Bio - Ch. 22

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring? Adaptation Fitness Evolution Heritability

Heritability

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection? Environmental variation exists for traits among individuals in a population. Drug resistance exists among all individuals in a population. Heritable variation does not exist among individuals in a population. Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

The Galápagos Islands are cooled by the _____. Equatorial Countercurrent Gulf Stream Monsoon Drift Humboldt Current Kuroshio Current

Humboldt Current

True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics. True False

True

When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, he knew very little about the subject of _____, an essential component of evolutionary theory today. botany zoology marine biology genetics

genetics

The Argentinean pampas are a type of _____. tropical forest temperate deciduous forest chaparral desert grassland

grassland

Species in hot climates tend to _____ compared to species in cold climates. have larger surface-to-volume ratios have less fear of humans have smaller surface-to-volume ratios be less colorful experience less interspecific competition

have larger surface-to-volume ratios

Where are the Solomon Islands located? in the Mediterranean Sea in the South Pacific off the coast of California off the southern tip of Florida

in the South Pacific

At the fossil site at Punta Alta, Darwin found evidence _____. that Brazilian flatworms were a type of slug of divine creation of extinction that the pampas could support large mammals that extinction does not happen

of extinction

How many finch species did Darwin send to the British Museum? 15 30 13 21 17

13

A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought? C and E A and B B and B A and E

A and E

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection? A cow that produces a large quantity of milk. A dog that serves as the "eyes" for a blind individual. A rabbit that is housebroken. A chimpanzee that communicates through sign language.

A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment? Fitness Heritability Adaptation Evolution

Adaptation

What happened in the soapberry bug population in central Florida when the bugs began to feed on smaller goldenrain tree fruits? Bugs with shorter beaks had more access to food, allowing them to produce more offspring. The length of each bug's beak gradually became shorter over time. Bugs developed short beaks, because they needed them to feed on the small fruits.

Bugs with shorter beaks had more access to food, allowing them to produce more offspring.

If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum? A B C D

C

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits. Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes. Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance. If the giraffes did not have to compete with each other, longer necks would not have been passed on to the next generation. Only favorable adaptations have survival value.

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

What is the meaning of Darwin's expression "descent with modification"? Descent with modification refers to natural selection. Descent with modification refers to evolutionary change over time. Descent with modification refers to the partial resemblance of offspring to their parents.

Descent with modification refers to evolutionary change over time.

Why were the Galápagos Islands so important to Darwin's formulation of natural selection? The species found on the Galápagos Islands are also found in Australia. They are where Darwin did most of his writing. The Galápagos Islands are the only place in the world where finches are found. They provided evidence in support of uniformitarianism. Each island in the Galápagos possessed unique species.

Each island in the Galápagos possessed unique species.

What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin? Earth is millions of years old, and populations gradually change. Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations gradually change. Earth is millions of years old, and populations are unchanging. Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change. Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.

Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.

Which of these is a consequence of uniformitarianism? Populations evolve. A Creator made Earth. Earth is very old. Earth is round, not flat. Populations reproduce faster than their food supply.

Earth is very old.

If Darwin had been aware of genes, and of their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement? If an individual's somatic cell genes change during its lifetime, making it more fit, then it will be able to pass these genes on to its offspring. If an individual acquires new genes by engulfing, or being infected by, another organism, then a new genetic species will be the result. If natural selection can change one gene's frequency in a population over the course of generations then, given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones. A single mutation in a single gene in a single gamete will, if perpetuated, produce a new species within just two generations.

If natural selection can change one gene's frequency in a population over the course of generations then, given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones.

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection? Individuals experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce. Individuals experience uniform success in their ability to survive or reproduce. Individuals experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce.

Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce.

Why did the biologists consider a frog that they found to be a new species? Its call was unique. It jumped higher than other known frogs. It was larger than any known frog. Its coloration was different from other known frogs.

Its call was unique.

Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens? Small hen, large rooster Large hen, small rooster Large hen, large rooster Small hen, small rooster

Large hen, large rooster

Darwin's thinking while on the Beagle was greatly influenced by his reading of a book written by _____. Lyell Bishop Ussher Wallace Shakespeare Chaucer

Lyell

Identify the pair of homologous structures. Maple leaf and maple seed Maple leaf and oak leaf Neither of the above; plants do not have homologous structures.

Maple leaf and oak leaf

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true? Natural selection occurs in opposition to evolution. Natural selection can be used by farmers to generate organisms with desirable traits. Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others. Natural selection is a process whereby genes are selected randomly for preservation in the next generation.

Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

Some monkey flowers (Mimulus guttatus) living near the sites of copper mines can grow in soil containing high concentrations of copper, which is toxic to most plants. Copper tolerance is a heritable trait. Select the three statements that are true. Copper contamination in the soil created copper-tolerant plants. Nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing in copper-contaminated soil are copper tolerant. The population that existed before mining must have included both copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant plants. If you were to test monkey flowers growing on the shore of the lake, you would expect nearly 100% of them to be copper tolerant. Natural selection favors copper tolerance in all soils near the old mine, not only in the contaminated soils. Copper-tolerant plants are found only in contaminated soils.

Nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing in copper-contaminated soil are copper tolerant. The population that existed before mining must have included both copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant plants. If you were to test monkey flowers growing on the shore of the lake, you would expect nearly 100% of them to be copper tolerant.

Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype? Yes, drug-resistant cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-susceptible cells. Yes, drug-susceptible cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-resistant cells. No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.

No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.

The Galápagos Islands are located _____. in the Antarctic Off the coast of Ecuador in the Arctic off the coast of California off the coast of Brazil

Off the coast of Ecuador

Based on the video, what can you infer about speciation--the process by which one species splits into two or more species? Different species are typically very different in appearance, even if they are closely related. New species typically form as a consequence of new parasites or predators in the environment. It is rare for new species to form on islands. Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process.

Physical separation of populations is often part of the speciation process.

Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus? Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals. Technological innovation in agricultural practices will permit exponential growth of the human population into the foreseeable future. The environment is responsible for natural selection. Earth is more than 10,000 years old. Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.

Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.

Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true? Species X and Y are not related to species Z. Species X and Y are the result of artificial selection from an ancestral species Z. Species X and Y share a common ancestor that is still extant (in other words, not yet extinct). Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z. Species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor, but nothing more can be claimed than this.

Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z.

In 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin to treat infections of Staphylococcus aureus, but within two years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) appeared. How did the resistant strains of S. aureus emerge? In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, bacterial populations gradually began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common. In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, some bacteria began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin. These bacteria survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common.

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common.

Soapberry bugs use needlelike "beaks" to feed on seeds within the fruits of various plants. Bugs feed most successfully when their beak length matches the size of the fruit on which they are feeding. For 25 years, populations of soapberry bugs in central Florida have been feeding on small goldenrain tree fruits that were introduced to the area, rather than on the larger native balloon vine fruits that serve as food for other soapberry bug populations. Beak lengths of soapberry bugs are variable, but the average beak length is shorter in soapberry bug populations that feed on goldenrain tree fruits than in populations that feed on balloon vine fruits, as shown in the graph. How does natural selection act on beak length in soapberry bug populations? Natural selection increases beak length in soapberry bug populations. The action of natural selection on beak length in soapberry bug populations varies with the environment. Natural selection decreases beak length in soapberry bug populations.

The action of natural selection on beak length in soapberry bug populations varies with the environment.

In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer? The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers. The corn borers must experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce. The corn borers must experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce. The corn borer must lack variation in resistance to the toxic protein.

The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers.

Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment? The drug-susceptiblity trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin. The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts travel worldwide and are exposed to new strains of bacteria. The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin. The drug-susceptiblity trait is an adaptation to the environment of antibacterial soaps.

The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.

If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing? The bacteria should start making and secreting their own antibiotics. The bacteria should try to make the cost worthwhile by locating, and migrating to, microenvironments where traces of antibiotics are present. These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes. These genes should continue to be maintained in case the antibiotics ever appear.

These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes.

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population? sexual reproduction variation among individuals in reproductive success genetic variation among individuals Three of the responses are correct. Two of the responses are correct.

Two of the responses are correct.

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities? by the principle of convergent evolution by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor by identifying the bones as being homologous structures Three of the statements above are correct. Two of the statements above are correct.

Two of the statements above are correct.

Which of these lists contains the four postulates of natural selection? Variation in population, heritable variation, selection, unlimited survival and reproduction Variation in population, environmental variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction Uniform population, heritable traits, selection, differential survival or reproduction Variation in population, heritable variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction

Variation in population, heritable variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction

Charles Darwin was the first person to propose a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence. that population growth can outpace the growth of food resources. that evolution occurs. a mechanism for how evolution occurs. that Earth is older than a few thousand years.

a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence.

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird? bones in the hind limb of a kangaroo cartilage in the dorsal fin of a shark bones in the flipper of a whale bony rays in the tail fin of a flying fish chitinous struts in the wing of a butterfly

bones in the flipper of a whale

His experiences with Fuegians and slavery convinced Darwin that differences among all peoples are primarily _____ differences. due to height genetic genetic and height-related cultural cultural and genetic

cultural

Patagonia is a _____. chaparral desert savanna grassland tropical forest

desert

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. flipper blowhole baleen rib cage tail

flipper

Natural selection is based on all of the following except individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young. individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve. genetic variation exists within populations. the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring. populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support.

individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.

In the Andes, at elevations of 12,000 feet, Darwin collected fossilized marine shells. The existence of marine shells at this altitude provided evidence that _____. someone carried them from the oceans and left them on the mountains the deposit had been gradually uplifted to its present location Earth's surface does not change geologic processes occur at a rapid rate marine organisms can survive at great elevation

the deposit had been gradually uplifted to its present location

Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of the fossil record. the origin of new species. uniformitarianism. natural selection. evolution.

the fossil record.

If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that they live in very different habitats. they should be members of the same genus. their chromosomes should be very similar. they shared a common ancestor relatively recently. they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.

they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.

If x indicates the fossils of two closely related species, neither of which is extinct, then their remains may be found in how many of these strata? three strata two strata one stratum four strata

two strata

Scientists studying evolution on the Solomon Islands described which animal as the 'poster child' for the biological species concept? frog sea turtle snake white-eye bird

white-eye bird