-third of all arrests for serious crimes
True
unity justice and criminal justice use different processes.
True
Roughly ____ of those in jail are under 35 years of age
True b. False 67%
Which of the following is NOT one of the elements of punishment according to Herbert Packer?
Use of community justice tactics to deter the person who committed the crime
The Penitentiary Act was based upon core principles under which incarcerated people were confined in solitary cells and labored silently in common rooms and _________.
Were housed in secure and sanitary conditions.
In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have a right to receive a copy of the presentence investigation report?
Williams vs. New York
In 1844, the ________ was created with the objective of improving the treatment of women in prison and separating them from males, too.
Women's Prison Association
Half of those entering state prisons are ___ years old.
between 18 and 27
Caselaw has upheld the right of female corrections officers to pat down _____.
both male and female incarcerated people
The drug abuser presents _____ problems for corrections.
both treatment and management
The most typical prison design most for female and juvenile prison residents is _______.
campus style
Depending on the state, probation may be _____________.
centralized or decentralized administered by judiciary or executive branch combined with parole services All
Someone convicted of ____ is very likely to be the target of threats, violence, and hostility whileincarcerated.
child molestation
During the Civil Rights Movement, incarcerated people demanded their constitutional rights as ____.
citizens
A process by which prison residents can be grouped according to supervision and custody requirements and program needs is known as _____.
classification
The type of power that emphasizes the use or threat of physical force is known as _______ power.
coercive
By the end of the 1990s, most police departments said they practiced some form of _____.
community policing
The decision to release an incarcerated person is often made in the context of ________.
competing goals
Parole is also known as ______.
conditional release
Requirements and rules devised to aid readjustment to society and control the movement of people on parole are called ________.
conditions of release
A writ of habeas corpus requests an examination (or challenges) of the legality of ________.
confinement
An emphasis on ______ is typically what matters most in the philosophy of a parole agency.
control
The house of ______ was a detention facility that combined the major elements of theworkhouse, poorhouse, and penal industry by both disciplining the incarcerated individuals and setting them to work.
corrections
Those i who have been accused and/or convicted of criminal offenses are sent to the variety of programs and organizations responsible for managing them. All these places are part of _____.
corrections
Today, according to the textbook, the focus of corrections has shifted to ______.
crime control
Probation was originally used mainly for people who had been convicted of a ______.
crime for the first time
Criminal cases filed against undocumented immigrants are handled by the _____.
criminal courts holding jurisdiction for the alleged crime
Detention and confinement in the immigration enforcement system bear a resemblance to the ________ functions of jails and prisons.
custody
In the wake of the "get tough on crime" movement over the past thirty years or so, the amount of those on parole in the United States has ______.
decreased
Since the mid 1990s, the juvenile crime rate has ______.
decreased
Programs that deal with developmentally disabled clients have recently focused on ______.
deinstitutionalization
A ___ is a minor (under the age of 18) who has committed an act that would have normally be considered as criminal if committed by an adult.
delinquent
The shift to ____ sentences, truth-in-sentencing laws, and a drop in release rates have contributed to the higher prison population.
determinate
The term _____ refers to the idea that the punishment of execution will deter others from violent criminal activity.
deterrence
fter an incarcerated person has served time equal to the total sentence minus and accrued "good time," if any, they will receive _____.
discretionary release
_____ occurs when groups are treated differently without regard to their behavior and/or qualifications.
discrimination
Citizens' feelings of "NIMBY" means that they ______
do not want people released from prison living near them
When a person views incarceration as a temporary break in his or her criminal career, this role is known as ______.
doing time
Based on data from the text, the juvenile crime rate has
dropped by 60 percent
In immigration confinement, ___ often takes a back seat to law enforcement and public safety.
due process
n cases when parole supervision is being revoked, people who committed a crime have various legally protected _____ rights.
due process
As mentioned in the textbook, the cost of maintaining a(n) ___ prison resident is much greater than costs associated with other types of incarcerated populations.
elderly
Long-term prison residents of prisons are recognized as those who suffer from ____.
emotional stress
Puritans from the Massachusetts Bay Colony felt that the child was _______.
evil and in need of discipline
In Atkins v. Virginia, the Supreme Court ruled that ______.
executing the developmentally disabled is unconstitutional
According to the book, research shows that _____ juveniles are carrying guns than before.
fewer
While traditional justice focuses on processing cases, community justice ______.
focuses on solving crime problems
The role orientation in which incarcerated people try to take advantage of prison programs to better themselves and improve their prospects for early release is known as _____.
gleaning
In some states, those serving on a parole board are appointed by the ______.
governor
When compared to other developed countries, America's incarceration rate is extremely __________.
high
Compared to the rest of the world, The United States rate of incarceration is the ____
highest
According to the textbook, _____ is the most visible penalty imposed by the American criminal justice system.
imprisonment
Compared to men's facilities, women's facilities have ____ programming
less
Compared to men, the offenses women commit while incarcerated are usually _____.
less serious
The principle that punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense is _____.
lex talionis
Recidivism rates are going to generally be ___ when/if offenders get proper rehabilitation and training/educational programs.
lower
The sociological theory known as the "subculture of violence" argues that violence is primarily found in the __ subculture.
lower class
More than 90% percent of the adult prison population is ______.
male
Statistics show that the largest number of those who are incarcerated in state prisons throughout the country is housed in _______ prisons.
medium-security
As cited in the textbook, the majority of correctional budgets goes to institutions for ___.
men
The belief that one who takes another's life deserves a punishment equal to the victim's fate is a(n) _______ argument.
moral
On average, the death penalty costs ____ than life without parole
more
Generally, women's prisons lack adequate ________.
nutritional services recreational services medical services All
The traditional and fair justice system must work _________.
one case at a time
According to the data cited in the text, roughly ____ of female prison residents are currently incarcerated for violent offenses.
one-third
According to the textbook, the penitentiary was to be a place where ______.
people who committed a crime were isolated from bad influences in society people who committed a crime were isolated from one another people who committed a crime could reflect on their misdeeds All
Pretrial Diversion Programs will often target ___ and involve treatment
petty drug crime
Discretionary release places confidence in the ability of parole board members to _______
predict people's future behavior
Proactive crime strategies aim at _______.
prevention
Technically, a ____ is going to hold people for more serious offenses, for longer than a year.
prions
Parole is now ordinarily viewed as a ________.
privilege
The prison population in this country has skyrocketed, reasons for this include ______.
public attitudes toward crime and punishment increased arrests the war on drugs All of these are correct
The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on ______.
public safety
According to the concept of _____, those convicted of crimes are returned to society once they are treated.
rehabilitation
Compensation for financial, physical, and/or emotional loss caused by a crime, in the form of either payment of money to the victim or to a public fund for crime victims, as mandated by the court is referred to as:
restitution
Punishment designed to repair damage to both victim and community is considered _____.
restorative justice
The term _____ refers to the belief that one who takes another's life deserves punishment equal to the victim's fate.
retribution
The word best used to describe the action taken against those who fail on parole is ______.
revocation
The number of African Americans and Hispanics in prison has ____ over the last several years
risen
The overall cost of prisons has ____ over the past several years
risen
The prison population has generally ____ over the past 45 years (or so)
risen
In recent years, America's prison population has been _____.
rising
State prisons for men are usually classified according to the level of _____ deemed necessary.
security
In classifying people who committed crimes, correctional administrators put them into groups based on ______.
security issues they pose to the prison their needs for treatment risk All
The _____ was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each prison resident was held in isolation from other prison residents.
separate confinement system
According to Jeremy Bentham, effective punishments prevent _____ in the future.
similar behavior
A management code that holds that a supervisor can efficiently oversee only a small number of subordinates is known as _______.
span of control
The fact that African Americans and Latinos are subjected to the criminal justice system at considerably higher rates than other ethnic and racial groups is _____.
statistically indisputable
Prisons that hold the "toughest of the tough" or the "worst of the worst" are called ____.
supermax prisons
Blumstein and Beck, as cited in the textbook, found that roughly 80% of California's recommitments stemmed from __________.
technical violations
Treatment options for people in jail are most often limited by _____.
the amount of time spent in jail
A principal feature in prison society that reinforces the norms and roles of the social system and influences the nature of interpersonal relationships is known as ____.
the informal economy
According to a study by Sykes cited in the textbook, the prison subculture arises within the prison in response to ______.
the pains of imprisonment
According to the textbook, the most expensive correctional resource is __________.
the prison
An incarcerated person's eligibility for release into community supervision depends on requirements set by law as well as ________.
the sentence imposed by the court
If a shakedown or a "cell toss" were to occur in a prison, who would give the directive?
the warden
The main shortcoming in vocational programs available in women's prisons is that ____.
they do not correspond to the opportunities available to women in today's world
The traditional criminal justice system is concerned almost exclusively with _____________.
those who commit crimes
A Release on recognizance (ROR) programs assume that ____ give people incentive to keep their promise to appear at the phase of court proceeding(s).
ties to the community
The main purpose of the early jail was ______.
to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials
According to the textbook, residential centers tend to be _____ the local community.
unpopular with
Overall, jail population sizes tend to be _____________.
variable
Research shows that the death penalty is more likely to be sentenced when the _______.
victim is white
______ can be seen as (sort of) civil law/lawsuits (or fines/restitution) whereas payment of money as compensation for a wrong done and to prevent a violent blood feud
wergild
Criminal justice officials make a variety of decisions that disadvantage minority males. These include ________.
where police patrol the cost of bail the ability to hire a private attorney All of these are correct
One example of corporal punishment is ______.
whipping
According to the textbook, the majority of people on probation in the USA today are ____.
white and male
It is particularly hard for women in prison to have visitors because ____.
women's prisons are generally located farther from friends and families
Because prison official union members are public employees, ____.
work stoppages and "sickouts" have occurred