Bio CH 12
What is a form of a heritable trait that enhances an individual's fitness? Adaptation Fitness Master gene Lineage
Adaptation
12.6.3 Use examples to explain the difference between analogous and homologous structures.
Analogous: Dolphins and sharks both have fins, even though they aren't related. Both species developed fins because of how (and where) they live. Homologous: a chimpanzee's arm and a human's arm are homologous structures. Both sets of arms have a similar structure and use and chimpanzees and humans share a common ancestor.
Many branches of science contributed to Darwin's theory of natural selection. Which branch of science studies the distribution of physical traits in different geographical areas? Biology Geology Paleontology Biogeography
Biogeography
Which of the following is the study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species and communities? Biogeography Geology Biology Comparative morphology
Biogeography
What are homologous structures? A body structure that is present in one lineage but absent in another closely related lineage. Body structures that are similar in different lineages because they are derived from a feature present in a common ancestor Body structures that are similar but evolved independently in different lineages
Body structures that are similar in different lineages because they are derived from a feature present in a common ancestor
Which of these pairs are examples of analogous structures? Select all that apply. Penguin flippers and reptile forelimbs Butterfly wings and pterosaur wings Bat wings and human forelimbs Shark fins and whale flippers
Butterfly wings and pterosaur wings Shark fins and whale flippers
Which concepts characterized Lamarck's hypothesis about evolution? Select all that apply. Changes acquired to meet environmental pressures during an individual's lifetime would be inherited by offspring. Over many generations, individuals that have more adaptive traits tend to survive longer and reproduce more than less fit rivals. Environmental pressures caused an internal requirement for change in an individual, and the individual would change to meet this pressure Species gradually improved over generations due to an inherent drive toward perfection.
Changes acquired to meet environmental pressures during an individual's lifetime would be inherited by offspring. Environmental pressures caused an internal requirement for change in an individual, and the individual would change to meet this pressure Species gradually improved over generations due to an inherent drive toward perfection.
Which principle of Darwin's theory of natural selection comes from the study of economics? Competition for resources Descent with modification Earth is millions of years old Selective breeding
Competition for resources
12.6.2 Distinguish between divergent and convergent evolution.
D= the divergence of lineages descended from a common ancestor - homologous structure C=evolutionary pattern in which similar body parts evolve separately in different lineages - analogous structure
12.4.2 Give examples of information that fossils provide about past life.
Discovery of cetaceans (dolphins, whales) provide an example of how scientists reconstruct evolutionary history Skeletons of modern cetaceans have remnants of pelvis and hind limbs (many years ago, they walked on land) Modern cetaceans are related to artiodactyls (antelopes, sheep) Cetaceans developed gigantic bodies for deep ocean swimming
12.5.1 Explain how tectonic plate movements could have influenced the history of life. - Plate Tectonics theory:
Earth's outer layer of rock is cracked into huge plates, the slow movement of which moves continents to new locations over geologic time
Which are aspects of the geologic theory of uniformity? Select all that apply. The Earth is 6,000 years old. Everyday geologic processes like erosion and sedimentation gradually shaped Earth's landscapes. The processes that shaped the Earth's surface took place over millions of years. Earth's surface was primarily shaped by great catastrophes.
Everyday geologic processes like erosion and sedimentation gradually shaped Earth's landscapes. The processes that shaped the Earth's surface took place over millions of years.
Which of the following terms is associated more with individuals than with populations? Genetic variation Gene pool Adaptation Fitness
Fitness
12.3.2 Discuss the relationship between evolutionary adaptations and fitness.
Fitness: the degree of adaptation to a specific environment Adaptation: trait that enhances fitness
What evidence supports the concept of continental drift? Select all that apply. Magnetic poles of major rock formations always align north to south Fossils of the same species found in similarly aged complex rock formations found across the globe Magnetic poles of major rock formations do not always align with the Earth's magnetic poles The discovery of large seafloor ridges and trenches formed via plate tectonics
Fossils of the same species found in similarly aged complex rock formations found across the globe Magnetic poles of major rock formations do not always align with the Earth's magnetic poles The discovery of large seafloor ridges and trenches formed via plate tectonics
Fossils; Trace Fossils 12.4.1 Explain why fossils are relatively rare.
Fossils: remains or traces of organisms that lived long ago - include: mineralized bones, teeth, spores, shells, and seeds - Trace fossils: footprints, nests, burrows, eggshells, feces - evidence of activities Most remains are likely not fossilized due to scavengers Remains that escape scavenging may decompose in presence of moisture and oxygen Fossils that do form are often crushed, or scattered by erosion Many intact fossils are inaccessible - deeply buried in rock Many ancient species had no hard parts to fossilize Odds of finding related to relative numbers of organisms and timespan of existence
The variety of genes in the _______ of a population is known as the _________ .
Gene pool, Genetic Diversity
12.7.1 Describe the way similarities between protein sequences (or between DNA sequences) are used as a measure of relative relatedness.
Generally, the more closely related animals are, the more similar their development Example: all vertebrates go through a stage where the embryo has a tail and divisions called somite's along the back Many master regulator genes (genes that control cascades of gene expression) retain similar sequences and functions
12.5.2 Describe the geologic time scale in terms of life's history.
Geologic time scale: chronology of Earth's history - Correlates layers of rock with long time intervals - Composition of each layer holds information about environmental conditions, and fossils are a record of life in the same period - Layers differ in composition and fossil content, which imply transitions in Earth's history
Based on the table Adaptive Traits in "Darwin Fish," which fish has the highest "fitness" for the new environment? Gold fish with large eyes and short fins Red fish with small eyes and long fins Red fish with large eyes and long fins Gold fish with large eyes and long fins
Gold fish with large eyes and short fins
Which of these factors influence the radioactive decay measured by radiometric dating? Chemical bonding state Pressure Temperature Half-life
Half-Life
What geologic and biologic events defined the Carboniferous period? Modern humans evolve and a major extinction event is ongoing. The age of the dinosaurs, lush vegetation, and abundant ferns. Birds first appear and Pangaea breaks apart. High atmospheric oxygen levels foster giant arthropods and spore-forming plants such as lycophyte trees dominate.
High atmospheric oxygen levels foster giant arthropods and spore-forming plants such as lycophyte trees dominate.
Which of these geologic features are sites where magma ruptures from tectonic plates? Trenches Faults Oceanic ridges Hotspots
Hotspots
12.7.2 Explain why similarities in patterns of embryonic development can be used as evidence of an evolutionary relationship - Hox Genes
Hox genes: group of highly conserved master regulators Conserved = has remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution Trigger formation of specific body parts Insects have Hox gene called antennapedia that causes legs to form wherever it is expressed Humans and other vertebrates have a version of this gene ( Hoxc6 ) that causes ribs to develop in Embryos
In the example in the narrative page, which of the following acted as selective pressures on the Darwin Fish? Select all that apply. Hungry crocodiles Pollution Color Mud in the water
Hungry crocodiles Pollution Mud in the water
Which of the following best defines fitness in the context of natural selection? Strongest Most attractive to mates Most likely to reproduce
Most likely to reproduce
What observations about populations shaped Darwin's principles of natural selection? Select all that apply. Natural populations have an inherent capacity to increase in size over time. As a population expands, resources that are used by its individuals eventually become limited. When resources are limited, the individuals of a population compete for those resources. Individuals of a population that are better able to survive tend to leave more offspring.
Natural populations have an inherent capacity to increase in size over time. As a population expands, resources that are used by its individuals eventually become limited. When resources are limited, the individuals of a population compete for those resources.
_____ from _____ can be used to compare different individuals of a sexually reproducing animal species. Nucleotide sequences, shared genes Nucleotide sequences, mitochondrial DNA Amino acid sequences, shared proteins
Nucleotide sequences, mitochondrial DNA
What observation about Galapagos finches most likely contributed to Darwin's theory of natural selection? On each island, finches had beak shapes that corresponded to the main food source on that island. Finches on different islands have the same beak shape. Finches on the same island have a wide variety of beak shapes. If an individual finch eats enough seeds, its beak will change shape.
On each island, finches had beak shapes that corresponded to the main food source on that island.
Which of these processes is not a step of fossilization? Groundwater seeps into the remains, and minerals dissolved in the water gradually replace minerals in bones and other hard tissues. Sediments quickly accumulate on top of the remains, and resulting pressure quickly transforms the mineralized remains into rock. Mineral particles that crystalize inside cavities and impressions form detailed imprints of internal and external structures. An organism or its traces become covered by sediments, mud, or ash.
Sediments quickly accumulate on top of the remains, and resulting pressure quickly transforms the mineralized remains into rock.
Which of these observations about genetics influenced the principles of natural selection? Select all that apply. Shared traits in populations are heritable in the form of genes. Different forms of genes, alleles, give rise to variation in shared traits. Individuals of a natural population are uniform in the details of a shared trait. Individuals of different species can share certain traits.
Shared traits in populations are heritable in the form of genes. Different forms of genes, alleles, give rise to variation in shared traits.
A year after cats were let loose with the lizards, most of the surviving lizards should be which of the following? Large Medium Brown Small
Small
12.6.1 Describe how body form and function can offer clues about evolutionary relationships.
Species with closer evolutionary relationships have more traits in common
Analogous Structures Convergent evolution:
Structures that appear similar in different species are not always homologous evolutionary pattern in which similar body parts evolve separately in different lineages
Fitness means that individuals are well adapted to which of the following? Traits The environment The gene pool Genetic variation
The environment
In the example of finches presented in the narrative, which trait was influenced by natural selection? The distance from the mainland A variety of available foods The shape of the bird beak
The shape of the bird beak
If all the lizards in our example had exactly the same traits, which of Darwin's principles would be directly eliminated? Inheritance Variation Competition Overproduction
Variation
Homologous Structure: - Divergent evolution:
body parts that may appear different in different lineages but are derived from a common ancestral form - the divergence of lineages descended from a common ancestor (Can give rise to homologous structures)
Natural Selection:
differential survival and reproduction of individuals of a population based on differences in shared, heritable traits
In order for natural selection to effect a trait, that trait must be ________ , passed down from parent to offspring
inherited
Premise:
natural phenomena that occurred in the past can be explained by the same way today
Which of the following best describe the principle of variation in terms of natural selection? Traits are passed down from parent to offspring. Individuals have multiple copies of each gene. Populations include members with different versions of traits. Reproduction is not random.
Populations include members with different versions of traits.
Which of these geologic time periods have been defined by a major extinction event? Select all that apply. Quaternary Jurassic Cambrian Permian Cretaceous
Quaternary Permian Cretaceous
Radioisotopes and Half-Life 12.4.3 Explain how researchers determine the age of ancient materials.
Radioisotopes: decay at a constant rate into daughter elements Half-life: The time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample of a radioisotope to decay (Each radioisotope has a characteristic half life) Radiometric dating: a method that can reveal the age of a material by measuring its isotope content Carbon dating can only be used on biological material less than 60,000 years Age of older fossils can be estimated by radiometric dating of volcanic rocks around the fossil
Explain Darwin's hypothesis of evolution by natural selection.
Recognized that life changed over time, and thought about the forces that would cause that change - found fossil glyptodonts...most like armadillos - When people reproduce beyond capacity of environment, they run out of food and compete for resources - Only some survive this struggle for existence - Darwin realized wider application beyond humans
